Stairs. Entry group. Materials. Doors. Locks. Design

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RF

Almetyevsk branch

GOU VPO Kazan State Technical University

them. A.N.Tupoleva

COURSE WORK

discipline: Accounting

on the topic "Classification of economic assets and their sources of formation"

Completed by: Andreeva E.R.

Group 24 477

Checked:

Khametova N.G.

Almetyevsk 2010

Introduction

1.2 Non-current assets

1.3 Current assets

CHAPTER 2. Classification of economic assets of an enterprise by sources of education

2.1 Own

2.2 Borrowed

CHAPTER 3. CALCULATION PART

Literature

Applications

INTRODUCTION

Accounting is the main link in the formation of economic policy, a business tool, one of the main mechanisms for managing production processes and sales of products - it helps to improve the organization of production, operational and long-term planning, forecasting and analysis. economic activity.

Accounting is an orderly system of collecting, registering and summarizing information in monetary terms about property (assets), liabilities, income and expenses of an enterprise and their movement through a continuous, continuous and documentary reflection of all business transactions.

Currently in Russia, in a transition economy, depending on the organizational and legal form of ownership, there are different kinds organizations. As a result, it became necessary to adapt accounting and reporting to the requirements transition period, which, in turn, entailed the transformation of all accounting into a more efficient, accessible information and management system not burdened with cumbersome registers. As a result, the theoretical and methodological foundations of accounting have undergone significant changes, namely: the content and definition of the subject of accounting, its objects, and main tasks. All this required the adoption of a new Federal Law Russian Federation on accounting and other regulations and methodological instructions.

Accounting uses specific information processing techniques that provide a complete and reliable reflection of all economic phenomena and processes in a separate enterprise or institution.

In this course work the property of the enterprise is considered directly. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the fact that in the most general view accounting reflects the economic activities of certain entities. That part of economic activity that is studied by accounting is a set of economic processes and economic operations that cause changes in property. Thus, the subject of accounting is the state of change in the property of an enterprise in the process of financial and economic activities, in the course of economic processes under the influence of business operations.

An enterprise (organization), producing products, performing work or providing services, carries out a huge number of business transactions. These business operations together constitute business processes, which are divided into: supply process; production process; implementation process - sale.

As a result of production activities, economic assets are in constant circulation. The circulation of economic assets coincides with economic processes. At the first stage of the circulation (supply process), the enterprise's funds are transformed into the necessary material assets (raw materials) necessary for the production process. At the second stage of the circuit (production process), the transformation of economic means (material assets), which are combined with labor, into a new product, into new products of the enterprise, which differs in its appearance, purpose and cost. At the third stage (the sales process), the enterprise’s products are converted into cash, but bigger size than what was originally spent.

Subject of accounting accounting is what is subject to accounting, that is, property and liabilities belonging to an economic entity, that is, economic assets and their sources in the process of expanded reproduction (supply, production, sales).

Each separate type of funds and sources is called an accounting object. Accounting does not capture or reflect what has no value.

The tasks facing accounting are determined by state policy. Currently, accounting has 3 main tasks:

1) generation of complete and reliable information about the activities of the organization, its property status;

2) providing information to external and internal users of accounting statements to monitor the availability and movement of property, liabilities, use of labor, financial and material resources;

3) prevention of negative results of economic activity and identification of on-farm reserves.

Modern accounting occupies one of the main places in the enterprise management system. It must meet the requirements of international standards, meet the needs of external and internal users of information, and identify reserves for increasing production efficiency. In these conditions, the role of accounting specialists is increasing, and the requirements for their training are increasing.

An accounting specialist must contribute to the efficient management of the economy, be able to quickly and accurately navigate various business situations and predict trends in their development. The economic assets and sources of their formation discussed in this course work are the basis for further study of accounting.

CHAPTER 1. Classification of economic assets of an enterprise by composition and location

1.1 Concept of accounting objects

The composition of an enterprise's economic assets is determined by the content of its activities. But for each enterprise to carry out effective economic activity it is necessary labor resources, real estate, equipment, materials, funds. In accounting, the economic assets that an enterprise has are called assets.

Accounting objects are groups of elements of property of an economic entity according to their composition and economic content as a whole, and internally according to their constituent parameters, that is, accounting objects are the property of the organization, its obligations and business transactions carried out in the process of financial and economic activities. These are specific units of economic assets and sources of their formation in value terms, as well as their dynamics and statistics determined by economic processes.

The organization has at its disposal numerous and varied types of property, which provide and form the basis of its economic and financial activities. The organization's property is a combination of non-current and current assets.

Accounting objects, by their economic essence, are divided into three interrelated sections (Appendix I):

1) property of the organization by composition and location;

2) the organization’s property by sources of its formation (own and borrowed obligations);

3) property involved in business transactions (occurring in the areas of supply, production and sales).

1.2 Non-current assets

Outside working capital- a set of material assets at a set cost per unit, exploited as means of labor in the production of labor products or for operational management, economic services, needs of the social sphere during their term beneficial use exceeding 12 months. Non-current assets are divided into several groups:

1. Fixed assets - a set of tangible assets used as means of labor in the production of products, performance of work or provision of services, or for the management of an organization for a period exceeding 12 months, or the normal operating cycle, if it exceeds 12 months. Main feature fixed assets is that they function for a long time in the production process in an unchanged natural form and gradually transfer their value to the manufactured product in the form of depreciation charges. Fixed assets are a certain group of assets of an organization that have value and the ability to bring economic benefits to the organization (income), have a material structure and are used for a long period as means of labor in the production of products (works, services) or for the management needs of the organization. According to the Regulations on accounting and reporting in Russia, fixed assets include: items that last for more than a year, regardless of their cost; items valued at the date of acquisition of more than one hundred times the minimum monthly wage per unit, regardless of their useful life. This includes land and environmental management facilities, buildings, machinery, equipment and other fixed assets.

Useful life - the period during which the use of an item of fixed assets is intended to generate income for the organization or serve to fulfill the goals of the organization's activities, determined for fixed assets accepted for accounting in accordance with in accordance with the established procedure. For certain groups of fixed assets, the useful life is determined based on the quantity of products or other natural indicator of the volume of work expected to be received as a result of the use of this object.

The organization has the right no more than once a year (at the beginning of the reporting year) to revaluate fixed assets by indexation or direct recalculation according to market prices.

2. Intangible assets are objects of long-term use (more than one year), which have an assessment and generate income, but are not tangible assets for the organization. These include: rights to use patents, licenses, software products, organizational expenses, etc. The accounting unit for intangible assets is an inventory item. The inventory object of intangible assets is considered to be a set of rights arising from one patent, certificate, or assignment agreement. The main feature by which one inventory item is identified from another is its performance of an independent function in the production of products, performance of work or provision of services, or use for the management needs of the organization. The cost of intangible assets, as well as the cost of fixed assets, is repaid evenly through monthly depreciation of their cost based on their useful life established by the enterprise itself. If the useful life of intangible assets cannot be determined, then the norms for transferring their value are established for ten years (but not more than the life of the enterprise).

3. Profitable investments in material assets – This is property provided by an organization for lease, under a rental agreement for a fee for temporary use in order to generate income.

4. Investments in non-current assets are investments (costs) of the organization in objects that will subsequently be accepted for accounting as fixed assets - land plots and environmental management facilities, intangible assets, costs of forming the main herd of productive and working livestock (except poultry , fur-bearing animals, rabbits, bee families, service dogs, experimental animals, which are taken into account as part of funds in circulation).

5. Financial investments are investments (investments) of an organization for the acquisition of government and other short-term and long-term securities (shares, bonds, bills, etc.), as well as investments in the authorized (share) capitals of other organizations, subsidiaries, dependent societies and loans provided to other organizations.

1.3 Current assets

Working capital - participates in only one circulation of capital and completely transfers its value to the newly created product. Their main difference is that in short term they can be converted into money. These include:

1. Material assets used in one or another type of activity as objects of labor: raw materials, components, spare parts, fuel.

2. Products of labor: products ready for sale, goods (in warehouses), semi-finished products of own production, as well as products of unfinished production.

3. Cash – cash in Russian and foreign currencies located at the cash desk, in settlement, currency and other accounts opened with credit institutions in the country and abroad, as well as securities, payment and monetary documents.

4. Short-term financial investments - investments of an enterprise in short-term liquid securities purchased to generate income for a period not exceeding 1 year, as well as in the provision of short-term (up to a year) loans to other business entities.

5. Accounts receivable - debt of other legal and individuals this organization. This debt is reflected in accounting as the property of this organization, i.e. the right to receive a certain amount of money (goods, services, etc.) from the debtor. For example, accounts receivable include the debt of buyers and customers listed in accounting for goods sold, work performed or services rendered. Accounts receivable with a maturity period of no more than 12 months are considered short-term. Accounts receivable with a maturity period of more than 12 months are considered long-term. At all stages of the circulation of economic assets, accounting objects arise.

CHAPTER 2. CLASSIFICATION OF ECONOMIC EQUIPMENT OF THE ENTERPRISE BY SOURCE OF EDUCATION (LIABILITIES, OBLIGATIONS)

Sources of formation of economic assets according to their ownership and intended purpose are divided into own and borrowed sources (Appendix II).

2.1 Own sources

Equity is the net value of property, defined as the difference between the value of the organization's assets (property) and its liabilities. Own capital may consist of authorized, additional and reserve capital, accumulations of retained earnings, targeted financing (mainly for non-profit organizations)

The authorized capital is the totality of contributions in monetary terms (shares, shares at par value) of the founders (participants) to the property of the organization upon its creation to ensure activities in the amounts determined by the constituent documents. The authorized capital of a joint-stock company is not a constant value; a joint-stock company can increase or decrease its authorized capital, change its structure.

The process of forming the authorized capital of joint stock companies has certain features. The authorized capital of a joint-stock company represents, on the one hand, the company’s own funds as a legal entity, and on the other, the amount of shareholder contributions. The authorized capital must consist of a specified number of shares different types with a certain denomination. When shares are issued, each of them is assigned a certain monetary value, called parity, or par value. This cost shows what part of the cost authorized capital accounts for 1 share at the time of registration of the joint stock company. There are usually two types of shares issued: ordinary and preferred. Ordinary shares give the holder the right to vote at the general meeting of shareholders, the right to receive dividends, and the right to participate in the division of the JSC's property in the event of liquidation. The amount of dividends received on ordinary shares depends on the final results of the enterprise. Preferred shares do not give voting rights to their owners, but provide them with certain guaranteed rights, namely: fixed interest income in the form of dividends; receipt of dividends before their distribution to other types of shares; preferential right to receive its share of funds in the property of the joint-stock company in the event of liquidation of the enterprise. A joint stock company does not have the right to pay dividends until the entire authorized capital is paid in full, and also if the value of its property or net assets is less than the authorized capital. The authorized capital is reflected in two main documents of the joint-stock company: the charter of the company and balance sheet.

Extra capital represents an increase in the capital of the organization resulting from the revaluation of non-current assets and the receipt of share premium of the joint-stock company. Share premium is the funds received joint stock company from selling their shares at a price exceeding their par value. Additional capital, unlike authorized capital, is not divided into shares contributed by specific participants - it shows the common ownership of all participants. Additional capital includes property received by the enterprise from other persons and free of charge.

Reserve capital- these are reserves formed in accordance with legislation or constituent documents and intended to cover the organization’s losses for the reporting year, as well as repay bonds and repurchase shares of the company in the absence of other funds.

Reserve capital is created without fail by joint-stock companies and joint organizations in accordance with current legislation.

retained earnings- the balance of net profit remaining at the disposal of the organization based on the results of work for the last reporting year and decisions taken on its use. Profit is distributed based on the decision of the general meeting of shareholders in a joint stock company, or a meeting of participants in a limited liability company. Net profit can be used to pay dividends, create and replenish reserve capital, and cover losses of previous years. Reserves for future expenses are reserves created by an organization in order to evenly include expenses in production costs and sales costs. These reserves include reserves for upcoming vacation pay, for repairs of fixed assets, for the payment of annual remuneration for long service, etc.

Special-purpose financing– funds intended for the implementation of targeted activities; funds received from other organizations and individuals from the budget. Targeted financing is usually provided by a higher organization and is intended for specific purposes.

Profit is the difference between the income and expenses of the enterprise and reflects the equity capital of the enterprise, formed as a result of current effective activities. Part of the profit is transferred to the budget in the form of income tax, part is used to pay dividends to investor-owners, form special savings funds, consumption and reserves, and part may remain undistributed.

Special funds, reserves, and retained earnings increase the company's own sources (equity capital).

2.2 Borrowed sources

Borrowed or, as they are also called, attracted sources of economic funds are, first of all, short-term and long-term loans provided to an enterprise by banks, or loans received from legal entities, as well as the enterprise’s obligations to other organizations or individuals, for example, to suppliers, budget, company employees

They include accounts payable, as well as bank loans and loans received from other organizations and individuals.

ü Calculations for short-term loans and borrowings - the amount of short-term (for a period of no more than 12 months) loans and borrowings received by the organization.

ü Calculations for long-term loans and borrowings - the amount of long-term (for a period of more than 12 months) loans and borrowings received by the organization.

ü Accounts payable is the debt of this organization to other organizations or individuals, our debt to suppliers, the tax budget, funds (pension, social insurance, health insurance fund), to workers and employees for wages.

A creditor is a legal entity or individual to whom an enterprise has obligations (debts) that must be repaid.

CHAPTER 3. CALCULATION PART

Topic 1. Classification of an organization’s property by type of economic assets and sources of education.

Topic 2. Accounting and double entry

Turnover sheet

LITERATURE

1) Babaev, Yu.A. Theory of accounting: textbook. manual for students / Yu.A. Babaev. – M.: Dashko and Co., 2006. - 792 p.

2) Babaev, Yu.A. Accounting theory: Textbook for universities. – M.: UNITY, 2000. -391 p.

3) Accounting: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. B94 Yu.A. Babaeva. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2001. - 476 p.

4) Bulatov, M.A. The theory of accounting: textbook. allowance / M.A. Bulatov. - M.: Exam, 2003. - 256 p.

5) Grekov P.S., Sokolov P.A. "Accounting for intangible assets" - Auditor, 2002, No. 3

6) Guseva, T.M. Accounting theory/T.M. Gusev. – Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2001. – 396 p.

7) Zakharyin, V.R. Accounting Theory: Tutorial for students of secondary vocational education institutions. – M.: FORUM: INFRA – M, 2003. – 272 p.

8) Kamordzhanova, N.A., Kartashova, I.V. Accounting financial accounting. – St. Petersburg: Peter, 2002. – 464 p.

9) Kondrakov N.P. Accounting: Textbook. – 4th ed., revised. And additional – M.: INFRA – M, 2001. – 640 p.

10) Kuter M.I. Accounting Theory: Textbook. – 2nd ed., revised. And additional – M.: Finance and Statistics, 2003. – 640 p.

11) Oganesyan, A.A., Pecherskaya, G.A. Fundamentals of accounting (lecture notes). – M.: "Prior Publishing House". 2001. – 160 p.

12) Proskuryakov A.M. Accounting for small businesses. – Vologda: Anlen; Moscow: Zenit – 1992 – 224 p.

13) Accounting Theory: Textbook. manual for universities / Ed. Prof. V.D.Novodvorsky. – M.: UNITY – DANA, 2000. – 294 p.

14) The theory of accounting: textbook. textbook for universities on economic specialties / ed. N.P. Lyubushina. – M.: UNITY, 2002.-312 p.

15) Timofeeva, M.V. Accounting in construction organizations: textbook for students. Higher Textbook institutions/M.I.Timofeeva, L.K.Afanasyeva. – M.: Publishing Center “Academy”, 2006. – 336 p.

16) Accounting Moscow, 2006, Publisher: INFRA-M, 716 pages.

APPLICATION

Classification of sources of formation of economic assets of an organization

Classification of accounting objects

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Enterprise assets- this is a complex of fixed, working and cash assets, including cash on hand, as well as funds in settlements, diverted funds and other receivables. The sources of the listed economic funds are the authorized capital of the enterprise, the net profit remaining after taxes, loans and advances, debts to suppliers and other accounts payable.

Depending on the composition and placement (nature of use), household assets are divided into:

• non-current (fixed capital)
• current assets (working capital).

Non-current assets of the organization

Fixed assets include:

• intangible assets,
• fixed assets,
• Construction in progress,
• profitable investments in material assets,
• long-term financial investments,
• Deferred tax assets,
• Other noncurrent assets.

Intangible assets– these are long-term use objects that do not have physical basis, but having a valuation and generating income: objects of intellectual property (exclusive rights to inventions, industrial design, utility model, computer programs, databases, trademark and service mark, appellation of origin of goods, selection achievements, etc.), as well as goodwill and organizational expenses. Like fixed assets, intangible assets do not transfer their value to the created product immediately, but gradually, as they depreciate.

Fixed assets– these are means of labor used in the production of products, performance of work and provision of services for more than one year. They are used in various spheres of application of social labor (material production, commodity circulation and non-production sphere). Fixed assets are involved in the production process for a long time, while maintaining their natural shape. Their cost is not transferred to the created products immediately, but gradually, in parts, as depreciation occurs.

Construction in progress– these are the organization’s costs for construction and installation work, the acquisition of buildings, equipment, vehicles, tools, inventory; expenses for design and survey, geological exploration and drilling work, etc.).

Profitable investments in material assets- these are investments of an organization in part of the property, buildings, premises, equipment and other valuables that have a tangible form, provided by the organization for a fee for temporary use in order to generate income.

Long-term financial investments– all types of financial investments of an organization for a period of more than one year: investments in subsidiaries and dependent companies, in the authorized (share) capital of other organizations, in government securities, as well as in loans provided to other organizations.

Deferred tax assets– that part of deferred income tax that should lead to a reduction in income tax payable to the budget in the next reporting period or in subsequent reporting periods. A deferred tax asset arises when the moment of recognition of expenses (income) in accounting and tax accounting does not coincide.

Current assets of the organization

Current assets(working capital) consist of:

• material working capital,
• Money,
• short-term financial investments,
• funds in settlements.

Material working capital– these are raw materials and materials, special clothing, fuel, containers, purchased semi-finished products, components, spare parts, work in progress, animals for growing and fattening, deferred expenses, value added tax on purchased assets, finished products and goods for resale, goods shipped to customers.

Cash are formed from cash balances in the organization's cash desk, current account and other bank accounts.

Funds in settlements include various types of receivables, which are understood as debts of other organizations or persons of this organization.

Debtors are called debtors. Accounts receivable consists of the debt of customers for products purchased from a given organization, the debt of accountable persons for the amounts of money issued to them on account, etc.

Current assets are reflected in the second asset section of the balance sheet.

The subject of accounting is the process of expanded social reproduction (production, exchange and non-productive consumption of a social product), as well as the use of economic means in these processes, which are summarized in a monetary measure to provide the information necessary for management and control.

In separate links National economy(enterprises, organizations, institutions) accounting objects are determined by the functions they perform in the process of social reproduction. Thus, at enterprises in the production sector, the objects of accounting are economic assets and their use in the process of supply, production and sales, settlement and credit relations arising in this case, as well as financial results of activities.

Management of any enterprise is impossible without well-established accounting and, above all, accounting. Therefore, each farm has a complete accounting system, which covers all means and processes, ensures necessary information all levels of management.

To manage the activities of an enterprise, it is necessary to know what economic funds it manages, where these funds are located, how they function in the process of activity, as well as from what sources they were formed and what they are intended for.

Therefore, it is customary to group household assets:

• - functional participation in the process of activity;
• - by sources of education (formation) and intended purpose.

Classification of economic assets by functional participation in the process of activity. Based on their functional participation in the process of activity, the economic assets (resources) of an enterprise are divided into irreversible and current assets. According to international standards, assets are understood as resources controlled by an enterprise as a result of past events, the use of which is expected to lead to the flow of economic benefits in the future (i.e. assets are the resources of an enterprise that should actively operate and generate profit.

Non-current assets include:

• · fixed assets - tangible assets that operate in kind, both in the sphere of material production and in the non-productive sphere for a long time (more than one year);
• · intangible assets - non-current long-term assets that do not have a tangible form, but have value and can generate income for the enterprise. These include the cost of use rights acquired by the enterprise natural resources, industrial designs, trademarks, objects of industrial intellectual property (patents, inventions, etc.), the cost of the right to use computer software and other rights that are recognized as the object of ownership of an enterprise;
• · long-term financial investments - financial investments in securities (stocks, bonds, etc.) of other enterprises for a period of more than one year in order to generate income (dividends, interest), increase equity capital and other benefits for the enterprise;
• · other non-current assets (in particular, long-term receivables of legal entities and individuals, the receipt of which is expected by the enterprise after 12 months from the balance sheet date), etc.

Current assets include cash and cash equivalents that are not restricted in use, as well as other assets intended for sale or consumption during the operating cycle (or within 12 months from the balance sheet date).

The operating cycle is understood as the period of time between the acquisition of inventories for carrying out activities and the receipt of funds from the sale of products made from them (goods, works, services).

Based on this, current assets include:

• · cash in hand and in bank accounts, if they can be freely used for current operations. Funds blocked in accounts (for example, frozen in foreign banks) are not included in current assets;
• · short-term financial investments. Included in current assets provided that they are marketable and are expected to be sold within a period not exceeding one year;
• · accounts receivable related to the sale of products (goods, works, services) belong to current assets if they are expected to be repaid during the operating cycle;
• · production reserves (raw materials, materials, fuel, finished products, goods, etc.) that are part of the normal operating cycle of the enterprise. They are classified as current assets even if they are not expected to be used (consumed) or sold within 12 months from the balance sheet date.
• · deferred expenses, that is, expenses that occurred in the current or previous reporting periods, but related to the following reporting periods (for example, costs for the development of new types of products, rent paid in advance, subscriptions to periodicals, etc.), may be included in accordance with the composition of both current and non-current assets.

The sources of formation of economic funds (assets) of an enterprise are divided into two groups:

• - sources of own funds;
• - sources of attracted (borrowed) funds.

Sources of own funds include: equity capital, security of obligations, retained earnings, targeted financing and targeted revenues.

Own capital includes: authorized capital, share capital, additional capital, reserve capital, retained earnings.

The authorized capital is formed from the totality of contributions (in monetary terms) of the owners (participants) to the property of the enterprise to ensure its activities provided for by the constituent documents (charter).

In state-owned enterprises, the authorized capital is formed from a part of the allocated state national property (in the form of non-current and current assets) to ensure authorized activities and is subsequently increased at the expense of its own profits.

Classification of economic assets by sources of education and intended purpose: Sources of own funds: authorized capital(the size of the authorized capital is determined by the founding capital); Reserve capital(created through deductions and intended to pay off unforeseen losses and damages, for some it is mandatory, and for others it is agreed upon); Extra capital(formed by revaluation of fixed assets, capital construction projects and other property); retained earnings(previous years, which was compiled by the owner for the development of the enterprise, for investments, for the payment of dividends); targeted funding and receipts(reserves for future expenses); Sources of borrowed funds:bank loans; borrowed funds(settlements for long-term loans and borrowings (>12), settlements for short-term loans and borrowings (<12), получение от др организаций займы под векселя обязательства,а также средства от выпуска и продажа акций и облигаций организации); accounts payable(the debt of this organization to other organizations, which are called creditors, arises to suppliers and contractors, for supplies, to personnel, for wages; obligations for distribution, to set taxes and fees); distribution responsibilities(debts to workers and employees for wages, social insurance authorities and tax authorities for payments to the budget)

Question 5: Balance sheet, its structure and content.

A balance sheet is a written certificate that confirms the fact of business transactions, the right to carry them out, or establishes the financial responsibility of employees for the values ​​entrusted to them. It is used for indicators about the condition, placement, used funds of the organization, about the sources of their formation in monetary terms as of a certain date. The balance sheet structure is a two-sided table. On the left side are grouped funds by composition and placement (balance sheet assets). The right side reflects the sources of funds for the intended purpose and is called liability. The assets and liabilities of the balance sheet have several sections; they combine funds that are economically homogeneous in their composition and consist of separate items that are reflected on certain lines in the balance sheet. The total balance sheet is called currency. A feature of the balance sheet is the equality of the totals of assets and liabilities. An asset is always equal to a liability, this is ensured by the fact that the asset shows the funds according to their condition, and the liability shows the sources of their formation. The balance sheet asset includes 2 sections, and the liability section 3. The composition of the asset and liability sections is regulated by regulatory documents.

Asset: Non-current assets (represented by fixed assets reflected in the residual value; intangible assets, which are determined in the valuation at the residual value (1st value = the amount of anft); construction in progress, etc.); Current assets

Liabilities: Capital and reserves in this district shows the sources of own funds (authorized capital, additional capital, retained earnings); Long-term liabilities (reflect loans for a period of less than 12 and loans); Short-term liabilities (loans and loans > 12, tax arrears and fees, suppliers of wages, extra-budgetary funds

Question 6: Types of changes in the balance sheet under the influence of business transactions. Business transactions that arise as a result of the activities of the enterprise violate the equality of the results of assets and liabilities of balance sheets. At the same time, the amounts of items, as well as the balance sheet currency, may change. This occurs due to the fact that each operation is reflected on 2 accounts, i.e. 2 balance sheet items are requested simultaneously. From this point of view, all changes are recorded. balance sheets are divided into 4 types: Both changed items are in the asset; Changes require 2 balance sheet items; Asset and liability items increase; Asset and liability items decrease

Examples of household items operations: (business operations can be divided into 4 types): Active (A+A-). With this type of change, changes occur in the balance sheet asset: one item (or subitem) increases and the other decreases by the same amount. The result does not change, equality remains. For example, if money is received at the cash desk from a current account of 100,000 rubles:

And “Cash” is +100,000, And “Current Account” is -100,000, the asset total has not changed.

For example, materials were transferred legal entity as a contribution to the authorized capital of this legal entity 100,000: A “Financial investments” +100,000, A “Materials” -100,000, the asset total has not changed.; Passive (P+P-). With this change, one item (or subitem) of the liability increases and the other decreases, the total of the liability does not change. For example, part of the profit is used to increase the authorized capital of the organization:

P "Authorized capital" +100,000; P "Profit" -100,000, the total liability has not changed. ;Active-passive in the direction of increase (A+P+). With this change in the balance sheet, one asset item increases and one liability item increases by the same amount. The total of assets and liabilities will also change (increase) by the same amount. For example, materials were received from suppliers: A "Materials" +14,000; P "Settlements with suppliers (accounts payable" +14,000, Increase in liabilities and assets by 14,000. For example, a short-term bank loan was received: A "Current account" +100,000, P " Settlements on loans and borrowings (accounts payable "+100.000; Increase in liabilities and assets by 100.0004) Active-passive downwards (A-P-). /With this change in the balance sheet, one asset item is reduced and one liability item is reduced by that the same amount.

The total of assets and liabilities will also change (decrease) by the same amount.

According to the sources of education and intended purpose, the organization’s economic assets are divided into two groups:

1. Own funds:

1. Authorized capital is formed during the formation of an organization at the expense of contributions from the founders (participants) of the organization.

2. Own shares (shares)- shares purchased by a joint stock company from shareholders for subsequent resale or cancellation. Some business companies and partnerships use this account to account for the share of a participant acquired by the company or partnership itself for transfer to other participants or third parties.

3. Reserve capital is created through deductions from retained earnings and is intended to cover the organization’s losses for the reporting year; repayment of bonds of a joint stock company.

4. Extra capital formed due to the increase in the value of non-current assets identified as a result of their revaluation; the amount, the difference between the sale and par value of shares, received in the process of forming the authorized capital of the joint-stock company.

5. retained earnings(uncovered loss).

6. Special-purpose financing- funds intended for the implementation of targeted activities; funds received from other organizations and individuals, budget resources and etc.

7. Profit and loss- the final financial result of the organization’s activities in the reporting year, which consists of the financial result from ordinary activities, other income and expenses, including extraordinary ones.

P. Raised (borrowed) funds:

1. Calculations for short-term loans and borrowings- the amount of short-term (for a period of no more than 12 months) loans and borrowings received by the organization.

2. Calculations for long-term loans and borrowings - amounts of long-term (for a period of more than 12 months) loans and borrowings received by the organization.

3. Accounts payable - This is the debt of a given organization to other organizations or individuals. Creditors names of organizations and persons to whom the organization owes money.

Accounts payable arise, in particular, if materials and goods arrive at the organization before it has made payment for them, i.e. The receipt of inventory items precedes its payment.

Mandatory ones include:

Debt to the budget for taxes and fees;

Debt to the team for wages;

Debt to social insurance and security.

Debt to the budget and social insurance and security may occur, since the accrual of taxes and deductions precedes the repayment of this debt. Arrears in wages arise due to the fact that the performance of work precedes calculations for it.

The above classification of accounting objects does not cover all their diversity. However, on at this stage studying the classification sufficiently characterizes the subject of accounting.