Schoolchildren very often have questions about how to distinguish words without endings from words with zero endings. Confusion with this comes from a lack of understanding of what an ending is and what role it plays. And this question is both simple and complex. Simple because understanding this linguistic term absolutely accessible to schoolchildren. And it is complicated because its study requires knowledge of what a word change is, how a word differs from a word form, and therefore, ultimately, knowledge of what the grammatical meaning of a word is.
So, let's start with the fact that there are words with endings and words without endings. Examples of words with endings: house-a, cat-a, dad-a, well-a, window-u, beauty-s, earth-e, yam-ah. Examples of words without endings: tasty, fun, not, for, hoping, working.
The first group of words ends in sounds or combinations of sounds that change if the form of the word is changed: houses (houses), cat-u, dad-oh, window-a, beauty-oh, earth-yah, yam-e. More precisely, precisely because the ending changes, the form of the word changes. If the word “cat” has -a at the end, then we understand that we're talking about about one cat: “There’s a fat cat sitting on the fence.” If at the end of the word -i, then, depending on the context, we can talk, for example, about the absence of a cat: “There is no longer a fat cat on the fence,” or about several cats: “All cats love to sit on fences.” In the above sentences we used three forms of the same word “cat”: in nominative case singular(the cat is sitting), in genitive case singular (no cat) and nominative plural (cats love).
We can also, for example, change the word “world”: world-a, world-e, world-ohm, world-y.
Let us note that this is exactly the same word, since we are talking about the same phenomenon of reality, which is characterized in the same way. If we wanted to characterize this phenomenon differently, we would use the possibilities of numerous affixes of the Russian language: cat, koshunya, koshulya, koshusya, koshandra... By adding emotion, assessment to the word, we formed a new word: cat and koshusya are different words, not forms of the same word. These words have different lexical, but the same grammatical meaning: nominative case, singular. We can form other forms of these words: cats, koshusei. These are different words in the same form, that is, their lexical meanings are different (with the word “cat” we neutrally indicate an animal, and with the word “koshu” we affectionately call it), but their grammatical meanings are the same (genitive case, plural).
We can do the same with the word “world”. Forms of the same word: house-a, house-u, house-ohm, house-ami, house-ah. Words derived from it with a different meaning (the same meaning plus an expression of our relationship or clarification of size): house-ik, house-in-a, house-ish-e.
As you can see, the lexical meaning here is changed by the suffix, and the grammatical meaning by the ending. But this does not mean that a suffix can only change its lexical meaning. For example, in the word “god-l-a” the suffix -l- is a past tense suffix of the verb “godit”, that is, it does not form a new word, but forms its form.
Thus, there are parts of the word with the help of which new words are formed - these are word-forming morphemes, and those with the help of which the forms of the word are changed - these are form-forming morphemes. The ending (inflection) is a formative morpheme.
From here we can draw the following logical conclusion. If the ending is a formative morpheme, that is, a part of a word that changes its forms, then it can only be in those words that change. Going through a random series of words in search of words with endings is irrational. You need to look for them among the words certain categories, namely, among certain parts of speech. Let's say that nouns are mostly inflected, which means they have endings.
However, there are words that do not change their form. This means that these are words without ending. Examples need to be looked for among words of certain grammatical groups. For example, these are adverbs. As you know, this is an unchangeable part of speech, which means that adverbs have no endings: cheerfully, patiently, resourcefully (the dog ran after us cheerfully; the mother listened patiently to her daughter; in arguments, this man always dodged resourcefully).
Adverbs should be distinguished from short forms of neuter adjectives: “This sentence was resourceful and witty.” Here the final -o is the ending indicating neuter gender and singular.
It is easy to prove that in short adjectives -o is the ending. The word needs to be changed: “This remark was resourceful and witty.” The final -o has been replaced by the final -a, which indicates the feminine gender. The adjective has changed its form to agree in gender with the noun.
Accordingly, there is only one way to define words without endings. If it is impossible to form the forms of a word, then the word does not have an ending.
Words with a zero ending are just as easy to “compute.” The rule here is simple: if a word has forms (changes), and in place of a “silent” ending there appears an ending expressed by sounds, then the visible lack of inflection is a zero ending.
Let's say the word "world" ends with a root consonant R, after which nothing sounds in the word. However, it is worth changing this word: worlds, worlds, worlds, worlds, as we see that after the root a sound ending appears. This means that its absence in the nominative singular is imaginary; in fact, instead of pronounced sounds, there is an empty window, an empty cell that can be filled at any moment. Moreover, it is precisely because it is not filled in that we determine case and number. This is an example of a minus sign. The muteness of ending in in this case is no less significant than its specific sound.
There are many examples of such significant absences in life. For example, a sign with its name may be lit above the entrance of a cafe during business hours. Then, if the lights are not lit (silent), for potential visitors this means that the cafe is closed. If the green light of a traffic light is not on, this does not mean that it does not exist at all, its “silence” is significant.
A dash or omission where the price is indicated in a restaurant may mean that the specified dish is not in stock.
If you enter home and shout: “Who’s home?”, then silence will be a sign to you that the family is not yet there. A dark window can indicate the same thing.
Thus, the zero ending is a kind of "off" morpheme. It was turned off in order to express a certain meaning through its “silence.” In the words “arm-(-)”, “leg-(-)”, “head-(-)”, “cloud-(-)” this empty, “non-burning” window means the genitive plural. In the verbs “walked-(-)”, “spoke-(-)”, “sang-(-)” - the masculine singular. All these word forms have an ending, but it is expressed by a zero sound.
Therefore, it would be incorrect to say, for example, that “ruk” is a word without a suffix and ending. There really is no suffix here, but there is an ending. The sound of a word ends with the sound “k”, and its composition, actual boundaries, end with a morpheme expressed by a zero sound.
The absence of an ending, in contrast to the presence of a zero, is a place beyond the boundaries of the word. It is not opposed to the "included" ending, since the grammatical nature of this word does not imply an ending at all. Well, fearfully, under, with, going deeper - these are all examples of words without endings.
Thus, during the morphemic analysis of a word, it is necessary to distinguish words without an ending from words with a zero ending. Variable lexical units will have an ending, even if expressed by a zero sound, and the composition of unchangeable words does not imply an ending, including a zero sound.
In addition to the usual variable words in the Russian language, there are words without endings. These words refer to unchangeable parts of speech, such as gerunds and adverbs. But before going into details, it is necessary to define what an ending is.
The ending is one of the significant parts of the word, a morpheme, with the help of which other forms of the word are formed, under the influence of gender, number, and case. Usually the ending stands at the end of a word and is a link for sentences and phrases. In some rare cases, the ending may appear in the middle. In order to highlight the ending, the word must be changed by number, case, etc. Words that do not change have no endings.
In the Russian language there are two types of parts of speech - independent and auxiliary. Interjections, particles, conjunctions and prepositions are auxiliary parts of speech; they have no lexical meaning, but only act as an addition and connection to independent units speech. That's why they have endings. There are words with a lexical base without an ending. For example, taxi, coffee, high. They are full-valued parts of speech, but they do not change over the course of historical circumstances and therefore have no endings. Prepositions complete these words.
To change the meaning of an unchangeable word, a dependent word is added to it, for example, black coffee - masculine, singular. This definition comes from the adjective (black) that complements the unchangeable word.
TO unchangeable words also include words borrowed from other languages, for example, allegretto, rendezvous, puree. Adverbs are one of the unchangeable full-meaning words - quickly, highly. In such words, the last letter “o” is often mistakenly considered to be the ending, although this is a characteristic suffix for adverbs. The participle, like everyone else, is an unchangeable member of the sentence, because it has the grammatical connotation of an adverb: having restrained, having read.
Another example is words without an ending that, when changed, form it, for example, night, horse, door. When exposed to number, case, the ending appears - night - nights - nights, door - doors - doors. In Russian, philologists call such cases zero endings. In its initial form there is no ending.
The Old Church Slavonic language had a letter, which meant that the word had an ending when the form was changed, under the influence of cases and number. Col, table. Over time, the letter became obsolete and fell out of use, and words began to be written without it.
Borrowed words in many publishing houses are used as native words, for example, lie, safari, madam. But many such words never became full-fledged parts of the language: taxi, coat, subway. Words have vowels at the end; they are often perceived as endings. In fact, the entire word is the basis that we encounter almost every day. It is important to remember that such words do not change. Illiterate speaking: playing the piano, grandmother with a coat, a roll with coffee.
Below are words that do not have endings:
Words without a word ending and unchangeable parts of speech that do not have an ending can be distinguished. To do this, you need to know that words with a zero ending have endings when declensions and changes in number, etc., for example, the word “piano” is unchangeable, it has no endings under any circumstances. And the word has night, with plural the ending “and” appears - night.
It is not for nothing that the Russian language is said to be the richest and most beautiful, but at the same time the most complex in the world. Not a single language in the world has such a huge number of rules and exceptions to them, and not a single one of them can boast of such great variety not only words, but also their forms, which can be formed if, for example, you inflect a noun by case, or conjugate verbs. Endings are especially difficult because they connect all the words in a sentence into a single whole. Determining the null ending can also cause problems. We will try to understand in more detail what a zero ending is in this article.
An ending is one of the morphemes that indicates the connection of this word with other words in one phrase or in a sentence. The ending is most often found at the end of the sentence, but there are some exceptions. We will touch on them a little later. Endings, unlike other morphemes, do not affect the meaning of the word, since they are not word-forming. It is thanks to him that one can determine the gender, case, number and person of a given word. For example, in the word “mainland” the ending -a indicates that given word in the singular, genitive case and masculine gender, and in the word “thinks” the ending -et says that this construction is third person singular.
Some people may have difficulty determining the ending because they are sure that it must be at the end of the word. Cases in which the ending may be in the middle of a word:
If there is a postfix in a word, the ending will be placed before it. For example: cleaning up, someone, SOMETHING, let's go.
In complex cardinal numbers, the ending is present both in the middle of the word and at the end, that is, the ending will be after each stem. For example: fiftyØtenØ, fourhundred. However, you should not confuse ordinal numbers or adjectives that are derived from them. For example: fiftieth, four hundred, thirty-five thousand, eight-story, three-year, first-class, heptagonal.
Endings are a very significant morpheme because they completely influence the lexical meaning of the word and the entire sentence as a whole. After all, sometimes the easiest way to identify foreigners among a crowd of people is precisely because correct use endings in words are given to them with great difficulty.
All endings in words can indicate the following grammatical meanings:
Number, gender and case for such parts of speech as, for example, (for example: canvas - ending -o indicates that the word is in the nominative case, it is also singular and neuter); adjective (for example: clean canvas - the ending -о indicates the singular, neuter gender and nominative case); participle (for example: washed linen - the ending -о also says that we have a word in the singular, in the nominative case and neuter gender); some pronouns (for example: your canvas - the ending -е also indicates a word in the singular, nominative case and neuter) and some numerals (for example: one canvas - the ending -о indicates a word in the singular neuter and the nominative case) ;
Only case for some pronouns (for example: there is no something - the ending -о speaks of the genitive case) and parts of numerals (there are no seven - the ending -i says that this word is in the genitive case);
Only persons and numbers for verbs in the future and present tense (for example: I am writing - a first person singular verb);
Only numbers and gender for verbs in the past tense (for example: spoke - verb female and singular).
Also, some difficulties may arise when determining the ending if it is zero. In order to easily identify it in a word, you need to understand what a zero ending is. Words with similar endings are often confused with words without any endings at all.
The zero ending of a word is an ending that is not expressed either by letters or sounds. Despite the fact that financially this type the ending is not expressed in any way, during analysis morphological structure words must be indicated in the form of an empty square.
They have a zero ending in Russian the following types words:
First person nouns in genitive and plural. For example: birds, seals, cows, pets.
Qualitative adjectives, as well as participles in short form masculine singular, for example: resourceful, individual, inclined, magnificent, detained, armed.
The zero ending of masculine nouns of the second type, as well as feminine nouns in the third declension. For example: cockroach, parkan, felt, oven, speech, night.
Possessive adjectives in the form For example: fatherØ, motherØ, cowØ, foxØ, SerezhinØ.
Singular verbs in imperative mood. For example: teach, watch, help, translate, ask.
Verbs in the subjunctive and indicative mood in the masculine gender in the past tense and in the presence of the singular. For example: spokeØ - would speakØ, listenØ - listenØ would, voteØ - voteØ would, askØ - askØ would.
People often confuse words with zero endings with words that have no endings at all. To understand all the differences, let's consider which words have no ending at all.
The following unchangeable words and groups of words do not have an ending:
Indeclinable nouns, for example: taxi, coffee, auto, coat;
Indeclinable adjectives, for example: Bordeaux, khaki, marengo, netto, baroque, Esperanto, pleated;
Possessive pronouns that indicate belonging to a third party, for example: their, her, his;
All adverbs, since an adverb is an unchanging part of speech and, by definition, no longer has an ending, for example: bad, sad, noticeable, unclear, confused, colored, altered;
Words in comparative form, for example: stronger, smarter, faster, clearer, more beautiful, sadder, more majestic;
All participles, since this part of speech took its indeclinability from the adverb and, like the adverb, cannot have an ending, for example: having read, washed, understood, read, remembered, remembered, parsed, realized;
All auxiliary parts of speech, for example: so that, if, not, nor, despite the fact that, only, barely, just, without, over, under, in;
Interjections, for example: well, yes, yes, fathers, uh, ah, slap, bang, bang, those times;
The initial form of the verb in the case where -т and -ти is perceived as a suffix, for example: eat, accept, feel, understand, respect, worry, act.
Also, during morphological analysis, words that do not have endings at all should not be marked in writing with an empty square. One rule will help you easily distinguish words without endings from zero endings. Words without endings are not inflected, unlike words with zero endings.
To determine the ending in any word, it is enough to simply inflect it by case. That part of the word that will change is it. This is how it is easy to identify the zero ending. Examples of words with this ending, as well as words that do not have it at all, are presented in the following table:
Singular | Plural | Immutable word |
||
Nominative | ||||
Genitive | Whom? What? | |||
Dative | To whom? Why? | mirrors | ||
Accusative | Whom? What? | |||
Instrumental | mirror | mirrors | ||
Prepositional | About whom? About what? | mirrorsAH |
On in this example It’s noticeable how easily you can identify a given morpheme in words. Since the word “plisse” is not declined according to cases, it is a word without an ending, and in the word “mirror” only the root and zero ending are represented, because this is a noun in and in the genitive case.
In most of the examples considered, the most common words are words that use only a root and a zero ending among their morphemes. All other morphemes can be combined with a similar ending. For example, words that have a prefix, root, zero ending: story, transition, departure, exit, swim. There are also words, during morphemic analysis of which you can see a prefix, root, suffix and zero ending. For example: teenager, put, predicted, timed. Very often words are used that simultaneously contain a postfix and a zero ending in the Russian language. For example: put on makeup, cheer up, sit down, help, imagine, armed.
Please note that soft sign cannot be the end of a word. This sign does not indicate any sound, but only indicates the softness of the consonant that precedes it. If a word ends in a soft sign, then it should be considered to have a zero ending. However, this rule does not apply to immutable words. For example, despite the fact that in the designs just, away, gallop there is a soft sign at the end; these words should not be counted with a zero ending. They are immutable and have no endings at all.
The ending is the only part of a word that changes. All other morphemes together form its basis. In morphemic analysis, it is perhaps easiest to identify the ending in a word, since for this it is enough to only slightly modify the word.
Minor difficulties that could arise in correctly determining the ending are to distinguish between words that have a zero ending, as well as words without any ending at all. Since in this article it was clarified what a zero ending is, then this morpheme will not pose any difficulties during analysis.
In most concepts, a morpheme is considered an abstract linguistic unit. The specific implementation of the morpheme in text called morphois or (more often) morph.
Moreover, morphs representing the same morpheme may have different phonetic appearance depending on their environment within the word form. A set of morphs of one morpheme that have the same phonemic composition is called allomorph.
Varying the plane of expression of a morpheme forces some theorists (namely, I. A. Melchuk and N.V. Pertsova) to conclude that the morpheme is not sign, but a class of signs.
Thus, in the works of N.V. Pertsov it is stated that “in everyday life, even among specialists in morphology, the term “morpheme” is often used in the meaning morph” and that “sometimes such indistinction in word usage even penetrates into published scientific texts.” N.V. Pertsov believes that “one should be careful in this regard, although in the vast majority of cases it is clear from the context what kind of entity - a concrete text morph or an abstract linguistic morpheme - is being discussed.”
Morphemes are classified into two main types - root (roots) And affixal (affixes).
Root- the main significant part of the word. The root is an obligatory part of any word - there are no words without a root (except for rare secondary formations with a lost root, such as the Russian “you-nu-t (prefix-suffix-ending)”). Root morphemes can form a word either accompanied by affixes or independently.
Affix- an auxiliary part of a word, attached to the root and used for word formation and expression of grammatical meanings. Affixes cannot form a word on their own - only in combination with roots. Affixes, unlike some roots (such as cockatoo), are not isolated, occurring only in one word.
Affixes are divided into types depending on their position in the word. The most common types of affixes in the world's languages are: prefixes , located in front of the root, and postfixes, located after the root. The traditional name of the Russian language prefixes is consoles . The prefix clarifies the meaning of the root, conveys the lexical meaning, and sometimes expresses the grammatical meaning (for example, the aspect of verbs).
Depending on the meaning expressed, postfixes are divided into suffixes (having a derivational, that is, word-formative meaning) and inflections(having a relational, that is, indicating a connection with other members of the sentence, meaning). The suffix conveys both lexical and (more often) grammatical meaning; can translate a word from one part of speech to another (transposing function). Inflections are word-modifying affixes. The traditional name for inflections of the Russian language is graduation, since they are mainly located at the very end of words.
There are languages (Turkic, Finno-Ugric) in which there are no prefixes, and all grammatical relations are expressed by postfixes. In some other languages - for example, Swahili family Bantu , (Central Africa) - prefixes are used and postfixes are almost never used. IN Indo-European languages to which it belongs Russian language, both prefixes and postfixes are used, but with a clear advantage towards the latter.
In addition to prefixes and postfixes, there are other types of affixes:
Wikimedia Foundation.
2010.:END, endings, Wed. (book). 1. Completion, the end of something. End of work. He left without waiting for the performance to end. 2. Final part literary work. The ending of the novel is in the next book of the magazine. The ending follows... ... Dictionary Ushakova
Cm … Synonym dictionary
Ending- the final part of a work printed in an issue (number, volume) of a serial publication, which was published in parts in several (many) issues (numbers, volumes) of this publication. On the page where O. begins, in a footnote or before the main. text... ... Publishing dictionary-reference book
ending- ENDING, consummation, completion, end, ending FINAL, final, last, book. definitive END / END, come to an end / come to an end, come to an end / come to an end, end / end, end / end,... ... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech
In the verse see clause...
Same as flexion... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
ENDING, I, Wed. 1. see finish, sya. 2. The end, the final part of something. Prosperous Fr. stories. O. novel in the next issue of the magazine. 3. In grammar: the same as inflection. Case o. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949… … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
ending- radio channel The physical location of the radio equipment antenna (ITU R F.1399). Topics: telecommunications, basic concepts Synonyms of radio channel EN radio termination ...
Technical Translator's Guide ENDING - (termination). The part of a word added to the stem when the word is grammatically modified, both in Latin and in … Greek languages
ending Terms of botanical nomenclature - wait for the end modality, wait wait for the end continuation, modality, wait wait for the end modality, wait wait for the end modality, wait for the end follows the subject, approaching / moving away (not)… …
