The subject is a syntactic term. They call him main member sentences, which denotes the subject-object spoken of in the sentence. The subject, as a rule, answers questions in the nominative case - “who?” - What?".
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The presence of this member in a sentence is not always necessary. In cases where it is not present, the object can be determined based on the context.
The subject and predicate are the main parts of the sentence and carry the main semantic load. The subject of a sentence denotes an object, and answers the questions “What?” and “Who?”, the predicate is connected with the subject and indicates its actions or state.
The rules for agreeing between subject and predicate are very simple, despite the apparent ornateness of their wording. If the subject includes the words “row”, “many”, “minority”, “majority”, “part” and a controlled numeral in genitive case, it is worth determining whether the activity of persons in in this case: “Some of the students passed homework at 5!”
If the passivity of the specified subject is emphasized, then the singular is used: “The students did not submit their homework. Most of them stood with their heads down on the sidelines.” The singular is also used when talking about an inanimate object: “A number of books in the library remained untouched.” If the subject is expressed by a quantitative-nominal combination (six people, nine minutes), then you should pay attention to whether it is active.
Compare: “Twenty-five Fs in the Russian Language were in Petya’s diary” and “Six students were awaiting grades.” A singular predicate will look like a glove if: it indicates the passivity of the action (“Six students were waiting for grades”); refers to the subject denoting inanimate objects, or animals (“After the opening of a Shawarma stand in the city, not a single one of the thirty cats remained on the streets”); predicate for a compound numeral ending in “one” (“Thirty cats are running away from the Shawarma seller / Thirty-one cats are running away from the Shawarma seller”).
But if cats and dogs unite against a malicious merchant, then we will be talking about “the equality and activity of the actors.” Conclusion - when working in a team and joint actions, we use the plural (“Cats and dogs drove the Shawarma seller into a tree”).
If there is only one main character, then we put the predicate in the singular (“The Shawarma seller and his cook chased cats all day, but never caught one”). In the event that an appendix appears with the subject, it will not affect the agreement in any way (“The sellers of the Shawarma stall cook deliciously. But the Shawarma was delicious”).
Multiple subjects in a sentence are also not a problem. If direct word order is used, the predicate will be in plural. Reverse order– singular predicate. Compare: “Both the cat and the dog ran away from the seller” and “Both the cat and the dog ran away from the seller.”
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The main members of the proposal are subject and predicate.
Subject- this is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the predicate and answers questions in the nominative case Who? or What?
Ways to Express Subject
| Ways of expression | Examples |
|---|---|
| 1. Noun in the nominative case (or other part of speech, used in the meaning of a noun) |
Blizzard came right away. (N. Ostrovsky) Gathered discussed the agenda. |
| 2. Pronoun in nominative case | Every went to the room assigned to him. (A. Pushkin) |
| 3. Indefinite form of the verb | Protect nature means protecting the Motherland. (K. Paustovsky) |
| 4. Phraseologisms | We went out into the field from small to large. |
| 5. Own name | A wide strip, from edge to edge, stretches Milky Way. (V. Arsenyev) |
| 6. Syntactically integral phrase | Grandma and I quietly went to their attic. (M. Gorky) |
Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject and answers questions what does the item do? what's happening to him? what is he like? and etc.
The predicate is expressed by a verb in the form of one of the moods.
The predicate may be simple And composite.
A predicate expressed by one verb in the form of any mood is called simple verbal predicate.
In a simple verbal predicate, the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word. The predicate expresses the nature of the movement; at the same time, verbs indicate real action.
Composite is a predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
A compound predicate can be verbal And personal. It consists of two parts: one part (the copula) expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, the other (verbal and nominal) - the main lexical meaning of the predicate. There are verbs as connectives be and auxiliary verbs.
Compound verb called a predicate, which consists of auxiliary verb, expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the indefinite form of the verb, expressing its main lexical meaning.
Auxiliary verbs express the meaning of the beginning, end, duration of an action, its desirability or possibility.
Combinations of some short adjectives ( must, glad, ready, obliged, capable, intends etc.) and a functional linking verb be in the form of one of the moods.
Compound nominal called a predicate, which consists of a linking verb expressing the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part (adjective, noun, etc.), expressing its main lexical meaning.
The most commonly used is the linking verb be, expressing only grammatical meanings.
Note:
Verbs that have the meaning of movement and state can act as connectives: come, come, return and etc.; sit, stand and etc.
Nominal part of a compound predicate is expressed by an adjective, a noun, a short passive participle and etc.
Note:
The nominal part may include conjunctions as if, as if, exactly, adding to the predicate the meaning of comparison.
What questions does the subject answer? You will receive the answer to this question in the presented article. In addition, we will tell you about what parts of speech this part of the sentence can be expressed.
Before you talk about what questions the subject answers, you should understand what it is. The subject (in syntax) is the main member of a sentence. Such a word is grammatically independent. It denotes an object whose action is reflected in the predicate. As a rule, the subject names what or about whom we're talking about in a sentence.
Sometimes, for the correct and competent writing of a text, it is very important to determine. In order to do this, you should know several rules of the Russian language.
So, the subject answers the questions “Who?” or “What?” It should also be noted that when this member is emphasized by only one feature. The subject, as well as all the minor members of the sentence that relate to it, form the composition of the subject.
As we found out, the subject answers the questions “Who?” or “What?” However, this does not mean that the presented member of the sentence can only appear in the form of a noun in the nominative case.
The subject is often expressed by other parts of speech that have various shapes and ranks.
The subject of a sentence can be:
Once you determine what questions the subject answers, you can find it in the sentence quite easily. But for this you should know that such a term is often expressed as follows:
As you can see, it is not enough to know that the subject answers the questions “What?” or who?". Indeed, in order to correctly determine a given member of a sentence, it is necessary to know the features of all parts of speech.
In some sentences, the subject can be expressed syntactically or lexically using indecomposable phrases. Such members usually belong to various parts speech. Let's look at the cases in which these phrases occur most often:
To determine the main member of a sentence, ask questions to the subject. After all, only in this case will you be able to determine it.
So what other possible combinations of parts of speech that appear as subjects in a sentence? Below are some examples:
To determine the subject of a sentence, you must first indicate its method of expression. As we found out above, this could be:
To determine the main member of a sentence, you should ask a question to the subject. Here are some examples:
An educated person is distinguished, first of all, by his ability to competently express his thoughts both orally and on paper. In order to follow the rules of punctuation, you need to know everything about the main parts of the sentence.
The grammatical basis of a sentence (aka predicative) consists of the main members of the sentence, which are subject And predicate . Usually the subject is written out and highlighted with one line, and the predicate with two.
The article answers the most important questions:
The subject is a word that indicates the subject to which the predicate refers. For example: The sun came out from behind the mountains. The sun is the subject expressed by a noun. A wide variety of parts of speech can act as the subject.
The subject can be expressed not only in single words, but also in phrases.
I wonder what the subjects can may even be a phraseological unit.
The predicate is connected with the subject and answers questions such as “what does the object do?”, “what happens to it?”, “what is it like?” The predicate in a sentence can be expressed through several parts of speech:
The predicate often consists of several words. Such predicates are called compound. Compound predicates can be verbal or nominal.
Composite verbal predicates are expressed in the following ways:
Compound nominal predicate may consist of:
In a two-part sentence, both main members are present. However, there are also sentences in which only one main member is used. They are called one-component.
Subject to one-part sentences most often it is a noun in the nominative case.
It can be expressed by means of a verb in its different forms.
In one-piece definitely personal in a sentence, the predicate is expressed by a verb in the first/second person, singular/plural and present/future tense in the indicative mood, or by a verb in imperative mood. Today I'm going for a walk. Don't touch a dirty dog!
In a single-component indefinite-personal predicate, the verb is in the third person and plural, present, future or past tense in the indicative mood. Also, the predicate can be expressed by a verb in the imperative or conditional mood. There's a knock on the door! Let him call Aunt Dasha. If I had been informed earlier, I would not have been late.
IN generalized-personal In a sentence, the predicate is expressed either by a verb in the second person singular or plural, or by a verb in the third person and plural. This is how they now talk to visitors.
In one-piece impersonal the predicate is a verb in the third person form singular and present or future tense. The predicate can also be a neuter verb in the past tense or conditional mood. I feel sick. It was getting dark.
It is important to remember that the number of grammatical stems in a sentence is not limited. How to determine the grammatical basis complex sentence? The grammatical basis of a complex sentence is just as easy to determine as the basis of a simple sentence. The only difference is their quantity.
Sentences in Russian have a certain structure. Popular in terms of frequency of use are syntactic statements, containing a grammatical basis consisting of a subject and a predicate. The subject and its modes of expression are a separate category. Details in this article.
This is a tandem of subject and predicate. Subject - the subject performing the action. The action itself is the predicate.
Important! The subject cannot be an object, since the latter is what the action is directed towards.
The grammatical basis, methods of expressing the subject and predicate become the cornerstone on which the entire speech utterance is built.
The subject and the ways of expressing it are a special subsection of morphology.
What is it?
The subject is the main member of the sentence, denoting the subject speech utterance and answering the questions: “who? What?". These are questions related to the nominative case.
The meaning of the subject is very simple to determine - it is what the sentence says. Essentially, without a subject, the sentence is deprived of its semantic component. However, there are exceptions to the rules, for example, impersonal, definitely-personal or indefinite-personal types of sentences, where either there is no subject at all, or it is implied, but is not included in general system offers.
The main form of expression of the subject becomes the nominative case with the questions “who?” What?". An interesting situation arises here. The fact is that in Russian two cases answer the same questions: nominative and accusative. In addition, the very form of the nominative and accusative cases may match.
For example:
In such a situation, it is important to correctly determine the subject and object, and you can also use a little trick and substitute any noun of the first declension, for example, mom, behind an incomprehensible case form.
It will turn out:
From this example it is clear that similar nouns have different shapes words and endings. This way, the subject's questions will no longer cause any difficulty.
The subject, its semantics and methods of expression depend on the part of speech that takes the place of one of the main members in the sentence. It is impossible to say that the subject is a more significant member of the sentence than the predicate. So, for example, in impersonal sentences there is not and cannot be a subject, so the entire semantic load falls on the predicate.
Examples of the subject and its ways of expression in Russian are presented below.
If the form of the main member is a noun:
If the form of the main member is a pronoun:
If the form is an adjective:
If the form is a participle:
If the form is a numeral:
In addition to the above parts of speech, unchangeable significant or auxiliary parts of speech in the meaning of a noun can also act as the subject.
If the form is an infinitive - an indefinite form of the verb:
If the form is an adverb:
If the form is a preposition:
If the form is conjunction:
“I” is a connecting conjunction.
If the shape is a particle:
If the form is an interjection:
. They say “ouch” when it hurts!
A loud “Aw” (what?) came from the forest.
In addition to the unchangeable parts of speech, the role of the subject can be an indirect form of a noun (that is, a noun placed in any case other than the nominative), or a sentence in the meaning of a noun or a form of a verb that can be conjugated.
For example:
And finally, the whole form of the subject falls into the category of the subject and its methods of expression, which is a syntactically indivisible phrase, where there is a main and a dependent word. They differ different meanings and the composition of parts of speech.
If the form of the subject is a tandem of a name in the nominative case and a name in the genitive case.
If the form is a fusion of a name in the nominative case and a name in the genitive with the preposition “from”.
If the form is a tandem of a name in the nominative case and a name in the instrumental case with the preposition “s”. An important nuance there will be a predicate here - it must have a plural form.
For example:
If the form is a tandem, consisting of a noun with the meaning “beginning, middle and end” of some state and a noun in the genitive case.
Phraseological forms of the subject are also considered a separate case, when the main member of the sentence is a special pair - a noun and an agreed name. For example, phraseological, terminological, or a phrase with a metaphorical meaning.
In this case, the components of a given syntactic alloy only collectively express that single and indivisible meaning that is required to understand the semantic component.
And the last form for the subject can be indefinite pronouns, which are formed from the stems “who” and “what”, constituting a single alloy with an agreed name. Such forms of the subject carry an indefinite meaning.
Thus, the ways of expressing the subject in Russian may vary and depend on the specific verbal form used in place of one of the main members syntactic construction. The role of the subject can be not only nouns, but also other parts of speech, and even complex syntactically indivisible phrases with phase, metaphorical and terminological meaning. In addition, it is worth remembering that the subject has a specific form of expression - the nominative case.
