In the XI-XIII centuries. The rulers of Volga-Kama Bulgaria and Russian princes fought for control over the lands of the Mordovians. In the XII-XIII centuries. New Mordovian settlements appeared (“firmaments”, according to Russian chronicles) with powerful fortifications (Vindreyskoye, Fedorovskoye). Among the population, a category of professional warriors stood out, who had equestrian equipment, shields, etc. In the conditions of a growing external threat, a large military alliance of Mordovian tribes was formed and, on its basis, an early state association (according to the Hungarian missionary Julian of the mid-13th century, the “kingdom of the Mordvans”). One of its divisions was the “Purgas volost” mentioned in the Russian chronicles, headed by Purgas. According to researchers, the “Purgasova volost” occupied the interfluve of the Moksha and Tyoshi rivers, where numerous Mordovian settlements were located (including the Sarov settlement - a large craft, trade and, apparently, political center). Archaeological data indicate an influx of mainly Erzyan and Moksha populations to these lands, which indicates the ethnic consolidation of the Mordovian people. In the 1220-1230s. Vladimir princes made several trips to the territory of modern Mordovia, the most significant of them - to the “Purgasov volost” (1228). Another Mordovian formation developed in the upper and middle Primoksha region. Some researchers believe that it was led by Puresh. On the southern borderland of the Mordovian lands (the territory of the modern Penza region) there were settlements - strongholds on the trade route from Volga-Kama Bulgaria to Kyiv (Zolotarevskoye, Yulovskoye, etc.).
The political and economic development of the Mordovian people was interrupted by the Mongol-Tatar invasion. The first blow to the Mordovian lands was dealt in 1237, in 1239 they were again devastated; The Mordovians were finally conquered in 1242.
In the middle of the XIII - mid-XV centuries. a significant part of the modern territory of Mordovia was part of the Golden Horde. IN early XIV V. here arose a large administrative center of the Horde - the city of Mokhshi, which minted its own coins since 1313. The settlements of the local feudal nobility were usually located near large rivers in high, inaccessible places. At one of them, the Ityakovsky settlement, a bronze plaque was found, issued to officials by the Golden Horde administration. In the 2nd half of the 14th century, during the period of civil strife in the Golden Horde, some Horde princes tried to found independent uluses on the territory of modern Mordovia: Tagai in Moksha, Segiz Bey in Prisurye, Bekhan in Primokshanye, etc. After Timur’s campaigns at the end of the 14th century. Mokhshi lost its significance as an outpost of the khan's power. From the middle of the 15th century. after the collapse of the Golden Horde, these territories became part of the Kazan Khanate.
In the 1480s a significant part of the Mordovian lands was already part of the Russian state. In connection with the aggravation of relations with the Kazan Khanate and the increasing frequency of raids by Nogai biys and Crimean khans, the rulers strengthened the eastern borders. For this purpose, the construction of new fortified cities began on the Mordovian outskirts. The Kazan campaigns were launched against the Kazan Khanate, as a result of which in 1552 it was annexed to the Russian state (about 10 thousand Mordovian warriors took part in the campaign).
After 1552, a system of all-Russian voivodeship administration was introduced in the region, incorporating military, administrative and judicial functions. The participation of the local nobility as volost centurions and Pentecostals was allowed. In some cases, special officials were appointed to manage the Mordovians - “Mordovian heads”, clerks, etc. The system of voivodeship administration finally took shape during the construction of serif lines (Shatsk - Kadom - Temnikov - Alatyr - second half of the 16th century; Insar - Atemar - Saransk - Trinity fort - 40s of the 17th century), which contributed to increased centralization in the region local government. The governor was entrusted with the task of building fortresses and fortresses; they had all the power in the region. Russian villages appeared on the lands granted to the nobles for their service on the abatis line. Local land ownership took shape, while land plots and population grew. Mordovian and Tatar princes were involved in military, border guard service, and participation in administrative management, for which they received land and monetary compensation.
During the Time of Troubles, the Mordovian region provided significant support to the 2nd militia. In the summer of 1612, the Mordovian Murza Bayush, leading a detachment of Alatyr Murzas, Mordovians and servicemen, opposed the Crimean and Nogai Tatars, who broke through the guard lines near the river. Alatyr and moved to Arzamas and Nizhny Novgorod. Having won the battles near the village. Chukaly and in the Ardatovsky forest, the detachment saved the rear of the militia.
2nd half of the 17th century. was characterized by the expansion of local and patrimonial land ownership due to the massive distribution of estates from state funds and through unauthorized seizures of land from Mordovian peasants by landowners. In 1661-1700 in Penza, Insarsky, Temnikovsky districts they were given 75% of the land from its total amount. The lands on the territory of modern Mordovia were received by the princes Golitsyn, Romodanovsky, Trubetskoy, the noble families of the Naryshkins and others. Mordovians were engaged in carriage, trade, logging, and tar smoking. Carpentry, charcoal burning, milling, tanning, cooperage and other trades, trade in agricultural and livestock products, honey, wax, furs, and fish were developed.
In 1708, Peter I carried out a provincial reform, according to which the Mordovian region was divided between the Kazan (city of Temnikov) and Azov (the cities of Saransk, Krasnaya Sloboda, Insar, Troitsk, Atemar, Shishkeevo) provinces. In 1719, the provinces were divided into provinces and districts. The Azov province included Insarsky (3rd province), Temnikovsky, Kadomsky and Krasnoslobodsky districts (4th); part of the Kazan province - Saransk district (3rd province). The lands of Arzamas (2nd province) and Alatyr (3rd) districts were included in the newly formed Nizhny Novgorod province. In 1725, the Azov province was transformed into Voronezh, which included Insarsky from the Tambov province, and Temnikovsky and Krasnoslobodsky districts from Shatsk. The provincial reform of Catherine II (1775) also made changes to the administrative-territorial division of the Mordovian region. He ended up as part of the Tambov governorship (Temnikovsky, Spassky districts), Nizhny Novgorod (Lukoyanovsky, Sergach districts), Simbirsk (Ardatovsky district), Penza (Krasnoslobodsky, Insarsky, Saransky districts). In 1796, the governorships were transformed into provinces. By decree of Paul I (1797), the Penza province was liquidated, Saransk district was transferred to the Simbirsk province, Krasnoslobodsky and Insarsky - to Tambov. In 1801, the Penza province was restored to its previous composition. Throughout the 19th century. The administrative-territorial division of the Mordovian region did not change. His lands belonged to Penza (Krasnoslobodsky, Insarsky, Saransky districts), Simbirsk (Ardatovsky, part of Karsunsky), Nizhny Novgorod (part of Lukoyanovsky, Sergachsky) and Tambov (Temnikovsky, part of Spassky) provinces. In 1917-1918 Ruzaevsky district was separated from the composition of mainly Insarsky district.
In 1717, the territory of modern Mordovia was devastated during the Great Kuban Pogrom, which became the last raid of nomads into the region. In the 2nd half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. Orthodoxy took hold in the Mordovian environment, becoming integral part way of life.
In the 18th century Potash production and distillation reached significant development (1.5 million buckets of wine per year), large state distilleries operated - Brilovsky and Shtyrmensky, small metallurgical enterprises functioned (Ryabkinsky, Sivinsky, Vindreysky, Insarsky plants, etc.). In the 1st half of the 19th century. The state Troitsko-Ostrozh distillery and the Augur metallurgical plant of N.D. Manukhina arose. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. The timber industry developed rapidly. Its main centers were concentrated in Spassky and Temnikovsky districts, rich in forests. The development of the timber industry was stimulated by the construction of the Moscow-Kazan Railway (1893-1902) across the territory of modern Mordovia.
The first representatives of the Mordovian intelligentsia appeared, mostly rural teachers. In 1905, one of the founders of Mordovian literature, Z. F. Dorofeev, began his creative career. In 1906, the publisher of the first newspaper of the region “Muzhik” V.V. Bazhanov, sculptor S.D. Erzya, public figure and prose writer S.V. Anikin, teacher G.K. Ulyanov announced themselves.
At the end of 1917 - beginning of 1918, a Soviet authority. In 1918 and 1919 Mordovian counties were the front line, the closest rear of the Eastern Front of the Red Army during the Civil War of 1917-1922; in April - May 1919, the Bashkir Revolutionary Committee was located in Saransk. The actions of food detachments and committees became the reason for peasant revolts in the spring - summer of 1918, unrest and uprisings of peasants in the villages of Bolshoy Azya, Yakovshchina, Barancheevka, Lada, Pyatina, Gumny, Staroye Sindrovo, etc. The policy of war communism, especially surplus appropriation, increased the discontent of the peasantry . Major uprisings took place in the region in 1919. Along with peasant uprisings, there were protests in military units, deserters became participants in the unrest. By 1920, desertion in the region grew into a “green movement.” A difficult situation arose on the territory of modern Mordovia during the Tambov uprising of 1920-1921. under the leadership of A. S. Antonov. Temnikovsky and Krasnoslobodsky districts were declared under martial law, a tense situation was created in Ardatovsky, Karsunsky, Saransky, Insarsky and Spassky districts. In 1921-1922 the region was struck by famine, accompanied by outbreaks of epidemics of typhus, malaria, etc.
In 1926, Mordovian counties became leaders in terms of gross agricultural output in the Middle Volga region, and by 1928, the restoration of agriculture was completed. The recovery of industry was slow and uneven; many enterprises in the region were closed (including the iron foundry and sawmill in Zubovaya Polyana, the Sivinsky ironworks, the Temnikovsky earthenware factory, etc.). At the same time, in the 1920-1930s. a canning plant, a cotton factory, a hemp plant in Saransk, and a machine-building plant in Sarov were built.
On July 16, 1928, the Mordovian district was formed as part of the Middle Volga region with its center in Saransk. On January 10, 1930, the Mordovian district was transformed into the Mordovian Autonomous Okrug, on December 20, 1934 - into the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
In the late 1920s - early 1930s. Prisoner labor began to be actively used in the economy of Mordovia. The main areas of their economic activity were logging, sawmilling and railway construction. The largest camp of the Gulag system on the territory of Mordovia was the Temnikovsky ITL (Temlag, administration in the village of Yavas), created in 1931 (in 1948-1954 - Special camp No. 3, or Dubravlag). By the early 1940s. Mordovia was one of the main producers of cotton wool, ropes and ropes in the Volga region; The textile, food, processing, logging and woodworking industries developed.
During the Great Patriotic War, units of the 6th Engineer Army, 9 divisions, 3 regiments, 5 battalions, a special division of armored trains, 7 air units, the 178th department of the communications battalion, etc. were stationed on the territory of Mordovia, 14 hospitals were also located here (including 6 - in Saransk). The 326th Roslavl Rifle Division was formed on the territory of Mordovia, and a flight of combat aircraft and a tank column “Mordovian Collective Farmer” were built at the expense of the population. In 1941, the equipment of 17 enterprises from the Ukrainian SSR, BSSR, as well as the Bryansk, Kursk, Oryol regions, etc. was evacuated to Mordovia. Thanks to the commissioning of the Saransk Mechanical Plant and the Elektrovypryamitel plant, the foundation was laid for the post-war development of large-scale industry in Mordovia. The republic received about 80 thousand people from the evacuated population (including 25 thousand children under 15 years old).
In the spring of 1946, Mordovia was gripped by drought, which led to famine. The development of industry gradually progressed: the placement of a complex of enterprises in the chemical and lighting industries, a foundry, and the expansion of the construction base began (Kovylkinsky plant sand-lime brick and slate in the working village of Komsomolsky), an instrument-making plant, reconstruction of cable, tool and other plants was carried out, the 1st turbine of Saransk CHPP-2, a workshop of a dump truck plant, pasta and furniture factories. By the mid-1960s. Mordovia has transformed from an agrarian-industrial region into an industrial-agrarian one. Industrial development was facilitated by the construction of the Saratov-Gorky gas pipeline through its territory (1959-1960).
In the 2nd half of the 1980s - 1st half of the 1990s. in Mordovia, social forces intensified in defense of the national languages, culture, and identity of the Mordovian people; 3 congresses of the Mordovian people took place (1992, 1995, 1999), a number of public organizations, such as the Council for the Revival of the Mordovian People (1992), the Foundation for Saving the Erzyan Language named after. A. P. Ryabova (1993), etc.
On December 7, 1990, at a session of the Supreme Council of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Declaration on the state-legal status of the republic was adopted, the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was transformed into the Mordovian SSR. On December 25, 1991, the position of president was established, and V.D. Guslyannikov was elected to this post. On April 7, 1993, the Supreme Council of the MSSR abolished this position. On January 25, 1994, the Mordovian SSR was renamed the Republic of Mordovia. On September 21, 1995, the Constitution of the Republic of Mordovia was adopted and approved new system organs state power. On September 22, 1995, N.I. Merkushkin was elected Head of the Republic of Mordovia (since January 1995, Chairman of the State Assembly of the Republic of Mordovia; popularly elected Head of the Republic of Mordovia in 1998, re-elected in 2003, empowered by the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin in 2005, in 2010 approved for the post of Head of the Republic for another term). On May 14, 2012, at the seventh session of the State Assembly of the fifth convocation, V.D. Volkov was approved as Head of the Republic of Mordovia.
Transition to market relations in the 1st half of the 1990s. led to a decrease in the level of socio-economic development of the republic. Only since 1997 has there been a growth trend in Mordovia industrial production Based on restructuring, the introduction of advanced technologies, and attracting investments, the agro-industrial complex developed. The non-state sector has become dominant in the economy.
S. D. Erzya Russian and Soviet artist, sculptor Stepan Dmitrievich Erzya, real name Nefedov belonged to the Mordvin-Erzya ethnic group, hence the pseudonym. Born on October 27 (November 8), 1876 in the village of Baevo, Alatyr district, Simbirsk province (now Ardatovsky district of the Republic of Mordovia). A world-famous sculptor, he is best known as a master of wood carving. The largest collection is kept in. Mordovian Republican Museum fine arts them. S. D. Erzi. He created in the Art Nouveau style. During the Civil War he almost died. With the permission of the Soviet government, in the 20s he went to Paris to make a personal exhibition. And then - to South America (to Argentina). In 1951 he returned to his homeland with a huge collection of works made of wood, marble, and bronze. His exhibitions in Moscow were extremely popular. People stood in long lines to see his work.
Another person who glorified our region was the artist F.V. Sychkov (1887 -1958). Numerous paintings are evidence of this. In his own way, he opened up for us the interesting and unique world of the Mordovian village and rural children. In the village of Kochelaevo, not far from the city of Kovylkino, on the top of a hill there is a small house, of which there are many in our villages. But once you enter this modest village hut, you will find yourself in the kingdom of paintings. This is the house-museum of the wonderful artist FEDOT VASILYEVICH SYCHKOV. Here he was born and lived almost his entire life. The artist wrote many wonderful masterpieces. His canvases depict folk holidays, festivities. The heroes of his paintings are Russian and Mordovian peasants. Sychkov especially loved to portray children. The work of the famous artist is highly appreciated. He was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor, he was awarded the title of Honored Artist of the RSFSR, People's Artist of Mordovia. The painter Sychkov dedicated many paintings to the Mordovian people.
R. M. Bespalova On January 21, 1925, People's Artist of Russia Raisa Makarovna Bespalova was born. This woman made a significant contribution to the spiritual culture of the republic and forever linked her creative destiny with Saransk. R. M. Bespalova occupies a special place among the most prominent representatives of the artistic intelligentsia of Mordovia in the second half of the 20th century. Her creative activity was connected with vocal performance, and with the acting profession, and with teaching work. She was not only the first in Mordovia to receive the high title of People's Artist of Russia (1970) and the first among the republic's artists to be awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor (1960), Bespalova became the first representative of the artistic intelligentsia of Mordovia. Admirers of her vocal talent lovingly called her nothing more than “the Mordovian nightingale,” comparing her with a bird, whose singing capabilities became the subject of poeticization in Rus'.
F. F. Ushakov Admiral of the Russian Fleet Feodor Ushakov was born on February 13, 1745 in the village of Burnakovo, Romanovsky district, Yaroslavl province and came from a poor but ancient noble family. At sea, the Russian fleet under the command of Ushakov did not suffer a single defeat. No wonder the admiral was called the Suvorov of the sea. Ushakov spent his youth and the last years of his life in the small village of Alekseevka outside Moksha. In honor of Admiral Ushakov, an order and medal were established, which are awarded to the most courageous, courageous sailors.
Ogarev N.P. The name of the poet and publicist Nikolai Platonovich Ogarev is the largest university in the Volga region - Mordovian State University. . A monument to N.P. Ogarev is erected near the main building of Mordovian University, and a line from the poem “To the Young Man”: “Study! Understand that knowledge is power” became the motto of the students who proudly call themselves “Ogarevites.”
A. I. Polezhaev At the intersection of Proletarskaya and Polezhaev streets, a monument to the poet, revolutionary democrat Alexander Ivanovich Polezhaev was unveiled in 1967. The poet is depicted full-length with an overcoat thrown over his shoulder. He spent his early childhood years in Saransk. The working people of Mordovia highly honor the memory of A.I. Polezhaev. One of the central streets is named after him. The Mordovian book publishing house has published collections of Polezhaev’s poems; studies and books are devoted to his work
The first Mordovian poet, Zakhar Fedorovich Dorofeev, was born on March 24, 1890 in the village of Salazgor, Torbeevsky district of Mordovia. In 1912 in Moscow, Dorofeev published a primer and books for reading in the Mordovian language.
V. N. Dezhurov. Vladimir Dezhurov is the only cosmonaut born in Mordovia. He made his flight on March 14, 1995 as part of the international Russian-American crew on the Soyuz TM-21 spacecraft (V. Dezhurov (commander), G. Strekalov and American astronaut N. Thagard). For 79 days, he and his colleagues faced a difficult scientific work at the Mir orbital station. After returning, our fellow cosmonaut was awarded the title of Hero Russian Federation
M. P. Devyataev Mikhail Petrovich - legendary Soviet pilot. He entered the history of the Great Patriotic War by performing an unprecedented feat: hijacking a V-1 carrier aircraft from a secret German airfield. The terrible days of testing, lived in concentration camps, are described by Mikhail Petrovich in the book “Escape from Hell”. She is a parting message to the younger generation: remember and never allow something like this to happen again. Mikhail Petrovich was born on July 8, 1917 in the Mordovian village of Torbeevo into a peasant family. Mordvin. He was the thirteenth child in the family. Participant of the Great Patriotic War since June 22, 1941. Already on the second day, he took part in an air battle in his I-16. At the entrance to the village of Torbeevo, a real monument was erected - a Mi plane. G-17 - in honor of the heroic escape of M. P. Devyatayev from fascist captivity.
M.E. EVSEVIEV Makar Evsevievich, Mordovian scientist-educator, teacher, wrote the first primers for Mordovians-Moksha and Mordovians-Erzi. The name of M.E. Evseviev was given to the Mordovian State Pedagogical Institute, a library, a street in the city of Saransk, as well as the Malokarmalinskaya secondary school in the Ibresinsky district of the Chuvash Republic, a monument was erected here and a museum named after him was organized. Evseviev, which is constantly updated with new exhibits. Our fellow countryman was awarded the orders of St. Stanislav and St. Anne.
This article is devoted to historical events that took place on the territory of the modern Republic of Mordovia.
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The western part of the Middle Volga region was inhabited in the ancient Stone Age - Paleolithic. No monuments from this time have yet been discovered on the territory of Mordovia.
The earliest settlements found date back to the Mesolithic - Middle Stone Age (9-6th millennium BC). After the glacier retreated, during the boreal climate period, the vegetation and fauna began to approach modern ones.
In the 18th century There were significant changes in the administrative structure of the region, which was divided between 3 provinces, 5 provinces and 6 counties. Political development Mordovian region in the Peter the Great era took place in line with all-Russian trends. Among the political events of the early 18th century that affected the Mordovian region was, which became the last raid of nomads into the region. According to the materials of the 3rd revision (1762-1766), the population of the region was about 334 thousand people. The Mordovians accounted for less than 25%, Russians - more than 70%, Tatars and representatives of other nationalities - about 5%. The Mordovian region was an agricultural region: 96% of the total population were peasants.
During the era of Catherine II, the nobles strengthened their position in the state apparatus. Having achieved exemption from compulsory military service and strengthened police regulations in the estates, the nobility satisfied all its demands: it had the right to sell, exchange, give peasants as soldiers, dispose of their property, and interfere in their personal lives. The government of Catherine II tried to relieve social tension. For these purposes, the secularization of church and monastic lands was carried out, and a Legislative Commission was convened. Mordovian peasants in their orders put forward demands for the inviolability of their lands and the equality of all before the law. But Catherine II, using the beginning as an excuse Russian-Turkish war, dissolved the Statutory Commission. This gave additional impetus to the outbreak of a large-scale civil war (see Civil War of 1773-1775).
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Territorial development by the Russian population of the Volga region at the end of the 18th - first half of the 19th century. led to the transformation of traditional Mordovian society. This period is characterized by relatively high rates of population growth - 2 times. The Erzyans and Mokshans made up a fourth of the total population (204,160 people), there were 626,162 Russians, and 40,688 Tatars. The ethno-demographic situation in the region determined the spread of the Russian peasant way of life. The administrative and judicial authorities in the region were completely subordinate to the Russian legal system.
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In the 2nd half of the 19th century. capitalist relations continued to develop. Their development was accelerated by bourgeois reforms (see), primarily the abolition of serfdom. “Regulations on peasants emerging from serfdom” of February 19, 1861 gave personal freedom to more than 292 thousand (39.4%) serfs, including 9.9 thousand Eryaz and Moksha and 4.4 thousand Tatar peasants However, in the process of allocating land, former serfs lost more than 13.6% of their pre-reform lands, and 13.0% were released with gift plots averaging 0.8 dessiatines per capita. The purchased land cost 3.6 times more than it was worth.
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In the districts of the Mordovian region, the overthrow of the monarchy became known on March 1-2, 1917. This event was marked by demonstrations, rallies, and public unrest that occurred in Saransk and other district cities and was accompanied by pogroms and the arrest of government officials.
In March, the formation of local bodies of the Provisional Government began: temporary county executive committees were created (March 4-8) and temporary county commissioners were appointed (March 7-11); The police were abolished and a militia was formed. Peasant and zemstvo district congresses were convened, at which permanent executive committees were elected. The organization of all-class volost zemstvos dragged on until the fall; their role was played by the emerging bodies of peasant self-government in the form of peasant committees (March) and Soviets (May - August), elected at volost and village assemblies. At the same time, Soviets of workers, Soviets of soldiers (March - April) and Soviets of peasants (late April - early May) of deputies were created in the districts of the region; later there was a merger into the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies (April - July). The first trade unions and factory committees arose. Left parties took part in the formation of the new authorities of the Provisional Government and the Soviets: the Socialist Revolutionaries and the Social Democrats.
The strong positions of the Social Revolutionaries and the weakness of the Bolsheviks led to the absence of a pronounced dual power in the region, which had a number of specific features and existed from March 1917 to March 1918. April - July 1917 (see April crisis of 1917) were noted growing popular discontent. The main and unifying issue of all the uprisings of 1917 remained the question of the division of landowners' lands. By the fall, due to the deterioration of supply to the cities and the unresolved land issue, social tension grew in the region, expressed in mass tensions.
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In the spring and summer of 1918, on the territory of modern Mordovia, as well as in Russia as a whole, the policy of “war communism” took shape, which included a number of economic, political and social measures. An accelerated nationalization of industrial enterprises was carried out (1918), including unlicensed production, Councils of the National Economy were created, a ban was introduced on private trade, direct trade between the city and the countryside, landowners' estates and possessions of large owners were confiscated, land was redistributed between peasants on an equal basis, etc. d. As a result of the implementation of agrarian policy in the first years of Soviet power, the peasantry received about 210 thousand dessiatines of landowners', appanage, and state lands. The government created various forms of Soviet and collective land use - agricultural artels, agricultural communes, partnerships for joint cultivation of land, collective farms, state farms. However, the experience of the first Soviet and collective farms was unsuccessful, and the situation in the village continued to deteriorate; The middle peasants, wealthy peasants and kulaks had a negative attitude towards the new formations, and hunger among the poor, which began during the First World War, intensified.
In total, during the war, about 240 thousand people left Mordovia for the front.
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HISTORY OF MORDOVIA
The geography of settlement largely determines important factors in its history.
Nature shapes the economic way of life, and it influences
formation of an anthropological type of people. Mordovian people historically
formed on the territory of the Oka-Volga interfluve, in the forest-steppe zone,
rich in forests and rivers, with a temperate continental climate. Basic
the habitat for the Mordovian people was the forest, it also supplied construction materials
material and food and clothing, served as a reliable refuge from enemies. Healthy
climate and lifestyle, fertile land and forest benefits contributed
formation of a healthy, physically strong population. The forest is not only
shaped the anthropological type, but also the way of life of the Mordovians, who were engaged in non-
only by agriculture, but also by hunting, beekeeping, fur harvesting,
cattle breeding. An important factor formation of the anthropological type
were both the food structure and the type of housing. Plant food of the Mordovians is not
differed from Russian food, but they consumed animal food more often,
traditionally consumed honey. Mordovian dwellings differed from Russian ones -
separate premises of houses and courtyards, and the presence of a bathhouse (an ancient invention
Mordva belongs to the Finno-Ugric group of the Uralic race, their ancestors
were subjected to Europeanization under the influence of contacts with Lithuanian,
Germanic, Slavic and other tribes. History of Mordovian tribes
can be traced back to 1 thousand BC. And in 1 thousand AD. from Finno-Ugric
Mordovian tribes emerged from the community. The Moksha group settled in the south-
eastern lands of the Sur-Oka-Moksha interfluve, Erzya in the north
west. Mordovian land has always been relatively densely populated.
In addition to the Mordovians, other peoples lived here, influencing
formation of its culture and economy. These were Tatars, Chuvash, Russians,
Mordovians and Huns, and Bulgarians, Khazars, Pechenegs, Polovtsians invaded the land,
Mongols. The largest invasion began in 1237 - the invasion of the Batyevs
hordes, after which the Golden Horde yoke was established, interrupting
natural historical development.
In the 1st, early 2nd millennium AD. an economic and cultural complex took shape and
religious worldview of the Mordovians. This is evidenced by excavations in
Dubensky district (iron arrowheads, plows, sickles, cultivated grains
plants, bones of domestic horses, cows, pigs, sheep, wood products,
clay, leather and fabrics, jewelry). With the advent of 1 thousand iron
tools of labor, the emergence of surplus products leads to the stratification of society
and the collapse of clan society. The clan community was replaced by the neighbor community,
Early feudal relations emerge. In the context of further development
productive forces and feudal relations, as well as under the influence of external
threats at the beginning of the 2nd millennium AD the process of folding a single
Mordovian people. The Mordovian epic is permeated with motifs of common destinies
Erzi and Moksha, the inseparability of their economic and spiritual life,
Tyushtya, the leader and ruler of the Mordovian people, is glorified.
At the beginning of the 2nd millennium AD. the Mordovians began to formalize state
education: near Moksha - in the Moksha River basin and in the Upper Sur region at the head
with Prince Puresh, among the Erzi - in the Oka-Sur interfluve, led by the prince
Purgas (this was before the invasion of Batu’s hordes). After the invasion of the southern
Mordovian lands were practically depopulated; there was no arable farming there
dangerous. The lands along the Moksha and Alatyr rivers were most densely populated by the Mordovians.
and in the Murom region.
In the 14th century the forest-steppe strip, which included Mordovian lands, was
breadbasket of the Horde state. Being carriers of high agricultural
culture, the Mordovians associated many religious pagans with agriculture
rituals. Before the start of all agricultural work, prayers were held, the Mordovians believed
in good and evil spirits. They worshiped the gods of fertility. Besides farming
engaged in cattle breeding, hunting, fishing, and beekeeping.
At the end of the 14th century. the process of the Mordovian lands becoming part of the
Moscow principality. After the entry of Mordovian lands into the Russian
the state of the Russian princes had already stipulated the conditions of ownership and inheritance
(in documents from the times of Ivan3 from 1505 and Ivan4 from 1572). Moskovskoe
the principality included in the 15th century. and Mordovian lands. Formation of status
Mordovian princes occurred during the period of decomposition of primitive society. U
Mordovian princes had their own possessions, and they were relatively
independent back in the 15-16th centuries. Expansion of Russian and Tatar princes
forced them to form military squads. In 1392 Nizhny Novgorod
The principality, which included the lands of the Mordovians-Erzi, became part of Moscow. In 1393
The city of Meshchera, inhabited by Mordovians - Moksha and Erzeya voluntarily recognized the government
Moscow. In the agreement of 1396 between the Russian princes, the Mordovians no longer
appears as a political opponent, because the Mordovian princes carried
service with them, defending Russian territory. By the 15th century supreme right
the manager of the Mordovian lands was appropriated by the Moscow Grand Duke,
who ruled the destinies of not only the population, but local princes. So in the 15th century.
Mordovian and Tatar princes became vassals of the Moscow Grand Dukes. IN
late 15th century it worked out Russian state, Ivan3 began to wear from 1485
the title of Grand Duke, and Ivan4 from 1547 - the title of Tsar. In the 16th century have developed
centralized authorities - orders. The Mordovian region was ruled
several orders. Gradually the possessions of the Mordovian princes were transformed
to the counties. In the 16th century Mordovians lived in Murom, Nizhny Novgorod, Arzamas,
Shatsky, Temnikovsky, Alatyr districts. In the 16th century Russian state
took decisive measures against the Kazan Khanate, took an active role in
The Mordovians also played this game. Many representatives distinguished themselves in the capture of Kazan
Mordovians, and later participated in protecting the borders of the Russian state. Mordva
Simbirsk, Saratov, Bashkir and other regions.
In the 16th-17th centuries. In Mordovia, four categories of peasants took shape:
palace, state, monastery and landowner. At that time
There is a change in the development of peasant farms of all categories. Was
A census was carried out and certain lands were assigned to the villages.
Mordovian peasants were attached to the lands recorded for them. Yasak
levied in food-money form, the object of taxation was land.
In addition to farming and animal husbandry, peasants were engaged in fur mining,
beekeeping, there was trade in the products of the activity. Urban centers
trade and crafts were Saransk, Temnikov, Alatyr, Arzamas,
Krasnoslobodsk, Insar, Troitsk, etc. In the 17th century. already strengthened trade ties with
Peasant wars of the early 17th century. were caused by the aggravation of contradictions
peasantry and landowners, strengthening of serfdom at the end of the 16th century.
Bolotnikov's revolt in 1606-07. covered many regions of Russia, including
including Mordovia. The rebels occupied Alatyr and dealt with representatives
authorities, smashed noble estates. The struggle in the Mordovian districts took
acute character, both Russians and Mordovians actively participated. From the authorities
punitive measures followed, which did not break the rebels. In about
year in 1609 they again united into detachments and fought with
government troops. The peasant war was suppressed, but showed
the strength of the masses.
The cause of Razin's peasant war of 1670-71. served further
enslavement, ever increasing taxes. Mordovian lands in a short time
ceased to be a free region, like the entire Volga region, they turned into
the territory from which peasants fled from feudal oppression. Even before the uprising
The Volga region became a place of peasant unrest. In 1670, Razin's army
moved up the Volga, they were joined by many peasants of Mordovia,
many Mordovians died in battles. Peasant war under
The leadership of Razin was defeated. Punitive measures led to
a reduction in the male population and the abandonment of many peasant households.
The joint struggle of Russians, Mordovians and Tatars played a role in strengthening
friendly relations.
Thus, during its stay as part of Russia, the economic and
The legal status of Mordovian peasants and Russians has in many ways become closer. IN
Mordovian lands, many nobles received land, all categories appeared
peasants Despite the progressive and beneficial influence Russians for everything
aspects of Mordovian life and socio-economic development, government policy
was aimed at assimilation. With the strengthening of feudal relations and
intensification of oppression arose peasant uprisings, where she actively participated
Mordovians, unlike other peoples of the Volga region, do not form significant
ethnic areas, and settles mixed with Russians and Tatars. Although
on the territory of Mordovia, the majority were single-national villages. At
When creating counties, ethnicity was not taken into account. Were formed
Samara, Alatyr, Saransk, Temnikovsky districts, on the territory of which
lived Mordovians and Russians and Tatars. In the 18th century the population is growing, which
contributed to the transition to per capita tax collection. New settlements in the 18th century.
appeared rarely, because The territory had largely already been developed. One of
The reason for the emergence of new villages was the Christianization of non-believers, because baptized and
the unbaptized lived separately.
In the 18th century such industries were widely represented in the Mordovian region
industries such as distilling, potash production, metallurgy and
light industry. In the 17th and 18th centuries, despite the severity of feudal
serfdom and strengthening of national-colonial oppression, in
commodity production is growing rapidly in the Mordovian region, the face of the
region in the system of the all-Russian market. At the same time, property values grew
differentiation. Social tension grew. Mordva had a wealth of experience
conducting a diversified economy, they were distinguished by their hard work and perseverance.
Mordovians, upon entering Russia, had the opportunity to join the culture in
spiritual and material sphere. This was facilitated by mass Christianization
Mordovians But many religious worldviews of the Mordovians were also lost, and many
cultural values, although the language and culture were preserved.
The Mordovian language has acquired many borrowings during its development history, but
retained its foundation. The language belongs to the Volga branch of Finno-Ugric
Ural family groups. After separation from the Finnovolgian proto-language, a single
The Mordovian language functioned for at least one and a half thousand years. From the second
half of the 1st millennium AD it began to form territorial
dialects, two of which Erzya and Moksha became languages. In them
there are dialects and dialects, which is due to the dispersion of the Mordovians across a vast
territories among the Russian-speaking population. Character traits Mordovians
(national qualities) - perseverance, shyness, lack of prudence,
low communication skills.
By the beginning of the 20th century. The range of the Mordovian people covered the whole of Russia.
Mordovian settlements have been noted in Iran and Turkey, but most lived
in Nizhny Novgorod, Tambov, Penza, Simbirsk, Saratov and
Samara provinces. More than 1 million people considered Mordovian their native language
(according to the 1897 census), the number was 1.2 million. Mainly from
They switched from paganism to Orthodoxy. 98% of Mordovians were peasants, about 1%
Bourgeois, the rest are clergy, Cossacks, nobles and merchants.
Mordovia by the beginning of the 20th century. was a typical agricultural region of Russia. By
census 1911-1912 97% are peasants. Administratively peasants
united into rural societies and volosts. Intracommunity life
governed by democratic traditions developed by centuries of experience.
Important issues were decided by the village meeting, a headman was elected, and
hundred and ten (from every hundredth and tenth household). They helped
The headman performs organizational, fiscal and police functions.
The main administrative unit of government in rural areas was
parish They were organized not along national lines, but according to
territorial. They were headed by volost elders with elected
volost meeting of boards. The volost gathering comprised the volost
board, elders and the most prosperous peasants (one from ten
yards). The volost foreman was approved by the zemstvo chief and could be one
suspended. The volost court resolved simple legal issues and disputes. Salary
Only the volost foreman and the clerk received it.
Peasant farming was quite efficient without help
states in a feudal state. A lot of work was done there
part of the day in the summer, in any weather. Peasant farming could
exist only with intensive management. Winter was the time to study
crafts. Due to the scarcity of land, every piece of land was used, draft
strength - horse. Economically, peasant farming was unstable, because V
case of bad weather conditions there was a crop failure due to the loss of livestock
the economy went bankrupt. To ensure the developing capitalist
state economic system of small individual farms,
organized into communities based on the physical labor of male workers
(i.e. an extensive way of farming) became ineffective.
The economic position of the peasants was determined primarily by land ownership and
land use. The former
state peasants from Russian-Mordovian and Mordovian communities - 8.5 each
tithes per yard. The smallest plots were owned by Russian former landowners
peasants - 4.1 dessiatines. Provision of working livestock compared to
most regions of Russia were good. Main agricultural
crops were rye and oats. In the southern regions the share of wheat increased.
The population of Mordovia produced bread for their provision and payment
taxes. Commercial grain was grown on only 10% of the area; this was used for
taxes. To support the family, I had to earn extra money in trades and
working on the side. It was impossible to provide the average
family level.
First World War exacerbated all socio-economic
contradictions among the peasantry and this resulted in the first Russian revolution
1905-07 This resulted on Mordovian soil mainly in the form
peasant movement aimed at eliminating the appanage, state,
monastic and landownership. In the struggle there was also a national
liberation aspect - the struggle of Mordovian peasants against the Russians
landowners. A major role in the formation of the peasant movement into the political
The 1st Congress of the Peasant Union played a powerful role in the summer of 1905. Mass protests
peasants grew, the main force in suppressing peasant revolts were
regular army and Cossack units. The result of the first revolution was
radical change in the political situation: the noble landowners lost their
the peasant community practically became ungovernable.
Stolypin's agrarian reform did not achieve social goals in Mordovian
earth. Poorly organized resettlement of Mordovian peasants outside
their lands by 1912 caused the return of many of them, devastated,
deprived of land and all means of subsistence. The crisis of the first revolution and
mass protests turned the national consciousness of the Mordovians - disappeared
fear of the authorities, Russian landowners lost their influence over them. This
one of the reasons, along with socio-economic ones, led to the revolution of 1917
d. After the February revolution, the reorganization of the management system began,
volost councils were formed and committees became organs of the peasant
authorities, but the Provisional Government was unable to subjugate them.
The same socio-economic processes took place in the Mordovian region,
as in all of Russia. The destruction of the old administrative apparatus is not
accompanied by the creation of something new. In the autumn of 1917 a new rise begins
peasant movement. Decision of the 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets on
liquidation private property to the ground led to an intensification of the uprising under
leadership of peasant self-government bodies. It was a repetition
Pugachevism. Many estates were destroyed and burned, which led to
economic and cultural damage. But this movement could not solve everything
pressing issues and satisfy land hunger. Equalization division
land often caused disputes and clashes between volosts and rural
communities, often armed. The first collective farms began
arise in 1917, by the end of 1918 their lands accounted for 7% of the total
area. Mostly the poorest peasants joined them and they played rather
ideological rather than economic role. After 1917, Soviet power
established in Mordovia in January-March 1918. With rare exceptions
The Soviets took power on Mordovian soil painlessly. Spring 1918
rural government bodies began to form - committees of poor people and food detachments, but they
the creation encountered resistance from a significant part of the peasantry,
organizations of the left Socialist Revolutionaries supported by
peasants The presence in the villages of parallel authorities - committees of poor people and
volost Soviets caused confrontation. The committees were engaged in requisitioning
bread, redistribution of land, agricultural equipment, organized artels and
communes. In those volosts where the poor committees took power into their own hands, they carried out
and functions of volost councils. In the fall of 1918, it was decided to
re-election of the Soviets under the control of the Pobedy Committees and the dissolution of the latter. So
Thus, the communists created a rigid centralized system
management. The Peasant Councils were under the constant control of local
party cells and did not have complete independence. Mordva allowed
Bolsheviks to establish their system of power by supporting the Declaration of Rights
peoples of Russia, which promised the abolition of national discrimination.
The Civil War became a real tragedy for all the peoples of Russia. IN
In the areas of Penza and Samara, major events took place to suppress the rebellion
Czechs and Slovaks, which ended in the defeat and execution of the rebels.
The division of Chapaev, the legendary hero of his son, played a big role in this
Mordvin peasant. His divisions included many Mordovians. On the other side
There were also many Mordovian representatives in the white movement. As a result
civil war and the policy of “war communism” productive forces
countries were undermined. The surplus appropriation system and the dictatorship of the Bolsheviks led to
reduction in bread production, the economic incentive for peasants disappeared when
constant and strict policy of withdrawal of surpluses. Often they were not confiscated
only among the kulaks, but also among the middle peasants. In some cases, the organization
collective farms encountered resistance. But gradually it happens
the final subordination of the peasant authorities to the communist
dictatorship. This was facilitated not only by military force, but also by national
politics - in the localities they began to introduce Mordovians into the leadership, which had not happened before
was. Of course, this could not fail to find a response among the Mordovian people.
The consequences of the Civil War were a drop in the volume of industrial
production 7 times, gross agricultural product in 1920
was only two-thirds of the pre-war level. On the territory of Mordovia too
the area under crops has decreased, but the number of livestock has remained almost the same
Landless peasants disappeared. In general, the negative consequences of the war on
Mordovian land turned out to be less destructive than the Russian average. But
the most negative result was the lack of incentive to produce
products in rural areas in conditions of surplus appropriation and curtailment of free
trade. Political and military confrontation among authorities has intensified
and the peasantry, as a result of expropriation and punitive actions. Civil
the war was imposed on the Mordovian people by political parties,
pursued their goals and brought numerous material and
human losses. Tens of thousands of Mordvins died from the fighting,
epidemics and famine, but the number of Mordovians due to the high birth rate is not
decreased and amounted to 1.15 million people in 1920.
In the 1920s, the task was to overcome the economic and political
crisis. In 1920-21 powerful armed uprisings occur
peasantry against the authorities on the territory of the Mordovian region. Brutal
punitive actions did not produce results. At this time, the policy of "military
communism" with its surplus appropriations and drought led to famine and lack of
seed farms for sowing. In a number of districts of the Volga region, up to 95% of peasants were starving.
The press launched propaganda for the famine relief company, a large
assistance was provided by international organizations. But it wasn't enough
mass mortality decreases only with the new harvest 1922 Mordovian
the region was in the center of a region stricken by crop failure and famine, in
as a result of which tens of thousands of people died, in addition to the consequences
had a huge negative impact on morality and physical and
psychological state of the Mordovians.
Famine and human and material losses of 1921-22. failed the attempt
restoration of the economy using the methods of war communism. The transition to
NEP, which provided for: the establishment of a sound monetary system,
deficit-free budget, self-financing at enterprises, leasing of small and
medium-sized enterprises to private individuals. Under these conditions, a new Land Council comes out
code, which established that lands were nationalized and
the purchase and sale of land was prohibited, the word “ownership” was excluded and
- “use”. On the other hand, farmers were given the right to
protection of rights to land and various forms of activity on it. Social
the political and economic situation was favorable for development
Mordovian people, to restore vitality after the upheavals of 1917-
22 years But at the end of the 20s, the NEP began to be broken. For the first time a question about
Mordovian autonomy was raised at the congress of Mordovian communists in
Samara in 1921. In 1928 after new administrative zoning
The Mordovian region was formed as part of the Middle Volga region
December 1934 - into an autonomous republic. The first leadership of Mordovia
correctly assessed its potential and capabilities. And came up with a real plan
development, successfully implemented in 1928-29. However, the party's decision
led by Stalin on forced industrialization and collectivization
plunged the village into economic chaos. In addition, in the second half of the 30s
years, nominees with a low level of education came to leadership, in
There was not a single Mordvin left in the leadership, which led to sabotage
national construction and the confrontation between “Russians - Mordovians”, “Erzya -
moksha” and did not create favorable conditions for socio-economic
development. As a result of collectivization, repression and executions of the 30s
the Mordovian people suffered huge losses, far exceeding those from the Civil
and the First World War and the famine of the 20s. This came down not only to a decrease
numbers, but also to the destruction of the centuries-old way of life of the peasantry,
ideas about morality and ethics. Deportation from indigenous lands over
300 thousand people dealt a blow to the gene pool. The repressions destroyed a large
part of the Mordovian intelligentsia. The national ones remaining after the repressions
the footage was mainly represented by people disdainful of
culture and history of the Mordovians, to the language. Mordovian autonomy not only
fulfilled its function of national development, but even slowed it down. Them
no less, the Mordovians continued to remain one of the largest peoples of the country
living their history with dignity together with Russians and other peoples, we passed
the Great Patriotic War, taking a heroic part, then
economic recovery and revival of national culture.
Now Mordovia is an agrarian-industrial republic within the Volga
Vyatka economic region. Developed engineering industries: precision
mechanical engineering, instrument making, lighting engineering, production
semiconductors, as well as food industry. Saransk is the capital and
a major cultural and student city.
The territory of the republic is 26.2 thousand square meters. km. Number of people - 955 thousand people
(1996). More than 50 nationalities live in the republic. Mordva
is 32.5%, Russians - 60.8%, Tatars - about 5%. Average age
population 37.1 years. There are 7 cities in the republic: Saransk (populated by about 320
thousand), Ruzaevka, Kovylkino, Krasnoslobodsk, Ardatov, Insar, Temnikov.
NATIONAL COMPOSITION OF RUSSIA AND MORDOVIA.
There are 142 people living on the territory of the Russian Federation. Slavic ones predominate among them.
peoples (125 million out of 147), including the majority of Russians (82%).
R is the largest Slavic state in the world. There are 400 million Slavs in the world from
2/5 of them live in Russia. 99% of residents of Russia have their own national-state
formations, the boundaries of which coincide with the area of residence of the local
population. Tatars, Chuvash, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Mordovians live in R.
Mari Udmurts, etc. they differ in language, way of life, customs,
traditions, culture, work skills, external signs. But the most
a stable feature is language.
Therefore, the population of R is divided into language families:
1. Indo-European (89% of the population of R): Slavic, Baltic, Germanic,
Romanesque, Iranian, Armenian, Indo-Aryan.
2. North Caucasian (2.4%): Abkhaz-Adyghe, Anakh-Dagestan.
3. Ural (2%): Finno-Ugric, Samoyed, Yukaghir.
4. Altai (6.8%): Turkic (Tatar), Mongolian (Buryats, Kalmyks),
Tungus-Manchu, Chukchi-Kamchadal, Eskimo-Aleut.
Currently, the national composition is changing. Latest census
(1989) noted the growth of the inhabitants of small and indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation
slowed down the growth rate. If in 1979 there were 84.4% Russians, then in 1989 -
The Mordovian people retained their population size; a total of 1 people lived in R
million 350 thousand people (in 1926-39). In the Republic of Mordovia Mordovians
is 32%, in the Republic of Erzyans - 160 thousand (live in the east
republics), Mokshans - 180 thousand (live in the west). Russians in the republic
make up 60%, Tatars 5%, there are Ukrainians and Chuvashs. As a result of assimilation
began to be lost native language Mordovians because language of international communication
became Russian.
ASSESSMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES OF MORDOVIA
There are no large deposits on the territory of Mordovia, but there are
Construction Materials. These are phosphorites, mineral paints, brown
iron ore, shale, cement raw materials, clay, sand and sandstone, gravel,
limestone. The largest deposits of marl-chalk rocks are used
for the production of cement and are located in the east of M in Chamzinsky and
Bolshebereznikovsky district. Widespread in the east of the republic and
deposits of chalk and marl. Limestones are more common in the northwest
republics are being developed in a semi-handicraft way. For construction and
road surfaces use sandstone, which is found in many districts of M
There is especially a lot of it near Saransk, Ardatov and Bolshie Berezniki. A lot of
clays are available in M: brick, refractory, pottery, for earthenware production
va, etc. The most valuable ones are used in the production of bricks and are located in
Ruzaevsky district and near Saransk. Peat is of great importance; there is about
30 deposits, 2/3 concentrated in the region of the river. Moksha and Vad It is used in
agricultural as fertilizer and for heating in houses and boiler houses. As fuel
They also use shale, small reserves of which exist in the northeast. For
For local needs, phosphorites are also used, the main deposits in the Krasnoslobodsky district
Not. Reserves of brown iron ore are small and were mined until the 20th century. Bog oak -
a kind of fossil raw material used in the furniture industry. Them
are interested not only in Russia, but also abroad, but there is a small
extraction of raw materials. Sufficient forest resources - 525 thousand hectares, covered with mixed
coniferous-deciduous forests in the west and north-west of the republic. This
enough for its own forestry and forestry and wood chemical industry
industry. The volume of logging is not large and corresponds to natural
wood growth. These mineral reserves are not sufficient for M and
you have to import them.
Agroclimatic and land resources. Surface relief of the republic
is a plain, somewhat elevated and hilly in the south
eastern part, flat, low-lying mainly in the valleys of the Moksha River and
its tributaries in the west and northwest. 58% of land resources are
lands used in agriculture. Agroclimatic conditions M sufficient
favorable for the development of many agricultural sectors. Warm enough for
growing winter rye, spring and winter wheat, oats, potatoes, hemp,
fodder crops. Precipitation is the least stable element of climate. Average
450-500 mm of them fall per year. Due to the short length
republics from west to east, differences in their number by territory
insignificant. Most of the precipitation falls in the summer. TO
unfavorable climatic conditions include dry winds, in addition
reduce the efficiency of agricultural production, repeated almost every year
early autumn and late spring frosts, rainfall, etc. Generally
the relative homogeneity of agroclimatic conditions indicates
great influence on the territorial organization of the agricultural republic of others
components of the natural environment, primarily soils. M soils vary in
fertility and, if used correctly, can produce high yields.
The soil cover is very diverse. Geographical position
M in a region with a fairly favorable temperate continental climate,
a combination of fertile chernozem and lower quality gray forest soils
promotes the development of diversified agriculture with the production of grain, potatoes,
sugar beets, cattle meat, pigs, milk. For soils M
the most typical combination of leached and podzolized chernozems and
complex of gray forest soils with a small distribution of sod-
podzolic soils. The most valuable are leached and podzolized
chernozems occupying more than 44% of arable land.
FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMY OF MORDOVIA
Development of the lands on which the modern territory of Mordovia is located
began in the 16th and 17th centuries. Agriculture and industrial development developed in this territory.
production at landowner and state manufactories - cloth factories,
distilleries, etc. Saransk district was poorly developed in both industry and agriculture.
The technical equipment of landowners and peasant households was weak, in
Most of the work was carried out manually, livestock farming was underdeveloped. Industry
consisted of 50 semi-handicraft enterprises that processed agricultural and
forest raw materials, of which 29 are distilleries. Everything has changed radically
after 1917, the Republic turned from a backward agrarian into an agrarian
industrial with modern industry and intensive agriculture. Leading place
takes up space. In the cities of Saransk, Ruzaevka, Kovylkino, modern
production During the Second World War, several factories were transferred to Moscow from western regions.
new country. The production of existing factories also expanded.
The development of the national economic complex M was influenced by
negative factors:
There were not enough fixed assets accumulated (industrial enterprises in
mostly small, agriculturally backward),
There was no major organizational center,
Natural conditions were not conducive to the development of production (lack of raw materials).
Positive factors: profitable EGP, availability of labor resources.
The development of the economy proceeded more slowly than in other regions of the Volga-Vyatka region.
Only by the end of 65 the cost of gross industrial output exceeded the cost
agricultural products. The industrial structure retained a large share of light and
food industry
Now there are more than 250 large industrial enterprises operating in M
mechanical engineering, metalworking, industrial building materials,
forest paper, woodworking, light and food industries.
Most enterprises are equipped with modern technology, automated and
mechanized. Largest enterprises: Saransk Electric Bulb Plant
(the Lisma association includes a plant and a research institute),
Elektrovypryamitel plant (which has a large research and development
base), Saransk dump truck plant, Tsentrolit, Rubber engineering, Biochemist,
factories producing building materials (cement, brick, etc.).
irrationality in placement. Currently, TPK RM continues
to form. In the structure of gross industrial output, more than 50% accounted for
in 1992 for mechanical engineering and metalworking enterprises, more than 5% for
construction materials, more than 6% for light products and more than 12% for products
food industry Almost 80% are enterprises of Russian significance
enterprises. Enterprises of means of production account for 80%, and enterprises
producing consumer goods - 20%. Raw materials for industry are mainly
imported, because There are no large deposits in territory M, but there are
deposits of more than 10 minerals, among which important ones are
building materials (cement raw materials, clays, sand and sandstone, gravel,
limestone).
For the comprehensive development of industry and the entire economy of the republic, it is important
Improving inter-industry and intra-industry connections is important.
Now they are being formed in the conditions of economic reform.
GEOGRAPHY OF INDUSTRY OF MORDOVIA
At the beginning of the 20th century. on the territory of modern Mordovia there were about 50 small
enterprises that employed about 2 thousand people. Modern structure
The industry was formed in the mid-20th century. The complex of its industries is still
is supplemented. In the structure of gross industrial output, more than 50% was accounted for
1992 for mechanical engineering and metalworking enterprises, more than 5% for construction
materials, more than 6% for light products and more than 12% for food products
industrial Almost 80% of enterprises are enterprises of Russian significance.
Enterprises of means of production make up 80%, and enterprises producing
consumer goods - 20%. Raw materials for industry are mainly imported. Now in
There are more than 250 large industrial machine-building enterprises,
metalworking, building materials industry, forest paper,
woodworking, light and food industries. Most enterprise
equipped with modern technology, automated and mechanized.
The largest enterprises: Saransk Electric Bulb Plant (Lisma Association
includes plant and research institute), plant
Electric rectifier (which has a large research and development base),
Saransk dump truck plant, Tsentrolit, Rubber engineering, Biochemist, factories
producing building materials (cement, brick, etc.).
The territorial organization of industry M has a peculiarity - its main
the share falls on Saransk and Ruzaevka. There is unevenness and
irrationality in placement.
Energy plays an important role in the development of industry. In M own
There are no fuel, energy and water resources. Therefore, energy works on
imported raw materials. Gas pipelines passing through M. are of great importance.
The share of gas in the fuel and energy balance is 50%. Now in M
There are four thermal power plants. The problem of energy supply is very acute,
The issue of constructing a thermal power plant is being resolved.
The leading branch of the M industry is mechanical engineering. Convenient transport
geographical location, availability of qualified labor resources,
research base, lack of own raw materials
determined the development here of non-material-intensive, but labor-intensive production.
Electrical industry (Lisma, Electric rectifier) are located in
Saransk, branches are located in Ruzaevka, Ardatov, Temnikov, Chamzinka,
Atyuryev But in recent years, production volumes have fallen by more than 60%. This
There is also a decline in other industrial sectors. Growth is observed only
in industries producing consumer goods. The structure also changes
mechanical engineering, new industries are emerging that produce complex household appliances
equipment (television plant). The automotive industry is represented by the branch
GAZ - Saransk dump truck plant, Saransk workers work for this industry
factories - Tsentrolit and Rezinotekhnika. Road construction production in Elkhovka
cars Many companies are involved in automotive repair,
locomotives, diesel locomotives, agricultural equipment. Particle metallurgy is represented in
M by Tsentrolit plant. Chemistry is represented by Biochemist (medicinal
preparations) and the Rezinotekhnika plant (production of rubber products for
automotive industry). All these factories are in Saransk.
The only large forest chemical enterprise is located in the west of M
Dubitel plant (tanning extracts, rosin, turpentine, etc.).
The construction industry is developed in the east of M. It develops on
own raw materials (produce brick, tiles, cement, slate, asbestos
pipes, etc.). The leading enterprise is Alekseevsky Cement Plant. On
based on its own raw materials, its own industry has developed, producing
prefabricated reinforced concrete products. There are such factories in Saransk, Ruzaevka,
village Komsosolsky. Brick production is developed everywhere. The largest
in Saransk, Ruzaevka.
The woodworking and forestry industries are the oldest. Most
widespread in the west and in the Alatyr region, where the main raw material base is. One
from the main industries - furniture, factories in Saransk, Ichalki, at the plant
Dubitel produces particle boards for it in the village. Umet -
In the village In the Temnikovsky district there is a paper industry enterprise -
Factory "Red Rose" - wallpaper production.
In the value of gross output, light industry accounts for more than 6%.
This industry is represented by local industrial enterprises - factories
sewing, knitting, hemp fiber). The textile industry is presented
the oldest Shiringush cloth factory, Saransk decorative factory
fabrics and Krasnoslobodskaya spinning and textile factory, Ruzaevskaya
knitting factory. These industries rely on imported raw materials.
MORDOVIA is a republic, a subject of the Russian Federation.
Located in the center of the European part of Russia. It is part of the Volga Federal District. Area 26.1 thousand km2. Population 834.8 thousand people (2010, census; 1002.0 thousand people in 1959; 964.1 thousand people in 1989). The capital is Saransk. Administrative-territorial division: 22 districts, 7 cities, 14 urban villages.
Government departments.
System-te-ma or-ga-nov of state power res-pub-li-ki us-ta-nav-li-va-et-sya Kon-sti-tu-tsi-ey of the Russian Federation and Kon-sti-tu -tsi-ey Res-pub-li-ki Mor-do-viya (1995). The system of organs of state power includes the heads of the republic, the State So-b-ra-nie, the government, other institutions - plenipotentiary bodies of state power. The head of the Republic of Publications Mor-dovia is the highest official of the Republic of Publications. Elected by citizens of the Russian Federation living in the territory of Mordovia (the procedure for holding elections and the requirements for candidates are established by federal law, 2012). The head of the Republic of Public Mordovia forms and heads the highest executive body of state power, op-re-de- lays the struc-tu-ru of the executive organs.
State government of the Republic of Mordovia - the highest and only legislative (representative) body of the state authorities. So-sto-it of 48 de-pu-ta-tov, from-bi-rae-myh on-se-le-ni-em for 5 years. De-pu-ta-you work, as usual, without separation from the main activity. The government of the re-pub-li-ki is a hundred-yang-but acting highest is-pol-nit. the body that heads the system of executive bodies of state power of the republic. The representative of the government is the head of the Republic of Mor-dovia in agreement with the State Council nope.
Nature.
Mordovia is located in the east of the Eastern European Plain, in the basin of the river. Vol-ga. The western part is behind the Ok-sko-Don Plain with shi-ro-ki-mi in-do-raz-de-la-mi and in-lo-gi-mi weak bo-distributed slopes, central and eastern - Volga elevation (height up to 321 m - the most -shaya in Mordovia), dense (up to 1 km/km2) and deep (100-120 m) disseminated erosion-on-new forms ( ov-ra-gi, bal-ki, etc.). Surface-ness is not-rarely-to-os-lie-not-on-suf-fo-zi-on-ny-mi dishes-tse-about-time-mi-for-pa-di-na-mi-dia- meter up to 11 m (sometimes up to 30 m). The river valleys, the largest in the central and western parts, are up to 15 km wide. For them, there are ti-pic-ny flood-ma and three above-flood-men ter-ra-sy, the top of which often represents the eo -Lovely surface with sandy ridges and dunes up to 50-100 m long and high. up to 15 m, di-de-len-ny-mi for-bo-lo-chen-ny-mi on-low-niya-mi and de-fla-tsi-on-ny-mi cat-lo-vi -us. In Mordovia, the same landslide processes have developed, and in the southeast there is karst.
Geo-logical structure and useful resources.
The re-public is located in the central part of the Russian plate of the ancient Eastern European platform, in pre-de-lah Tok-mov-sko-go-da Vol-go-Ural-an-tek-li-zy (south-eastern part of Mordovia from-no-sit-sia to na-lo-zhen-noy to this arch of the not-deep-bo-koy Ul-ya-nov-sko-Sa-ra-tov-skoy si-nek-li-ze). Depth-on-behind-le-ga-niya on-the-top-no-sti to the-whom-Briy-sk-go-go-cry-stal-lic fund-da-men-ta increase-li-chi-va-et- in the eastern direction from less than 1 km to about 2 km. Osa-doch-ny che-hol is complicated kar-bo-nat-ny-mi and ter-ri-gen-ny-mi po-ro-da-mi de-vo-na, kar-bo-na and per -mi with lin-za-mi gip-sa and an-gid-ri-ta (you-stu-pa-yut on se-ve-ro-za-pas-de); mainly ter-ri-gen-ny-mi from-lo-zhe-niya-mi of the Jurassic, shi-ro-ko dis-pro-country-ny-ny-mi across the area-di ter-ri-gen- ny-mi and kar-bo-nat-ny-mi (writing chalk) po-ro-da-mi me-la, cream-ni-sty-mi and ter-ri-gen-ny-mi ob-ra -zo-va-niya-mi pa-leo-tse-na and ter-ri-gen-ny-mi siege-ka-mi neo-gen-na. Che-hol of loose quaternary from-the-same-pre-positions of ice-not-to-you, water-to-ice-to-you-on- ko-p-le-niya-mi ran-ne-ne-p-lei-sto-tse-no-vo-go ole-de-ne-niya (development in the western part of Mordovia), speech -ny-mi, lakes-ny-mi, elyu-vi-al-ny-mi, de-lu-vi-al-ny-mi siege-ka-mi.
The depths of Mordovia are not god-like. There are places of clay for the production of bricks (Levzhinskoe II, Bolshe -be-rez-ni-kov-skoe, Du-ben-skoe II) and ke-ram-zi-ta (Ni-kit-skoe, Pen-zyat-skoe), tu-go-melt-kih clays (Shish -ke-ev-skoe), construction sands (Shin-ga-rin-skoe, Kras-no-slo-bod-skoe, Usk-lyai-skoe), dia-to-mi-ta (Ate- Mar-skoye, Anu-chin-skoye), mer-gel-no-me-lo-vykh for the production of weight (Atyashevskoye, Ate-mar-skoye), tse- ment measures-ge-leys, flasks (Alek-se-ev-skoe) and clays (Koch-kush-skoe), building-lime-stones and do-lo-mit-tov (Bu- da-ev-skoye, Ka-ba-ev-skoye), mineral waters (Chu-kal-skoye, Ana-ev-skoye), underground fresh and mineral waters (Sa -ran-skoe). From-known small places of pe-fa, sa-pro-pe-la, manifestations of hot shale, phos-fo -ri-tov.
On the territory of Mordovia, the climate is moderate but con- ti-nen-tal. The average temperature in January is -11 °C (minimum -48 °C), in July 19 °C (max. 40 °C). Precipitation is 450-500 mm per year, the main part of it (70-80%) falls in the warm period of the year. The snow cover lasts up to 140-150 days a year, its average height is 40-60 cm, in many snowy years - up to 80 cm. -ta-tsi-on-ny period 137-144 days. Among the negative phenomena in Mordovia from sometimes up to 6-7 times), su-ho-vei (usually 1-2 times a year, sometimes up to 15 times), soil measurement (up to 60-120 cm).
Inland waters.
In Mordovia, there are 1525 waterways with a total length of more than 9200 km, they are located in the basin of the river. Vol-ga. The main rivers: Mok-sha (in the region of Mordovia 320 km) with the rivers Is-sa, Si-vin, Sa-tis, Vad, etc.; Su-ra (120 km) with the villages of Ala-tyr (with In-sa-rum, Nu-ey), Menya, etc. Average dense river network 0 .4 km/km2. The rivers are flat with a calm, unequal seasonal flow (on April - May when dits 60-95% of the annual stock). The water of the rivers is mixed with pre-la-da-ni-snow (up to 60-90%). The water depth ranges from 2-3 m on small rivers to 4-7 m (sometimes up to 10 m) on large and medium-sized rivers. The stable ice cover lasts up to 4-5 months. Of the more than 450 small lakes, there are floodplain lakes (for example, Iner-ka in the Su-ry floodplain), there are kar-stovye pro-val -nye (for example, En-do-vi-sche). In Mordovia, there are more than 220 hydro-technical equipment. co-ord. There are many swamps in the river valleys, especially low-lying ones.
Soil, plant and living world.
Mordovia is located in the zones of mixed and wide forests and forests. Conifers-no-shi-ro-ko-li-st-ven-fores-sa-ras-pro-country-ny on the-pa-de and se-ve-re on the der-but-in-under- golden leafy soils. Pre-obtain co-shots (li-shay-ni-ko-vye, green-no-mosh-ni-ki, long-go-mosh-ni-ki, complex with times -vi-tym under-the-forest and on-the-soil-vein-by-blood, etc.) on water-but-ice-n-to-vyh and al-lu-vi-al-nyh sands- where, on the loams and in the lowlands, there are spruce trees. Shi-ro-ko-li-st-ven-nye forests from du-ba che-resh-cha-to-go, li-py small-to-li-st-ven-noy, glue-on the rest ro-li-st-no-go and on-le-vo-go, clear-no-no-go-no-go with developed under-forest (hazel-nickel, honeysuckle and etc.) and on the ground in the blood there are not a lot of masses in the western, central and eastern parts; under them there are gray forest soils. Most of these forests were cut down in the second half of the 19th century. There are many secondary forests with birch and aspen. In general, forestry constitutes about 25.1% of the territory of Mordovia.
Le-so-step-pi, who have occupied most of Mordovia, are practically all races. Under the lu-go-you-evil-at-time-but-grass-n-mi steppes (who-you-are, tip-chuck, la-baz-nik, shal-fairy, etc. .) and kus-tar-ni-ko-you-mi (almond low, steppe cherry, thorn, etc.) formed black-but-ze-we pod-zol-len-nye (in the west) and tall-lo-chen-nye (in the east). Along the rivers, under the meadows and forests, the development of all-lu-vi-al villages and meadows high soils, under the swamp - peat-gley, peat-bog. The floodplain forests are before the oak-ra-you, ol-sha-ni-ka-mi, willow-nya-ka-mi. Once upon a time, flooded meadows - ka-na-re-ech-niko-vo-pike-ko-vye, li-so-tail-st-no-ti-mo- fairies, etc. In the flora of Mordovia there are 1320 species of so-su-di-styh plants, of which 1290 are flowering. Some of the species are not included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation (for example, not-from-ti-an-ta clo-buch-ko-vaya, moon-nik reviving).
The living world is different.
Among the forest species inhabited are elk, wild boar, honey, wolf, li-si-tsa, white hare, te-te-rev, forest horse, ko -zo-doy, wood-grouse, etc., from the steppe and field - brown hare, speckled sus-lik, big tush-kan-chik, steppe pe-st-rush- ka, etc. In the waters there are crucian carp, carp, pike perch, perch, roach, bream, sabrefish, pike, etc. Of the 63 species of mammals, almost half are rare (rudder, lynx, river otter, steppe marmot); out of 267 species of birds, 70 belong to this category. In the IUCN Red Book, the steppe harrier, the great dor-lik, the burial ground eagle, the white-tailed eagle, the great little harrier, etc. are included in the IUCN Red Book. in the Red Book of the Russian Federation - osko-pa, snake-poison, ku-lik-so-ro-ka, gray so-ro-ko-put, bee-la-carpenter, bronze-call- ka smooth-kaya, usually-veined Apollo, etc.
Condition and protection of the environment.
There is a loss of underground waters, for example. in the re-zul-ta-te vo-do-za-bo-ra around the city of Sa-ransk the de-press-si-on-naya ra-ron-ka ra- diu-som 85 km. The discharge of wastewater into the water bodies of Mordovia amounts to 70 million m3, including 4.6 million m3 without treatment. Most of the wastewater is discharged from Sa-ran-ska enterprises. In Su-ra, the mi-ne-ra-li-za-tion of water increased to 1.5-2.0 g/l or more, it was heavily polluted -dy r. In-sar. On 76 lakes, polluted lakes are located in coastal and water protection zones. The area of agricultural land subject to erosion is 1295.8 thousand hectares. The area of the Russian lands is 1037 hectares. You-throwers in the at-mo-sphere amount to 95.2 thousand tons, of which 64.2% from the auto-trans-port, from the station 35.8% of sources (2010).
In the constellation of oh-ra-nya-my natural territories, which account for 2.6% of the area of Mordovia, - Mor-dovsky for-ved-nick (oh-ra-on the forest landscapes), national park Smol-ny (oh-ra-on the forest-steppe landscapes), 5 orders (including complex Ar-da-tov-sky, Krasno-slo-bodsky, hunting Chamzinsky), more than 100 natural monuments (Du-bo-vaya grove, Shme-lev pond, peat bog Svet-loye, forest grove Sha-ko-lov-ka, etc.).
Population.
Most of the village of Mordovia (53.4%) is Russian; mo-rd-va estimates 40%, ta-ta-ry - 1.4% (2010, re-write). Since the beginning of the 1990s, the de-mo-graphic si-tua-tion of Mordovia ha-rak-te-ri-zu-et-sya has reduced the number of but-sti in the village (in 1990-2010 by almost 130 thousand people), which is caused by natural decline (6.2 per 1000 inhabitants, which is more more than 3.5 times higher than the average for the Russian Federation, 2010), and one of the highest migration rates in the Volga region in the village (26 per 10 thousand inhabitants), mainly in Moscow and the Moscow region. The birth rate (9.5 per 1000 inhabitants, one of the lowest in the Russian Federation) is more than 1.5 times lower than the death rate -sti (15.7 per 1000 inhabitants); infant mortality rate is 6.3 per 1000 live-days. The share of women is 54.0%. Proportion of youth working age (up to 16 years) 14.3%, older working age own age 23.2% (2009).
The average life expectancy is 69.1 years (men - 62.8, women - 75.6). The average population density is 32.0 people/km2 (2010). The Sa-ransky and Ru-za-evsky districts are the most dense behind the villages. The share of the urban population is 60.4% (2010; 20% in 1959; 56.5% in 1989); OK. 60% of city residents live in Saransk (316.8 thousand people, 2010). Other large cities (thousand people): Ru-za-ev-ka (47.5), Ko-vyl-ki-no (21.3).
Religion.
Most of the believers are righteous. For-re-gi-st-ri-ro-va-but 288 or-ga-ni-za-tions (June 2010), under-lying Sa-ran-skaya and Mor-dov- Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church (created in 1991), including 21 monasteries [in Ro-zh-de-st-vo-Bo-go-ro-dich-nom San-ak- Sar-sky monastery (founded in 1659) houses the relics of ad-mi-ra-la of St. pra-ved-no-go Fyo-do-ra Usha-ko-va]. In October 2011, the Saran and Mordovian diocese was transformed into the Mordovian metropolitan region, including Ar- Yes-Tov-skaya, Krasno-slo-bodskaya and Sa-ran-skaya dioceses. In Mordovia, there are 53 Muslim organizations for-re-gi-st-ri-ro-va-ny, 4 communities of Evangelical Christians-sti-an-bap- t-stov, 4 Lu-te-ran-skih pri-ho-das, 1 community of Evangelical Christians each, ad-ven-ti-stov of the seventh day, svi-de-te-ley Ye-go-you, yu-de-ev, Me-zh-du-nar. about the consciousness of Krishna.
The oldest villages (IX-VI millennium BC) on the territory of Mordovia (in the basin of the Mok-sha river) from the West with me-zo-li-ta. Researched memory-memories close to the Bu-tov-kul-tu-re. About the possibility of earlier settlements, the region allows one to talk about moving into the territory to-rii of Mordovia chopping tools from the ribs of ma-mon-ta, bones of ma-mon-tov with tsa-ra-pi-na-mi from scrapers, on-li-chie standing late-not pa-leo-li-ta on neighboring lands. In the Neo-lithic (V - first half of the 3rd millennium), the territory of Mordovia entered the area of monuments with the gree-ben-cha-to-na-kol-cha -toy (close to the upper-non-Volga kul-tu-re) and yamoch-no-gre-ben-cha-toy (lya-lov-skaya kul-tu-ra and ba-lah-nin-skaya kul-tu-ra) ke-ra-mi-koy; in ene-o-li-those (mid-3rd - beginning of the 2nd millennium) - in the region of Vol-o-sov culture.
In the Bronze Age (first quarter of the 2nd millennium - 8th/7th centuries BC) a new village appeared in the region - no-si -that of the Aba-shev-kul-tu-ry, the ancient circle of Ba-la-no-vo, the log-house cult-tu-ry. They assume that they are at the top of the list. groups of ancient Indians. As a result of their contact with the local one, the late-Nya-Kov-kul-tu-ra was formed. It is replaced by the city of kul-tu-ra of the ran-no-zhe-le-no-go-ve-ka, are-al center. (mok-shan-sko-tsnin-sko-go) va-ri-an-ta ko-roy includes the ter-ri-to-ria of Mor-do-vii.
From the 1st century AD e. in the region there are no new traditions, os-ta-viv-shie An-d-re-ev-skiy chicken -gan (on the territory of Mordovia) and others. On this os-no-we developed a number of ry-za-no-ok-sky graves of kul-tu-ra, which have been there since the 5th century oh-va -you-val and the northwestern part of the territory of Mordovia (including one of the supporting monuments - Shok-shin-sky burial ground), and others groups (including memory-memories, not-in-the-middle-of-the-world connections). The villages and graves of the 2nd-4th centuries on the territory of Mordovia have not been practically studied, but a number of them have been found, unique for the entire zone of the Right-to-be-re-zhya Avg. In the ox way and in the eye direction (atash of the Roman ko-tel-ka with an image of the sve-va; de-tender-but-material-howl Shil-ni-kov-treasure ), there are sv-de-tel-st-va-mi-inclusion of a place in the village in the system of distant connections Zey and mi-gra-tions of the second half of the 2nd-3rd centuries. Wed. In the region in the middle - third quarter of the 1st millennium, it entered the zone of the Imen-Kov culture (on the territory of Mordovia there was also one from the supporting monuments for its study - the city of Osh-Pan-do near the village of Sai-ni-no).
In the 7th-10th centuries, throughout the entire territory of Mordovia from the south-west, ancient non-Mordovian settlements were spread, -based on-the-t-ral-noe economy, mainly on fishing-st-ve, hunting and so-bi-ra-tel-st-ve . Gradually, they have an increasingly large number of river water and slash-able land -de-lie. By this time, the first con-so you face with the sla-vya-na-mi and the Volga-ski-mi bul-ga-ra-mi.
In the 11th-13th centuries, the rulers of the Volga-Kama Bulgaria and the Russian princes fought for control over the lands of Mordovia. By the 11th century, a number of towns were built in the Upper Po-su-rye, where a lo- Kal-ny va-ri-ant cult-tu-ry of the Volga Bulgars with a significant Mordovian com-po-nen-tom (pa-myat-ni-ki Yulov-sko-zo-lo-ta-rev -skogo-type, s-s-st-vo-va-shie before the Mon-go-lo-Tatar con-war). In 1103, Mord-va carried the mu-ro-mo-rya-zan-sko-mu prince. Glory to the Holy Yaro-vi-chu.
In the XII-XIII centuries, new Mordovian cities appeared (“tverdi”, according to Russian let-pi-syam) with powerful for-ti-fi-fi- cationic so-or-u-zhe-mi (Wind-ray-skoe, Fedo-rov-skoe).
Among the village, you were a ca-te-go-ry of professional warriors who had horse-mounted equipment, shields and etc.; appeared in the lead with inya-zo-ra-mi and otsya-zo-ra-mi. In the conditions of the outer corner of the warehouse there was a large military union of Mordovian tribes and on its basis ve - early-state-state ob-e-di-ne-nie (according to the Hungarian missionary Julian, mid-13th century - “tsar-st- in Mord-va-nov"). One of his sub-times was the upo-mi-nae-may in the Russian let-to-pi-si “Pur-ga-so-va volost” led by Pur-ga-som. According to me, the research-do-va-te-ley, “Pur-ha-so-va-lost” for-ni-ma-la between Mok-shi and Te- shi, where were there numerous Mordovian villages (including the Sarov city - a large re-mes-len-no-tor-go-vy and, in-vi-di-mo-mu, political center). Ar-cheo-logical data sv-de-tel-st-vu-yut about the flow of these lands mainly from Er-zyan-skogo and Mok-shan-skogo on -se-le-niya, that speaks about the ethnic con-co-li-da-tion of the Mordovian people. In the 1220s, the Vladimir princes made several trips to the territory of modern Mordovia, the most significant The first of them is in “Pur-ha-so-vu volost” (1229). Another Mordovian political culture developed in the Upper and Middle Mok-sha-nye. Some researchers believe that it was headed by Pu-resh.
The political and economic development of the Mordovian people was pre-dated by the Mon-go-lo-ta-tar-vi-em . The first blow to the Mordovian lands was in 1237, in 1239 they were again subjected to destruction.
In the mid-XIII - mid-XV centuries, a significant part of the modern territory of Mordovia was part of the Golden Horde. At the beginning of the 14th century, a large administrative center of the Horde arose - the city of Mokh-shi (now not the village of Na-rov-chat, Penza region; see Na-rov-chat city -ro-di-sche), which has had its own money since 1313. In the villages, the local feudal nobility usually settled near large rivers on high, difficult-to-reach-stupid mes-tah. On one of them, Itya-kovsky city, you find a bronze fuck-ha, you owe it to faces of the zo-lo-to-or-dyn-skoy ad-mi-ni-st-ra-tsi-ey. In the second half of the 14th century, during the period between the Uso-bits in the Golden Horde, some Horde princes tried to -but on the territory of modern Mordovia there are not-for-vi-si-my ulu-sy: on Mok-she - Ta-gai, in Pri-su-rye - Se-giz-bey, in Pri-mok-sha-nye - Be-khan and others. After the marches of Ti-mu-ra at the end of the 14th century, Mokh-shi lost its significance as a for-sta Khan's power. From the middle of the 15th century, after the dispersal of the Golden Horde, these territories found themselves in the composition of the Kazan Khan-st. va.
In the 1480s, a significant part of the Mordovian lands had already become part of the Russian state. In connection with the agreement from the Kazan Khan and the participation of the na-be-ha-mi but -Gai-skih bi-evs and Crimean khans of the pra-vi-te-li of the Russian state pro-vo-di-li uk-re-p-le-nie of the eastern borders. For this purpose, the construction of new cities-forests in the Mordovian outskirts (Tem-nikov) began. In 1552, about 10 thousand Mordovian warriors participated in the march of Russian troops against the Kazan Khan-st-va, in re-zul - That's why all the Mordovian lands became part of the Russian state.
In the region there was the introduction of a system of the general Russian military administration, which took into account official, administrative and judicial functions. Before the participation of local nobility in the quality of hundreds of hundreds, five-de-tenths was allowed . In some cases, for the management of the Mordovians, special officials were appointed: “Mordovian heads”, pri-kaz-chi-ki, etc. Okon-cha-tel-no system of the military administration has developed during the construction process -va for-sec-nyh features (including Shatsk - Ka-dom - Tem-ni-kov - Ala-tyr, second half of the 16th century; In-sar - Ate-mar - Sa-ransk - Shish-ke -ev - Tro-its-kiy island-rog, 1630-1640s), some ways of strengthening the price-tra-li-za-tion in the region of the place of management. On the war-la was carried-on for the construction of the cross-stations and for-sec; they are aware of all the power in the region. On the lands that were favored by the courtyards for their service on the line, a Russian village appeared. Warehouses of local land, while land holdings grew and increased -le-nie. Mordovian and Tatar princes were invited to military, border service, to participate in administrative management, for that they have a lot of land and money.
In the Time of Troubles, the Mordovians provided substantial support to the Second Militia of 1611-1612: in the summer of 1612, the Mordovian (according to another version - Ta-Tar) Mur-za Ba-yush led a number of Ala-Tyr Murzas, Mord-you and servants, you- I stepped against the Crimean and No-Gai ta-tars, which had broken through hundreds of lines near the river. Ala-tyr and moved to Ar-za-mas and Nizhny Novgorod. You played the battle near the village. Chu-ka-ly and in the Ar-da-tov-sky forest, Bayu-sha’s detachment was saved by the troops of the militia.
The second half of the 17th century ha-rak-te-ri-zo-va-las-shi-re-ni-em in-me-st-no-go and here-chin-no-go land-le-possession -following massive distributions to localities from state funds and thus self-free seizures of land from Mordovian peasants yang po-me-schi-ka-mi. In 1661-1700, in Penza, Insar, Temnikovsky districts, landowners were granted 75% of the land from its total amount -st-va in these counties. Are the lands on the territory of modern Mordovia the princes Go-li-tsy-ny, Ro-mo-da-nov-skie, Tru-bets-kiye, nobles clans of Na-rysh-ki-nykh and others. lo-ku-re-ni-em. Were you developed a carpenter, a coal burner, a mill, a tanner, a bonder and other industries, trade gov-lya about-duk-ta-mi earth-le-de-lia and life-here-but-water-st-va, honey-house, wax-com, push-no-noy, fish-fight.
The territory of modern Mordovia in 1708-1719 was once-de-le-on between the regions of Azov (the city of Ate -mar, In-sar, Krasnaya Slo-bo-da, Sa-ransk, Tro-itsk, Shish-kee-vo) and Kazan-skoy (Tem-ni-kov) province -mi. In 1717, it was subjected to destruction during the Great Ku-ban thunderstorm of 1717, becoming the last -be-gom ko-chev-ni-kov in re-gi-on. Since 1719, it has been located between Azovskaya (since 1725 Voro-Nezhskaya), Kazanskaya and Nizhe-rodskaya gu-ber-niya-mi. The territory of the region was in the area of the Pugachev uprising of 1773-1775. As a result of the pro-ve-de-de-tion of the provincial reform of 1775, it became part of the Tambov province (1779-1928; until 1796 Tam -Bov-skoe na-st-ny-che-st-vo), Nizhe-rod-skaya province (1779-1928, until 1796 Nizhe-gorod-skoe na-me -st-ni-che-st-vo), Sim-birsk (since 1924 Ul-ya-nov-skoy) lips. (1780-1928; until 1796 Simbirskoye na-st-st-vo), Penza province. (1780-1797, 1801-1928; until 1796, Penza-nation).
In the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries, the right to glory became an integral part of the uk-la-da life of the Mordovians. In the 18th century, significant development reached the Tashkent production, wine production (1.5 million wines per year), including at large state factories - Bri-lovsky and Shtyr-mensky, where small metallurgical plants operate -water. In the first half of the 19th century, the state-owned Tro-its-ko-Ost-Rozh winery and the private Av-gur metal-lur arose -geical plant N.D. Ma-nu-hi-na. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, the timber industry developed, its main centers were located in Spas. skom and Tem-nikov-sky district. Stimulation of the development of the timber industry for the production of lines of the Moscow-Kazan railway (1893-1902).
The first representatives of the Mordovian in-tel-gen-gen-tion appeared, from the Mordovian pro-scientist A.F. Yur-tov, one of the main lies of Mordovian literature Z.F. Do-ro-fe-ev, from-da-tel the first ga-ze-you of the region “Mu-zhik” V.V. Ba-zha-nov, sculptor S.D. Er-zya, public figure and pro-za-ik S.V. Ani-kin, pe-da-gog G.K. Ul-ya-nov.
At the end of 1917 - beginning of 1918, Soviet power was established on the territory of modern Mordovia. In 1918 and 1919, the Mordovian districts were located near the ron-to-voy, the nearest rear of the Eastern Front of the Red Army during the Civil War 1917-1922; in April - May 1919, the Bashkir Revolutionary Committee was located in Saransk. Act-st-viya of food-from-a-row-dov and com-be-dov has become a home for the peasants in the same spring - summer 1918, vol. -not-and-re-establishment of the peasantry in the villages of Bol-shoy Azyas, Yakov-schi-na, Ba-ran-che-ev-ka, La-da, Pya-ti-na, Gum-ny, Old Sin-d-ro-vo, etc. Po-li-tika “vo-en-no-go kom-mu-niz-ma”, especially-ben-but prod-raz-ver- st-ka, usi-li-va-la not-to-vol-st-in the cross-yan-st-va. Major uprisings occurred in the region in 1919. Along with the kre-st-yan-ski-mi about-is-ho-di-whether you-stu-p-le-niya in military units, they teach-st-ni- ka-mi have become de-zer-ti-ry, by 1920 the de-zer-tir-stvo turned into a “green movement”. A complex situation arose on the territory of modern Mordovia during the Tambov uprising of 1920-1921 under the leadership of A.S. An-to-no-va: Tem-nikovsky and Krasno-slo-bodsky districts were announced at the military station, a direct-feeding system was created in Ar-da-tovsky, Kar-sun-sky, Sa-ran-sky, In-sar-sky and Spassky districts . In 1921-1922, the re-gi-he was affected by the famine, with the outbreak of epi-de-miy ti-fa, ma -la-rii, etc.
In 1926, Mordovian counties came out on top in terms of the level of gross agricultural production in the Middle Volga region, and by 1928 the restoration of agriculture was complete. The re-birth of industry is pro-is-ho-di-lo honey-flax-but and unequally-measure-but, many without-action-st-v-v-v-sh-shie -were there any closures (including the Zu-bo-vo-Polyan-skie Chu-gu-no-li-tei-ny and l-so-saw-ny za-vo- Yes, Si-vin-sky zhe-le-zo-de-la-tel-ny plant, Tem-ni-kov-skaya fa-yan-so-vaya factory). At the same time, in the 1920-1930s, a con-serving plant, a factory, and a stump were built -bi-nat in Sa-ran-sk.
In the Middle Volga Region, on July 16, 1928, the Mordovian District was formed with its center in the city of Saransk. On January 10, 1930, the Mordovian district was transformed into the Mordovian Autonomous Okrug, on December 20, 1934 - into the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
From the late 1920s - early 1930s, forced labor of prisoners began to be actively used in the economy of Mordovia (le -so-za-go-tov-ki, le-so-pi-le-nie and railway construction-tel-st-vo). The largest la-ge-rem system of GU-LAG on the territory of Mordovia became Tem-nikovsky ITL (Tem-lag, administration in the village of Yavas ), created in 1931 (in 1948-1954, Special Camp No. 3, or Dub-rav-lag).
By the beginning of the 1940s, Mordovia became one of the main pro-iz-di-te-leys in the Volga region of ko-to-ni-na, ka-na-tov and ver-re- wok; developed a tech-stylish, pi-sche-vaya, re-ra-baty-vayu-shchaya, le-so-for-the-vi-tel-naya and de-re -in-the-working industry.
During the Great Patriotic War, naval aviation units were deployed on the territory of Mordovia; 29th, 85th, 94th and 95th separate battalion-o-ny chemical from-po-ra, reserve regiment of bro-not-on-trains, 178- and a separate communications battalion, etc., there are also 14 state pi-ta-leys located here (including 6 in Sa-ran-sk). On the territory of Mordovia there was a 326th Ro-slavl Rifle Division, funded by the population a unit of combat sa-mo-le-tov and a tank-co-column of the “Mor-dovian collective farm” have been built. In 1941, in Morzhovia there were 17 enterprises from the Ukrainian SSR, BSSR, as well as Bryansk, Kursk, Or -lov-skoy region-las-tey, etc. Bla-go-da-rya commissioning Sa-ran-skogo mechanical plant and plant "Electric- tro-you-direct-mi-tel" was laid the foundation for the subsequent development of large-scale industry Mordovian Republic-pub-li-ka pri-nya-la ok. 80 thousand people eva-kui-ro-van-no-go na-se-le-niya (including 25 thousand children under 15 years old).
In the spring of 1946, Mordovia oh-va-ti-la for-su-ha, which led to famine. The development of the industry gradually proceeded: the location of a complex of chemical and light-technical enterprises began industry, manufacturing, expansion of the construction base (Ko-vyl-kinsky plant si-li-kat-no-go kir-pi- cha and slate-water plant in the working village of Kom-so-mol-sky), the plant is being built. for-in-yes, pro-ve-de-na re-con-st-ru-tion of ka-bel-no-go, in-st-ru-ment-tal-no-go and others. Dov, put into operation the 1st tour-bi-at the Sa-ran-skaya CHPP-2, workshop for auto-sa-mo-sva-lov, ma-ka-ron-naya and furniture factory. By the mid-1960s, Mordovia had turned from ag-rar-no-in-du-st-ri-al-noy to in-du-st-ri-al-no-ag-rar-nuyu . Ros-tu in-du-st-ri-al-no-go development of Mordovia sp-sob-st-vo-va-lo pro-ve-de-nie on its territory ha -zo-pro-vo-da Sa-ra-tov - Gorky (1959-1960).
In the second half of the 1980s - the first half of the 1990s in Mordovia, social forces acted in defense of national languages and cultures , sa-mo-life-no-sti of the Mordovian people; 3 congresses of the Mordovian people took place (1992, 1995, 1999), a number of public organizations arose, such as the Council of birth of the Mordovian language (1992), Spa Foundation of the Er-Zian language named after. A.P. Rya-bo-va (1993), etc.
At the session of the Supreme Council of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on December 7, 1990, there was a Dec-la-ra-tion on the state-legal status of the re-public, the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was -la pre-o-ra-zo-va-na to the Mordovian SSR. There was a position of pre-zi-den (October 25, 1991), but already on April 7, 1993, the Armed Forces of the Mordovian SSR up-divided it. On January 25, 1994, the Mordovian SSR was re-named into the Republic of Mordovia as part of the Russian Federation. September 21, 1995, pri-nya-ta Konsti-tu-tion of the Republic of Mordovia, ut-ver-zhde-na new system of organ-ga-nov of state power sti. On September 22, 1995, the head of the Republic of Publ-ki Mor-do-viya iz-bran N.I. Mer-kush-kin (since January 1995, Chairman of the State Council of the Republic of Publications, in 1998 he was elected head of the Republic of Publications Mor-do-viya, re-re-elected in 2003, on-de-len half-no-mo-chia-mi pre-zi-den-ta-mi of the Russian Federation in 2005 and 2010, held the post until May 10, 2012).
The transition to market economy in the first half of the 1990s was accompanied by a decline in economic po-ka-za-te-ley res-pub-li-ki. Since 1997, in Mordovia, there has been a trend of growth in industrial production based on re-st-ru-tu-ri-za-tion, out-of-drainage ne -re-pre-production of technology, with-attracting in-ve-st-tions, an ag-ro-indus-trial company has developed plex.
Household.
Mordovia is part of the Vol-Vyatka economic district, which is an in-du-st-rial-no-ag-rar region of the Russian Federation. Volume of industrial production (processing production, production of useful products, production and distribution production of electricity, gas and water) is 3.3 times higher than the volume of agricultural production (2010). Mordovia is the leading position in the Russian Federation in the production of certain types of electrical products (22.1 % of Russian output of static pre-products, 18.8% of discharge, arc, ultraviolet lamps, 2010), as well as truck-to-ditch, cement-ta. Res-pub-li-ka you-de-la-et-sya pro-iz-vom va-go-nov-cis-tern (51.4%), ex-ka-va-to-drov (22.1 %), as well as rubber drive wedge belts for industry (8.0%).
GRP structure by type of economic activity (2009, %): industrial production 20.7, rural and forestry, hunting 17.4, wholesale and retail trade, various household services 13.3 , construction 9.4, public administration and military service. safety, mandatory social security 9.4, transport and communications 8.3, operations with non- moving property, rent and us-lu-gi 6.7, production 4.6, production and distribution - electricity, gas and water supply 4.5, health care and social services 4.0, others from -ras-li 1.7. Co-ordination of enterprises by form of ownership (according to the number of organizations, 2010, %): st-naya 55.4, mu-ni-tsi-pal-naya 24.7, society. and re-leagues. org-ga-ni-za-tsii (ob-e-di-ne-niy) 9.1, state 6.5, other forms of ownership 4.1.
Eco-no-mi-che-ski active in the village 461 thousand people, of which in eco-no-mi-ke for-nya-you St. 83% (2010). Struk-tu-ra for-nya-to-sti na-se-le-niya according to the views of eco-no-mich. activities (%): agriculture and forestry, hunting 20.0, industrial production 17.8 , wholesale and retail trade, various. household services 13.4, education 8.5, health and social services 7 ,3, construction station 7.1, transport and communications 5.6, operations with real estate, rent and installation lu-gi 4.7, other communal, social-ci-al-nye and per-so-nal-nye us-lu-gi 2.8, production and distribution le-tion of electricity, gas and water 2.2, other types of activity 10.5. The unemployment rate is 5.3%. Cash income for the soul of the village 11.1 thousand rubles. per month (2010; 58.6% of the Russian average); 19.0% of the village of Mordovia has the same level of living.
Industry.
The volume of industrial production is 94.1 billion rubles. (2010); of which 89.5% go to industrial production, 10.2% - to the production and distribution of electricity tro-energy, gas and water, 0.2% - for mineral resources. From the left-hand structure of production (%): ma-shi-no-structure 39.3, food industry 27.7, production of construction materials 14.1, chemical industry 5.2, metallurgical production 3.3, timber, de- re-working, whole-bulk industry and printing activities 2.1, light industry 0.7, other industries 7.6.
The installed power of electrical stations is approx. 400 MW. Electricity production (1.3 billion kWh, 2010) satisfies internal requirements by approximately 30%. Basic pro-iz-vo-di-tel - Saran-skaya CHPP-2 (power 340 MW).
The leading place in the structure of the industry is behind the ma-shi-no-structure (Table 1), pre-of everything -in electrical-tech-nich. from-de-ly. Leading scientific and technical center in the field of development of high-precision light sources (one of the largest in Russia) - Research Institute of Is-accuracy of Light named after them. A.N. Lo-dy-gi-na (Saransk; also includes its own production base for the production of over 500 types of lamps, incl. is-exact-ni-kov ul-tra-fio-le-to-go-of-radiation for disinfection-of-living-in-places, etc., quartz halogen lamps, gas-discharge light sources with improved environmental properties you, special sources of light for medical technology, the needs of the defense-industrial complex, medicine, etc. -ley); on its basis it is created (2012) in-no-va-tsi-on-no-pro-production complex av-to-no-no-go uch-dir-de - Research Institute "Tech-no-park-Mor-do-viya" (activity in the field of information -giy, op-to-el-kt-ro-ni-ki, source-of-light, energy-saving, etc.).
The main enterprise of Mordovia for the production of light-technical products is “Lis-ma” (Saransk; since 2003 in association with the Ministry of Railways -folk light-technical holding-din-ga “B.A.B.C.”, on the basis of the enterprise of creation of As-soc-tsiya-tion pro-iz-vo-di-te- lei-technical products “Russian Light”), produced by St. 1500 types of products, including St. 60% of Russian light sources: various. lamps on-ka-li-va-niya, including quartz halo-gene, discharge, including high-pressure -leniya, and various types of special lamps. There is also a light-technical plant in the city of Ar-da-tov and an electric-kt-ro-technical plant in the urban-type settlement of Ka- dosh-ki-but (in collaboration with NGOs for the production of new technical equipment - the GALAD company).
The largest electrical-technical company of Mordovia is Elektro-vy-pri-mi-tel (Saransk), one of the leading Russian manufacturers in-di-te-lay on-lu-about-water-n-to-bo-rows si-lo-howl elek-tro-ni-ki (ti-ri-sto-ry, various mo- du-li, di-sto-ry, diodes, etc.), pre-educational technology (including for electric-powered -th so-sta-va, charge-but-start-up devices), as well as lighting-technical products, household electrical tro-pri-bo-row. The company includes research and engineering centers for water-production and technological development ni-ki, production of special pre-o-ra-zo-va-te-lei (all in the city of Sa-ransk).
Among other large-scale production of electrical and technical production are located in Saransk and near it - acceptance of “Or-bi-ta” (electric-about-ru-do-va-nie for the set-up of distribution devices of closed trans-for-ma-tor sub-stations and distribution points), “Sa-ran-sk-ka-bel” (since 2008 in the company “Sev -ka-bel-Holding"; cable-bel-but-pro-water-no-production, including high-heat-without -danger-no-sti), “Me-d-o-ru-do-va-nie” (station-nar-noe de-z-in-fek-tsi-on-noe-o-or-do- installation and re-movement of medical equipment on the chassis of GAZ and KAMAZ vehicles), production of precision instruments ( components for radio-electronic app-pa-ra-tu-ry and computational technology) and for-bo-ro-construction-tel- ny (devices for measuring and accounting for energy resources, etc.), as well as an electrical-mechanical plant ( Ko-vyl-ki-no; electronic, power, ras-pre-de-lit., radio-lo-kats. equipment, electric -tro-drives, re-movable diesel electric stations with a power of 8-315 kW, etc.).
Na-la-zhe-but unique for Russia pro-from-vo-lo-con-no-optic cable, built-in-no-go in the thunder-zo- protective cable (“Sa-ransk-ka-bel-Op-ti-ka”), pla-ki-ro-van-noy aluminum-mi-ni-em steel wire-in-lo-ki (“Em-Ka-bel”), as well as a spiral ar-ma-tu-ry for power lines and overhead communication lines (Russian-Spanish enterprise “ Sar-mat"; all enterprises are part of the group of companies "Op-tik-energo", Saransk).
An important direction of the ma-shi-no-structure of Mordovia is the production of transport means and equipment, where the most -Ren-is-capable of appearing in a va-go-no-structure. The leading construction enterprise, "Ruz-khim-mash" (Ru-za-ev-ka), together with a number of enterprises tiy and or-ga-ni-za-tion, implementing-st-v-la-yu-shchih pro-ek-ti-ro-va-nie (“VKM-In-zhi-ni-ring”), repair (“VKM-Ser-vis”), production of components and spare parts for moving cargo equipment ( “Vis-mut”, “Ne-on”), is part of a large Russian holding company of trans-sport ma-shi-no-stroe-niya - RKTM [created in 2007 year on the basis of the Va-go-no-st-ro-itel-noy company of Mor-do-vii (VKM Group) and the company “Russian machines” us"]. The main production is railway w-go-ny-cis-ter-ny, po-lu-va-go-ny, as well as gas equipment, av -the-mo-bil-nye-pri-prices, equipment for the oil-gas-making industry. Dey-st-vu-yut also for-vo-dy (all in Saransk) SAREX (ex-ka-va-to-ry on the basis of wheel-trucks, shi-ro - wide range of agricultural equipment, including plows, kul-ti-va-to-ry, dis-ko-vy bo-ro-ny), auto-sa-mo -sva-lov (under the management of hol-din-ha RKTM; auto-sa-mo-sva-ly, trailers, communal special-tech -no-ka, guide-equal-personal ob-ru-do-va-nie), va-go-no-re-mont-ny (re-repair of oil-te-benzi-no-vyh and spe -cya-li-zir. cis-tern).
The leading enterprise of the chemical industry is the Re-zi-no-tekh-ni-ka plant (one of the largest manufacturers Russian re-zi-no-technical products). The de-st-vu-et is also the plant “Bio-hi-mik” (pharmaceutical production).
The construction materials industry is developing on the basis of its own re-sur-s of mineral-but-construction raw materials (me-la, ke -ram-zi-to-vykh and kir-pich-ny clays, sand, including glass-kol-no-go, from-vest-nya-ka, etc.); The main production is cement, brick and other steel materials, prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete structures. tion, heat-insulation from de-lia. You-de-la-ut-sya for-vo-dy: company "Mor-dov-ce-ment" (including the production of cement-ta for dry technical -no-logia), LATO (as-bes-to-ce-me-nt-nye from-de-lia; both - in the urban-type village of Kom-so-mol-sky Cham-zin-sko- city district), ceramic from-de-liy (in Sa-ran-sk and Ru-za-ev-ke), “Kir-pich si-li-kat-ny” (village Si- li-kat-ny Ko-vyl-kin-skogo district).
Among the large enterprises of other countries are the factories located in Saransk: “VKM-Steel” (in co-sta- ve hol-din-ha RKTM; cast-iron and steel li-ting), company "MVS" (production of aluminum alloys from recycled materials raw materials), foundry "Tsen-tro-lit" (units and de-ta-li for the auto-mobil-industry, incl. for ma -shi-no-construction enterprises Sa-ran-ska); plant "Play-ter-ra" (Zu-bo-vo-Polyan-sky district; fa-ne-ra and birch veneer). The main products of light industry: fabrics, sewing, tri-knitted, hosiery, linen and cool - from-de-lia; leading enterprises - sewing factory "Ruz-tex" (Ru-za-ev-ka), "Sar-tex" (Sa- Ransk), etc.
The food industry of Mordovia is the second most important after ma-chi-no-structure. Leading producers of broil-le-ditch and eggs - ag-ro-firm-ma "Ok-tyabrskaya" (village Bol-shaya El-khov-ka Lyam -Bir-sko-go-go district; one of the leading villages of the Russian poultry-water-station; over 30% of meat production in Mordovia), poultry-tse-factory-ri- ki “Ate-mar-skaya” (village of Ate-mar, Lyam-bir district; large producer of eggs in Mordovia) and “Cham-zin-skaya” ( city type village Cham-zin-ka Cham-zin-skogo district); milk and dairy products - dairy complex "Sa-ran-sky", enterprise "Na-de-zh-da" ( Ko-vyl-ki-but; both in the company of the company “Uni-milk”), the cheese-making plant “Ichal-kov-sky” (Ichal-kov -sky district), oil factory "Atyashevsky" (village of Atya-she-vo type city); me-sa - 4 me-so-pe-re-ra-ba-you-waiting enterprises of the group of companies “Ta-li-na” (in its composition also 3 pig-no-complex-sa, com-bi-cor-mo-vy plant, se-lek-tsi-on-no-ge-not-tic. center), meat-so- com-bi-nat “Ob-ro-chen-sky” (Ichal-kovsky district); sa-ha-ra - “Ro-mo-da-no-vo-sa-har” (Ro-mo-da-novsky district). Cannery "Sa-ran-sky" (meat, dairy, vegetable preserves), enterprise "Te-p-personal" (Saransk, in-mi-mo kon-serv-vi-ro-van-nykh pro-iz-vo-dit also fresh vegetables). The enterprise "Mordov-alcohol" (includes 6 alcohol-based factories, as well as a -vod "Sa-ran-sky"), plant of hol-din-ga "Ve-da" for the production of weak-bo-al-ko-gol-nyh kok-tey-ley (Sa-ransk ), pi-vo-va-ren-ny plant - fi-li-al company "Sa-nIn-Bev" (Sa-ransk, settlement of the Yal-ga city type).
Large industrial centers: Saransk, Ru-za-ev-ka, Ko-vyl-ki-no.
Mordovia's foreign trade turnover is $318.6 million (2010), including ex-port $136.6 million. (% of cost): metals and products made from them (approx. 63; mainly aluminum and products from them), ma -tires, equipment and transport means (20.0), products of the chemical industry (5.2). Im-por-ti-ru-yut-sya (% of cost): production of ma-shi-no-structure (81.0; mainly equipment-to-va- tion and transport media), metals and products made from them (8.1), food products and agricultural raw materials (6.3).
Agriculture.
The cost of agricultural products is 28.1 billion rubles. (2010), St. 50% comes from the share of living water. Agricultural land with St. 1/2 of the territory of Mordovia, of which arable land - approx. 2/3. Yields (% of sown area, 2010): grains (59.3), feed crops (32 ,4), potatoes and vegetables (4.4), technical crops (4.0) (Table 2). Live-here-but-water-st-vo sp-tsia-li-zi-ru-et-sya on meat-with-dairy-water-st-ve and poultry-tse-water- st-ve; they breed pigs, sheep and goats in the same way (Tables 3, 4). Most of the agricultural land is transferred to the lands of agricultural organizations; St. 9% for the lands of farmer (peasant) farms, approx. 5% of the land is in the personal use of the city. OK. 90% grain, over 90% sunflower and St. 50% of milk is produced in agricultural organizations; St. 90% car-to-fe-la and St. 70% of vegetables come from farms in villages (2009).
Services sector.
Mordovia has a significant rec-re-tional potential for the development of educational, eco-logical, sports-tiv-no-oz -do-ro-vi-tel-no-go, religious and ethnic tu-riz-ma. On the territory of the re-pub-li-ki race of St. 1000 historical monuments (a significant part of them are on the territory of Tem-ni-kov-sko- go and Krasno-slo-bod-sko-go districts).
Transport.
Mordovia has a developed transport infrastructure. The length of the railway roads is 544 km (2010). The Mo-sk-va - Ryazan - Sa-ransk - Sa-ma-ra railway line, railway lines from Sa-ran pass through the territory of Mordovia -ska to Nizhny Novgorod and Penza. The length of the car with hard smoke on the roof is approx. 4.6 thousand km. The southwestern part of the re-public is crossed by the federal highway "Ural", with which Saransk is connected -nyon av-to-ro-goy through the towns of Kras-no-slo-bodsk and Ko-howl-ki-no; other important auto-do-ro-gi: Sa-ransk - Ul-ya-novsk; Nizhny Novgorod - Ar-za-mas - Saransk; Saransk - Penza. Air port in Saransk.
Health care.
In Mordovia, per 10 thousand inhabitants there are: doctors - 51.5, secondary medical personnel - 121.7; hospital beds - 107.3 (2009). Medical care is provided by 80 am-bu-la-tor-no-clinical institutions, 52 hospitals, 25 health centers , 535 paramedic-obstetric stations (2010). The incidence rate per 1000 inhabitants is 753.4 cases (2009); al-ko-go-liz-mom - 1489.1 and nar-ko-ma-ni-ey - 90.1 per 100 thousand inhabitants (2010). The most-pro-st-ra-ne-ny for-bo-le-va-niya organ-ga-nov breath-ha-niya (21.0%), blood systems - education (14.2%), organization of food supply (9%). For-re-gi-st-ri-ro-va-but 103 new cases of HIV infection (2008). Total mortality per 1000 inhabitants. - 15.7 (2010). The main causes of death: bo-lez-ni ser-dech-but-so-su-di-stay systems (53.6%), evil-quality but-in-about -ra-zo-va-niya (12.4%), accidents, injuries and poisonings (10.1%).
Education.
Education of science and culture.
In Mordovia there are (2010) 228 pre-school educational institutions, 481 public schools -an educational institution, 7 primary schools and 31 secondary schools professional education, 64 institutions of further education, 9 universities (including branches) , including Mordovsky state university them. N.P. Oga-ryo-va (os-no-van in 1931 as the Pedagogical Institute, modern status since 1957), Mordovian State Pedagogical University named after. M.E. Ev-sev-e-va (1962) - both in Sa-ran-sk. Dey-st-vu-yut 570 mass bib-lio-tech, the largest - National Library named after. A.S. Push-ki-na (1899) in Sa-ran-sk.
The main scientific institutes and museums are located in Saransk, including the All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Physics and Automation -to-ma-ti-za-tion of the Federal Agency for Atomic Energy, Mordovian Research Institute of Agriculture, Mordovian Republic of Publ-li-Kan ob-e -di-nyon-ny regional history museum named after. I.D. Vo-ro-ni-na (1918; 9 fi-li-lov), Mordovian Republic-Pub-Li-Kan Museum of Fine Arts named after. S.D. Er-zi (founded in 1958, opened in 1960), Museum of Mordovian culture (1999). The functions of local history museums are also the same in the cities of Ar-da-tov, In-sar, Kras-no-slo-bodsk, Ru-za-ev-ka, Tem-ni-kov and others; do-ma-mu-zei: hu-dozh-ni-ka F.V. Sych-ko-va (1970, village Ko-che-lae-vo Ko-vyl-kin-skogo district), S.D. Er-zi (1976, village of Bae-vo Ar-da-tov-skogo district), com-po-zi-to-ra L.I. Voi-no-va (Tem-ni-kov).
Mass media.
Leading republican publications (all in Saransk): newspapers “Iz-ves-tiya Mor-do-vii” (you-ho -dit since 1918; modern name since 1994, 4 times per week, total circulation about 42 thousand copies), “Res-pub-li-ka young" (since 1939; modern name since 1992, weekly, over 35 thousand copies; both in Russian), "Mok-shen is true "(Mok-Shan truth, since 1921; modern name since 1932, weekly, 4.5 thousand copies, in Mok-Shan language) , “Er-zyan truth-da” (“Er-zyan truth-da”, since 1921; modern name since 1957, weekly, 3.2 thousand copies, on Erzyan language).
District and municipal newspapers: “Ve-cher-niy Sa-ransk” (Sa-ransk), “Forward” (city settlement -pa Atya-she-vo), “Rural news” (village Atyur-e-vo), “Ma-yak” (city of Ar-da-tov), “Vos-hod” (village. Big Ig-na-to-vo), “Golos Pri-mok-sha-nya” (Ko-vyl-ki-no), “El-ni-kov-skaya tri-bu-na” (village El-ni-ki), “In-sar-skiy vest-nik” (city of In-sar), “Voz-ro-zh-de-nie” (village of Ka-dosh type city -ki-no), “Za-rya” (village Koch-ku-ro-vo), “Kras-naya Slo-bo-da” (city of Kras-no-slo-bodsk), “Ru-za- Ev-skaya ga-ze-ta" (city of Ru-za-ev-ka), "Tem-ni-kov-skie from-ves-tiya" (city of Tem-ni-kov), etc. Radio -product since 1927. Television since 1956 (regularly since 1963, since 1979 they have been broadcast in color images -NII, since 1998 cable television). Tele- and radio-com-pa-nii: State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company “Mor-do-viya”, “Tele-Network of Mor-do-vii”, etc. Regional information for-for- mation agency In-fo-RM (founded in 2005).
Literature.
The Li-te-ra-tu-ra of Mordovia is developed in the Mordovian (Mok-Shan and Er-Zian) and Russian languages. For-mi-ro-va-niyu mord. layer-weight-no-sti-spo-sob-st-vo-va-lo-da-nie in the late 19th - early 20th centuries, monuments of Mordovian folklore, pre-pri-nya toe about-sve-ti-te-la-mi A.F. Yur-to-vym and M.E. Ev-sev-e-vym, H. Paa-so-ne-nom (Finnish et-no-gra-fom and lin-gvis-tom), A.A. Shah-ma-to-vym, etc. In 1821, the first translation of the Gospel into the Er-Zian language was carried out, one-on-one real role in the establishment of the li-te-ra-tu-ry of Mordovia played by the re-re-lo-zhe-niya Evan-ge-liy, you-completely- nye at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries (in the Er-Zian language - in 1882, 1889, 1897, 1910; in the Mok-Shan language - in 1891), as well as books va-ri (both 1892 where) Ev-sev-e-va.
The first productions of Mordovian literature were created in Russian. language: stories by S.V. Ani-ki-na (“Without-do-ro-zhie”, 1903; book “De-re-ven-skie stories”, 1911), V.V. Ba-zha-no-va (“In a village la-voch-ke”, “Vo-lo-st-noy court”, “Rural gathering”, all - 1904), poetry by Z.F. . Do-ro-fee-va (collection “Songs and thoughts of the people teach-te-lya”, 1912), literary adaptations of Mordovian folk tales and etc.
The development of literature on the face. languages began after the October Revolution of 1917 and evolved under the influence of Soviet literature - the prose of M. Gor-ko , A.S. Se-ra-fi-mo-vi-cha, A.A. Fa-dee-va, in poetry D. Bed-no-go, V.V. Maya-kov-sko-go, etc. A significant role in this process was played by the game of per-rio-di-ka, where the first were published sti-ho-tvo-re-niya on the muzzle. languages - M.I. Without-bo-ro-do-va, I.P. Kri-vo-she-va, A. Mo-ro, stories and essays by F.M. Ches-no-ko-va, P.S. Glu-ho-va, A.D. Ku-tor-ki-na, Mok-sho-ni (pseud. A.I. Ko-chet-ko-va), Ya.P. Gri-go-shi-na, drama F.I. For-va-li-shi-na (“Yakov’s wife”, 1923), which created revolutionary changes in the life of the Mordovian village neither.
In the 1930-1940s, Mordovian literature moved away from the folklore tradition and adopted the principles of so-cia-li-sti-che-sko- go realiz-ma. Design the system of genres. The leading place is in poetry, before it. gra-zh-dan-skaya and pe-zh-naya li-ri-ka (N. Er-kai, A.K. Mar-ty-nov, etc.). Based on the poem “Ga-le” by A.V. Ro-go-zhi-na, “Er-mez” by Ya.Ya. Kul-dur-kae-va (both 1935), “Lam-zur” by Ku-tor-ki-na (1941) dedicated to the dramatic country of history riy Mordovian na-ro-da.
For-mi-ru-yut-sya genres according to weight (“Ta-tyu” by T.A. Rap-ta-no-va, 1933, - about the new so-ci-al-nom hundred-tu-se Mord. women) and ro-ma-na (“Under Chi-khan-go-roy” Rap-ta-no-va, 1934, about the Mordovian village per-rio- yes NEP). The widely popular novel “Lav-gi-nov” by V.M. Ko-lo-ma-so-va (1941), co-containing humor-ri-stich. description of the collective farm life. The drama-ma-tur-gia of this period is presented by the so-ci-al-ny-mi and historical drama-ma-mi of K.S. Pet-ro-voy (“According to the old-rink”, 1932, about the pre-revolutionary uk-la-de-mord. village; “Summer Night”, 1933, about the civil war -not), P.S. Ki-ril-lo-va (“Li-to-va”, 1939, about the participation of the Mordovian kre-st-yan-st-va in the Razi-na revolt of 1670-1671). Samples of the military li-ri-ki created by M.A. Be-ban (collection “Fire in the do-li-ne”, 1946), I.M. Devin (collection “Morning dawn”, 1945), A.K. Mar-ty-nov (collection “K po-be-de”, 1942; collection “Zo-ri po-be-dy”, 1944), etc.
In the 1950-1960s, the genre of so-tsi-al-no-go ro-ma-na was established in the literature of Mordovia: “Shi-ro-kaya Mok-sha” by T.A. Kir-dyash-ki-na (1953); novel in verse “Yab-lo-nya at the big do-ro-gi” by A.D. Ku-tor-ki-na (1958); tri-logy “Nai-man” (1957), “People are close to you” (1961), “Smoke on the ground” (1964) by K.G. Ab-ra-mo-wa; “Tra-va-mu-ra-va” by I.M. De-vi-na (1969) - about social-tsia-lististic pre-ob-ra-zo-va-ni-yah in the Mordovian village. In the drama-tur-gy of this period, we found the origin of the history of the Mord-you in the first half of the 20th century: “Teacher” P .WITH. Ki-ril-lo-va (1953); “In the name of na-ro-da” (1955) and “At the dawn of the world” (1957) by G.Ya. Mer-kush-ki-na. Epic oh-va-that co-being and closeness to folk poetry from the poems “Siya-zhar” (1960), “Pen-za and Su-ra "(1972) V.K. Ra-dae-va, “Earth” (1960), “Warm traces” (1968) A.S. Mal-ki-na and others. Children's literature is beginning to actively develop: stories and fairy tales by Ya.M. Pi-nya-so-va and F.S. Atya-ni-na and others.
At the center of Mordovian literature of the 1970-1980s is a conflict between personal and public in-te-res. For pro-zy ha-rak-ter-no so-che-ta-nie li-riz-ma, psi-ho-lo-giz-ma and pub-li-ci-stich-no-sti: in weight "Days of childhood" (1970), "Wild gu-si" (1977), novel "Crystal-steel co-lo-co-la" (1974) S. WITH. La Rio no Va; collections of stories “My ko-lo-kol-chi-ki...” (1973), “Autumn of the rya-bi-ny” (1979), the story “Po-do” -zh-di-those, fast-rye ob-la-ka” (1981) Yu.F. Kuz-not-tso-va; according to “Pri-klu-che-niya Za-har-ki” (1973), collection according to “So-se-di” (1980), “Soup-ru-gi "(1985) A.P. Tya-pae-va; collections of stories “Silver Ra-kush-ka” (1974) and “Smoky Morning” (1976), based on the story “In the Time of -me-ni" (1984), collection. prose “People in the Road” (1985) by V.I. Mi-sha-ni-noy; collections of pro-zy “Hot summer” (1980), “Friends and acquaintances” (1985), “To the very warmest -re-gu" (1988) G.I. Pi-nya-so-va. The tri-logy “Bur-li-vaya Su-ra” did not last long for the social pre-developments in the Mordovian village HELL. Ku-tor-ki-na (parts 1-3, 1969-1987). Knownness about the production of K.G. Ab-ra-mo-va: bio-graphic. tri-logy about Mordovian sculpture S.D. Er-ze “Son of Er-zyan” (parts 1-3, 1971-1973), historical novels “Pur-gaz” (1988) and “For Freedom” (1989). Ethical pro-ble-ma-ti-ka pre-ob-la-da-et in drama-ma-tur-gy (“In an empty house of people” by A.I. Pu-di-na, 1989, etc.).
Li-te-ra-tu-ra of Mordovia of the 1990-2000s, focused on the understanding of the historical past and the national identity of people -you, gravitate toward the convention of genre forms and ex-peri-ment: according to the poetry of A.V. Ara-po-va (collection “Golos”, 1990; “Window”, 1992; “Waving”, 2001; “After”, 2006), Ma-riz Ke-mal (R.S. Ke-may-ki-noy) (collection “Ko-ly-bel”, 1988; “Candle”, 1994), S.V. Ki-nya-ki-na (collection “Under the sun and the moon”, 1984; “I live, worry and love”, 2007), R.K. Or-lo-voy (collection “Sta-nu zvez-doch-koy”, 1997; “Rya-bi-new wreath”, 2005; “To-boy live”, 2007 ), A.M. Sha-ro-no-va (epic poem “Mas-to-ra-va”, 1994); about M.I. Bry-zhin-sko-go (collection of stories “Le-kar-st-vo from life”, 1991; story “Ro-ves-ni-ki”, 2008), A .M. Do-ro-ni-na (ro-ma-ny “Pe-re-sang-ka - bird on the left”, 1993; “Te-ni ko-lo-ko-lov”, 1996 , “Kuz-ma Alek-se-ev”, 2001), etc. Drama-tur-giya before-stav-le-on the play-sa-mi V.I. Mi-sha-ni-noy (“Vet-vi sacred-no-go du-ba”, 1992; “De-voch-ka from ple-me-ni per-re-pe-lok”, 2000 ; “House without Windows”, 2002).
Literature in Russian continues to play a significant role. lang.: pro-F.K. An-d-ria-no-va (ro-ma-ny “I see the green”, 1975; “For-re-vo over Ru-za-ev-koy”, books 1-2 , 1958-1980), A.A. So-bo-lev-sko-go (do-ku-men-tal-naya story “Ko-man-dir under-the-earth gar-ni-zo-na”, 1975), G. IN. Ba-la-bae-va (collection “Ost-ro-zhok on Sa-ran-ke”, 1982), A.I. and K.V. Smo-ro-di-nykh (collection “In the search for glory”, 2005), V.A. Pet-ru-hi-na (collection “And yet I know you,” 2008); in poetry V.Yu. Yush-ki-na (lyric-epic poem “Mur-za Akay-ka”, 1971; collection “My Coast”, 1985), I.G. Os-mu-hi-na (collection “Le-be-di-naya song”, 1981), V.A. Ga-dae-va (collection of poems “Oza-ren-naya zha-zh-da”, 1986; “Pro-vision”, 1989; “Zhem-chug is-ka-niy”, 1993 year), S.A. Kaz-no-va (collection “Colors and Stars”, 2006), S.Yu. Se-ni-che-va (collection “For-by-ved-nik name-me-nya”, 2005; “Poems that you can’t do”, 2008); dra-ma-tur-giya A.P. Te-resh-ki-na (“The godfather of his ve-li-che-st-va”, 1976), D.V. Gur-ya-no-va (“White birds of tenderness”, 2000; “The smell of light-for-ga-ra”, 2005); pub-li-tsi-sti-ka S.B. Bah-mu-sto-va, V.I. Lap-tu-na, etc.
Since the middle of the 20th century, the Mordovian li-te-ra-tu-ro-ve-de-nie has developed. Is-to-ri-ee of Mordovian literature for-ni-ma-yut-sya A.V. Aleshkin, A.I. Bryzhinsky, V.M. Ma-kush-kin, N.I. Che-rap-kin. Theoretical questions are developed V.V. Gor-bu-nov, A.M. Ka-to-ro-va. Folklore sources of Mordovian literature are studied by T.P. De-vyat-ki-na, A.I. Mas-ka-ev, A.M. Sha-ro-nov. Russian-Mordovian literature, connections and issues of the literary region are highlighted in the works of N.L. Va-sil-e-va, I.D. Vo-ro-ni-na, S.S. Kon-ki-na, O.E. Osov-skogo.
Ar-hi-tech-tu-ra and artistic-bra-zi-tel-art.
To the most ancient products of art from-no-sit-xia or-na-men-ti-roved ceramic bronze ka; in the era of the early iron century and the early Middle Ages, made of bronze and silver from the there were horses under the weights, openwork plaques, stitches, sometimes with geometric and floral patterns (on-the-go from mo-gil-ni-kov, kur-ga-nov, go-ro-disch). Se-la, known from the 16th-17th centuries, had a nest-to-howl plan; Since the 18th century, they have been rebuilt according to the street plan. Most of the cities arose as instituted settlements from the 16th-17th centuries, mainly as a result of construction from 1638 of the Ate-mar-skaya za-sech-noy po-lo-sy, which was part of the Bel-gorod-Simbirskaya station line .
The first right-glorious temples and monasteries of the 16th-17th centuries were built from wood and were not preserved [among them - a church Ro-zh-de-st-va Bo-go-ro-di-tsy (1591) Pur-do-shev-skogo Ro-zh-de-st-vo-Bo-go-ro-dich-no -th monastery (since the 1580s, divided in 1764), Church of the Presentation of the Vladimir Icon of God Ma-te-ri (1669-1676 years) Sa-nak-sar-sky Sre-ten-sko-Bo-go-ro-dits-koy pus-ty-ni (since 1659, since 1764 Sa-nak-sar-sky Ro-zh-de-st -in-Bo-go-ro-dich-ny monastery), built by Tem-ni-kov-skaya Afa-nas-ev-skaya and others. XVII century, divided in 1764]. Since the end of the 17th century, stone churches have been erected: Spassky Cathedral (1685-1694, built at the beginning of the 20th century) and the 5-domed Church of St. Io-an-na Bo-go-slo-va in Sa-ran-sk (1693), en-semble of Ma-ka-rov-skogo-gos-ta in the village. Ma-ka-rov-ka (since 1995, Io-an-no-Bo-go-slovsky Ma-ka-rovsky monastery; Church of St. John-an-no-Bo-go-slo- va, 1700-1704; Ar-khan-ge-la church Mi-khai-la tipa “under the ko-lo-ko-ly”, 1702-1706; ko-lo-kol-nya 1720s ), Uspenskaya Church (1728-1731, preserved ruins) of the Ryabkinskaya Uspenskaya Pu-sty in the village. Staraya Ryab-ka (established in the early 1710s, up-ra-zd-ne-na in 1764), Dormition Church in Sa-ransk (1735- 1737, sne-se-na in the 1930s), etc.
From the middle of the 18th century, after the new wave of Christianity in the 1740s, churches were built in the style of pro-win-tsi-al-no-go ba -rock-ko, chas-with-use-of-ancient-Russian forms: Tro-its-kaya in the village. An-d-re-ev-ka type “eight-me-rik on four-ve-ri-ke” (1751 or 1784), Three-holy-ti-tel-skaya (1761-1765, re-re -built in the 1930s) and Tro-its-kaya (constructed in 1771) in Sa-ran-sk, Kazan-skaya in the village. Be-ke-tov-ka (1755), Tikh-vin-skaya in the village. Urey (1765), Bo-go-yav-len-skaya (ro-ton-dal-naya) in the village. Yazy-ko-va Pya-ti-na (1770), Kazan-skaya in the village. Rya-za-nov-ka (1772), Po-krovskaya in the village. Ka-men-ny Brod (1784), Tro-its-kaya in the village. Wind-ray (1786), Po-krovskaya in the village. Ka-ba-no-vo (1790), Zna-men-skaya in the village. Yakov-schi-na (Klyu-chi-schi; 1792), Smo-lenskaya (now not Ie-ru-sa-lim-skaya) in the village. Kon-d-rov-ka (1795); 5-domed Trinity Cathedral in Ar-da-to-ve (1769) and St. Peter and Paul Church (1770-1780s, raz-ru-she- in 1931) of the 2nd Peter and Paul Monastery in Saransk (founded in the early 1770s together -ni-em Il-in-sko-go and Pet-rov-sko-Bo-go-ro-dits-ko-go mo-na-sty-ray, closed in 1928), etc.
In the spirit of the pillarless churches of the 17th century, the Ar-khan-ge-la Mi-khai-la church was built in the village. Kush-ki (1758), Assumption Church in the village. Nikolskoe (1767). The best baroque ensemble is the Sa-nak-sar Ro-zh-de-stvo-Bo-ro-dich-monastery near Tem-ni-ko-va (1659 year, closed in the 1920s, revived in 1991): Cathedral of Ro-de-st-va Bo-go-ro-di-tsy (1765-1780) , a collection from the Pre-Women's Church (1774-1776), a refectory (since 1777), walls with the corners of the towers nya-mi (1778), cells (1779-1782) and rector's (1783-1784) building, hospital cells with the Church of the Sree -te-niya of the Vla-di-mir-icon of God Ma-te-ri (1780-1782), go-sti-ni-tsa (1785-1787), treasure-bi-schen Voskre-senskaya Church (1805-1810).
In 1779-1780, many villages were settled in the city, and a regular plan was introduced into them. ditch; after the fire of 1814, a re-gular plan was developed for Kras-no-slo-bod-ska. Since the end of the 18th century, the principles of class-si-tsiz-ma (often in conjunction with baroque elements) have been used hud-sya in the construction of the church: Ro-zh-de-st-va of Christ in the village. Za-rub-ki-no (de-rev., 1765, restored in the 1990s), Po-krovskaya in the village. Stan-d-ro-vo (1791), Ro-zh-de-st-va of Christ-sto-va type “under the co-lo-co-ly” with 2 eight-me-ri-ka-mi how many times in the village Mal-tse-vo (1796), Ro-zh-de-st-va Io-an-na Pre-te-chi in Sa-ran-sk (1800-1803), Po-krovskaya in the village. Zhe-ha-lo-vo with a cross-shaped plan of the 2nd tier (1800-1812, 1840), Pre-o-ra-zhen-skaya in the village. Ka-zen-ny May-dan (1820), Il-in-skaya in the village. Sor-li-ney (1856).
Significant en-samb-li in the style of class-si-tsiz-ma: Krasno-slo-bodsky Spa-so-pre-ob-ra-women’s monastery in the village. Uch-khoz [established in 1655 as Spasskaya Pus-tyn, closed in 1928, revived in 1994; Spa-so-Pre-ob-ra-women's cathedral (1796-1799, destroyed in the 1930s), hospital building with the church of St. Alex-san Dr. Nevskogo (1810-1817), over-the-gate bell with St. Nicholas Church (1810-1855)] and a complex in the village. Che-ber-chi-no - Kazan church with a ku-pol-noy ro-ton-da (1798), Ar-khan-ge-la Mi-khai-la church (mid-19th century) and Mav -zo-lei graphs Ru-myan-tse-vyh. Among other churches in the style of class-si-tsiz-ma (some of the “ro-ton-da on chet-ve-ri-ke” types): Ro-zh- de-st-va Bo-go-ro-di-tsy in the village. Ku-li-ko-vo (1788; top not preserved), Vve-den-skaya in the former village. Ba-zar-nye Dub-rovki (1790-1795), Three-holy-ti-tel-skaya in the village. Sa-bur-Mach-ka-sy (1790s), Us-pen-skaya (formerly Nikol-skaya) in Sa-ran-sk (1800-1802), Ar-khan-ge-la Mi-hai-la in the village. Po-tizhskaya Slo-bo-da (1817), Po-krovskaya in the village. Pere-ve-sie (ca. 1818), Ro-zh-de-st-va of Christ in the village. Ak-sel (1821, with elements of neo-go-ti-ki), Ro-zh-de-st-va of Christ in the village. Old Ko-vy-lay (established in 1826), Po-krovskaya in the village. In-sar-Ak-shi-no, Us-pe-niya in Tem-ni-ko-ve (both 1827), Nikol-skaya in the village. Shok-sha (established in 1830), Ar-khan-ge-la Mi-khai-la in the village. Po-chin-ki (1831), Po-krovskaya in the village. Va-dov-skie Se-li-schi (1832), Ro-zh-de-st-va of Christ in the village. Tro-itsk (1839), St. Pa-ra-ske-vy Pyat-ni-tsy in the village. Old City (Go-ro-di-sche; 1840). Tra-di-tsi-on-no-sty forms from-li-cha-et-sya Church of the Holy Cross with a 4-lobed baroque dome in the village. Shi-ro-ma-so-vo (1821). The Spa-so-pre-ob-ra-women’s cathedral in Tem-ni-ko-ve was not preserved (late 18th century - 1803; destroyed in the late 1970s years) and the Kazan Cathedral in In-sa-re (1816-1828).
The estates of the late 18th-19th centuries have been preserved - F.F. Usha-ko-va in the village. Alek-se-ev-ka, Ara-po-vykh in Ko-vyl-ki-no (in the former village of Vos-kre-sen-skaya Lash-ma; early 19th century), Polyan-skikh in the village . Ma-ka-rov-ka (19th century), Ru-myan-tse-vykh in Che-ber-chi-no; also residential and civil houses of the 18th - early 20th centuries in Ar-da-to-ve, Kras-no-slo-bod-sk, Tem-ni-ko-ve, Sa-ran-sk (in including the storage room of the house of Governor Kamenitsky, 1765); house de-kab-ri-sta A.A. Tuch-ko-va in In-sa-re, House-museum of A.S. No-vi-ko-va-Pri-boya on the lake. Imer near the village. Will do it.
Among the construction industry. ar-hi-tek-tu-ry - ruins of a su-kon-noy factory in the village. Shi-rin-gu-shi (established in 1726, closed in the 1990s). According to the project (executed under the supervision of A.D. Za-kha-ro-va), the buildings of the district authorities were built in In -sa-re (1812), Kras-noslo-bod-ske (1815), Sa-ran-ske (1816). In the 19th century, county towns preserved their appearance without any essential factors. Since the middle of the 19th century, refectories and kol-kol-ni (classical kol-kol-nya Tro) were often built at the old temples -it-koy church in the village of Shish-ke-e-vo, 1863), sometimes - column-port-ti-ki (church in honor of the icon of God Ma-te- ri “Joy to all who mourn” in the village of En-ga-ly-che-vo).
In the second half of the 19th century, churches were erected in is-to-ri-che-styles, including those based on the designs of Pen-Zan art-hi-techs -to-row A.E. Eren-ber-ga, A.S. Fe-do-to-va and others. Among the significant en-sembles of the second half of the 19th century are women’s monasteries: Ro-zh-de-st-vo-Bo-go -ro-dits-kiy near Tem-ni-ko-va (1859, closed in 1926; cathedral in the Russian-Vi-Zan-Ti-style, 1849-1854, not preserved), Us-Pensky in Krasno-slo-bod-sk (1861, closed in the 1920s; 5-domed Vos-Kre-sensky Cathedral in Russian. -vi-zant. style, 1872-1882, not preserved), Pai-garm-sky Pa-ra-ske-vo-Voz-ne-sen-sky (1884, closed in 1920- e years, revived in 1994; 5-chapter Uspensky Cathedral in Russian-Byzantine style, 1874-1890; Voz-ne-sen- church, 1893-1896, architect Ehrenberg; chapel over the relics of abbot Pa-ra-ske-vy, 1895-1897), In-sar St. -that-Olginsky (1909; closed in the 1920s, revived in 1995; Church of St. Prince Olga in Russian style, 1898- 1900, etc.).
Also built in the Russian-Byzantine style: the new Spassky Cathedral in Saransk (1860-1886, built in 1930-1932) , 1st chapter of the Assumption Church in the village. Mary-ya-nov-ka (1876); 5-headed churches - St. No-barking in the village. Sa-laz-gor (1867), Po-krovskaya in the village. Var-zhe-lay (1880), Ar-khan-ge-la Mi-hai-la in the village. Ku-li-kov-ka (late 19th century), Po-krovskaya in the village. New villages (1890-1903, looked at in 1944).
In the spirit of the new city's 1st-headed churches, the Trinity Church was built in the village. Ada-she-vo with a table-in-a-different-number-of-kol-kol-ney (1864), ancient Russian temples of the 17th century - 5-domed Kazan Church in the village. Ku-che-nyae-vo (1863), St. No-barking in the village. Ko-lo-pi-no (1867). With the use of element-men-tov class-si-tsiz-ma - 5-chapter churches of St. No-barking in the village. Sia-le-ev-skaya Pya-ti-na (1879-1883) and Kazan-skaya in the village. Sagittarius Slo-bo-da (late 19th century).
In the Russian style, since the beginning of the 1890s, they have erected: 5-domed churches in honor of the Kazan Icon of God Ma-te-ri in the village. Lower Vya-ze-ra (1893), St. No-barking in the village. Ozh-ga 2nd (1894), Ro-zh-de-st-va of Christ (now not Us-pe-niya) in the village. Kan-gu-shi (1896-1905), St. No-bark in Sa-ran-sk (1897-1906, Ehrenberg); Trinity Church in the village. Big Azyas (1900-1904, Ehrenberg); 5-shat churches - St. No-barking in the village. Staraya Te-riz-mor-ga (1894) and Po-krovskaya in the village. Acha-do-vo (1895).
In the neo-Visan-Ti style: 5-headed churches of St. No-barking in the village. Ki-sha-ly (1882-1887) and the Kazan Church in the village. Ma-ko-lo-vo (late 19th century), 1-chapter - Tro-its-kaya in the village. Tur-ge-ne-vo (late 19th century) and Ar-khan-ge-la Mi-hai-la in the village. Ichal-ki (1900s). In 1913, the same stone mosque was built in the village. Tyu-vee-vo (1913).
The preserved wooden churches were erected mainly in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries - in the Russian-Byzantine style (1-chapter -non-sen-skaya in the village of Atya-she-vo, Ar-khan-ge-la Mi-hai-la in the village of Bol-shie Ma-na-dy-shi, Saints Kos-we and Da- mia-na in the village of Rus-skie Dub-rovki, 1897), in Russian style (St. Alek-san-dr. Nev-sky in the village of Skrya-bi-no, 1865), type “eight-me-rik on chet-ve-ri-ke” (Ro-zh-de-st-va of Christ in the village of Po-kas-sy, 1878-1880 , and Bo-go-ro-di-tsy in the village of Lo-ba-ski, 1879, both re-roofed with a tent; Ar-khan-ge-la Mi-khai-la in the village. Ine-lei, 1896), in the style of po-z-ne-go class-si-tsiz-ma. Some churches have complex architectural forms and extensive carvings: 5 chapters in the village. Zhu-rav-ki-no (since 2000 Zhu-rav-kin-sky in honor of the icon of God Ma-te-ri “The Living Source” male monastery) and in the village. Pik-xia-si (both late 19th century); Bo-go-yav-len-skaya in the village. Ve-dyan-tsy (1892), Us-pen-skaya in the village. Old Paradise Pi-che-mor-ga (No-sa-ki-no; 1896), re-roofed with eight-me-ri-com with ki-le-vid-ny-mi pri-ru -ba-mi. Elements of the modern village were often used (Po-Krovskaya Church in the village of Mor-dovskaya Koz-lov-ka, 1888, re- built in 1904, not preserved).
In Soviet times, a lot of work was done on the re-construction of cities; Saransk became a large industrial and cultural center, where residential and public buildings were erected in the style of Soviet neo-klass-si-tsiz-ma [Ch. building of the Mordovian University (1935, architect I.I. Plet-nev), House of Councils (1940, architect I.A. Me-er-zon), House of Unions (1957 , architect S.O. Lev-kov), etc.].
Since the 1990s, the following monasteries have been revived: Kazan Klyuchevskaya Tur-ge-nevskaya desert (since 1708, -ro-zh-de-na in 1994; Kazan Church, 1806-1807), Ko-vylyansky Holy Trinity Women's Monastery (since 1875 , re-established in 2000), Chu-farovsky Holy Trinity Convent (since 1885, re-established as a monastery in 1994; cathedral of No-vo-mu-che-ni-kov of the Russians, 1996), Ku-ri-lovsky St. Tikh-Vinsky convent (with 1890, revived in 1995; wooden Tikhvinskaya church, 1997), Kim-lyai Alek-san-d-ro-Nevsky monastery (os -no-van as a nunnery in 1901, revived in 1998).
New mo-na-sty-ri are emerging (Po-kro-vo-Se-li-shchen-sky Saint-Var-so-fi-ev-sky female, founded in 1996, rev. St. Nicholas Church, 1756, Voskresensky Cathedral, 2002-2008; Po-Krovsky Dra-kinsky, founded in 1998, Church of the Intercession, 1843) and the church of St. Se-ra-fi-ma of Sarov-skogo in Ko-vyl-ki-no (1995 year), Ro-zh-de-st-va Bo-go-ro-di-tsy and St. No-bark in Ru-za-ev-ke, Bla-go-ve-schen-skaya in the village. Kom-so-mol-sky (2005), in honor of the Kazan icon of God Ma-te-ri in the village. Impact (2000s); so-bo-ry - St. Fedo-ra Usha-ko-va in Sa-ran-sk (2002-2006), Vos-kre-sen-sky in Kras-no-slo-bod-sk (2006 year).
Among the folk pro-we-words of Mordovia are embroidery, carving. Fronts, on-persons, other de-ta-whether people's housing in the UK-ra-she-ny deaf or saw-cut thread, in which that-swarm of the mo-ti-you of geo-metric and plant or-na-ment-ts. In the 17th - early 20th centuries, iko-no-pi-sa-nie developed (including in Sa-nak-sar-sky, Ko-vy-lyay-sky, Chu-fa-rov -sky, Ku-ri-lov-sky, Pai-garm-sky and other monasteries), wooden sculpture.
In the development of the new visual arts of Mordovia, a significant role was played by the artist K.A. Ma-ka-rov (founded the Sa-ran living school in 1828) and his son I.K. Ma-ka-row. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the self-realization of the sculpture S.D. has become known. Er-zi. In the first half of the 20th century, genre paintings and mouth-to-mouth paintings by F.V. Sych-kov. Since the 1930s in Mordovia, living scribes I.N. Ab-ra-mov, V.A. Be-re-zin, N.V. Erushev, I.I. Sno-val-ni-kov, V.D. Khrymov.
In the middle - second half of the 20th century, in the area of te-ma-ticheskaya ra-ti-ny, ra-bo-ta-li V.A. Pankov, A.A. Ro-dio-nov, N.K. Ros-tov-tsev, I.I. Si-del-ni-kov, F.V. Sych-kov, port-re-ta - V.D. Ilyukhin, E.A. Noz-d-rin, drink-za-zha - V.A. Bed-nov, A.A. Mu-khin, V.A. Pet-re-shov, V.A. Pop-kov, na-tur-mor-ta - P.F. Ryabov. Among the sculptors of Mordovia is M.I. Ne-fe-dov, N.M. Obukhov, E.F. Yashin; graphics in the second half of the 20th century for-ni-ma-lis A.I. Ko-ro-vin, N.D. Kur-du-kov, N.S. Ma-kush-kin, N.A. Fi-li-mo-nov, L.S. Sha-ni-na-Trem-bachev-skaya, M.S. Sha-ning.
The basis of the musical culture of Mordovia is the folklore of the Mordovians, Russians, Tatars and other peoples. The first records and studies of Mordovian musical folklore appeared at the beginning of the 20th century (Finnish music scholar A.O. Väi- Xia-nen, Austrian music-doctor R. Lach), in the 1920s from the first collections of pe-sen. Tra-di-tions of folk music under-keep-zhi-va-yut and pro-pa-gan-di-ru-yut Folk choir s. Ko-che-tov-ka of In-sar-sko-go district (1946), folk song and dance ensemble “Li-to-va” (1955, Sa-ransk), Sta -ro-te-riz-morgue folk folk-lore choir (1957, Star-ro-shai-gov-sky district), folk folk-lore ensemble “Tsyo-kov-ne” " With. Ni-zov-ka Ar-da-tov-sko-go district (1985), en-semble “To-ra-ma” (1990, Saransk), etc.
In the 18th-19th centuries, in the landowners' names there were cre-at-ry theaters, in the Oga-ryo estate exit to the village Old Ak-shi-no Penza province. (now not the Star-shai-gov-sky district of Mordovia) - a Christian orchestra. Kom-po-zi-tor and society. activist V.S. Se-ro-va in 1891 created a Christian opera troupe in the village. Su-do-se-vo (now not Bol-she-be-res-ni-kovsky district), which is a su-sche-st-vo-va-la approx. 10 years. Kom-po-zi-tor and ba-la-la-ech-nick L.I. Voi-nov in 1918 the or-ga-ni-zo-val Tem-ni-kovsky orchestra of Russian folk in-st-ru-men-tov (su-sche-st-vu-et-today- not), singer and choral conductor P.A. Or-ga-nov in the same year - Er-zyan choir in the village. Ichal-ki (now not Ichal-kovsky district), then a large city choir in Sa-ransk. Moscow com-po-zi-to-ry B.M. Tro-shin, M.I. Shower.
The foundations of the national professional music art were established in the 1930s, the first state music institutes were created in Saransk. railway station: musical and dramatic studio (1930), musical technical school (1932, since 1937 musical and dramatic school, since 1944 Sa-ran- Russian Music College, since 1966 named after L.P. Ki-ryu-ko-va). In 1935-1937, the Russian Public Theater of Musical Comedy was in operation, and later there were or- ganizations based on it. ga-ni-zo-va-ny Theater of opera and ba-le-ta (1937-1941, 1943-1948), Mord. music-dra-ma-tich. theater (since 1959), musical comedy theater (1969-1992). In 1943-1948, there was a Mordovian National Opera Studio at the Sa-ra-tov Conservatory. In 1939, the Mordovian choir ka-pel-la was founded, in 1943 - the State Phil-lar-mo-niya (opened until 1963 and since 1978).
The main name of the Mordovian professional com-po-zi-tor school is L.P. Ki-ryu-kov, its main pro-iz-ve-de-niya: music for the drama “Li-to-va” P.S. Ki-ril-lo-va (1943), operas “Ne-sme-yan and Lam-zur” (first mortar opera, in Er-zyan language, 1944), “ Nor-mal-nya" (in Mok-Shan language, or-ke-st-row-ka A.A. Bre-nin-ga, 1962; all - Saransk), aran-zhi-row -ki Mordovian songs (collection from da-na in 1929, 1935, 1948). In his co-chi-ne-ni-yah, as well as in vo-cal-nyh, ho-ro-vyh, in-st-ru-mental pro-iz-ve-de-ni- yah G.I. Su-rae-va-Ko-ro-le-va (also folk-lo-rist, good-ro-voy di-ri-zher), I.V. So-ko-lo-voy - the use of national folklore and reliance on the traditions of Russian classical music. Renewal in the Mordovian professional musical art, which began in the 1960s-1970s, in connection with the strem-le-ni - we are going to expand the genres and vy-ra-zi-tel-opportunities of national music, with the main no modern means of writing.
Among the largest muzzles. com-po-zi-to-drov - G.G. Vdo-vin, author of the can-ta-you “Er-zya” (1976), musical dramas “Ve-ter from Po-ni-zo-vya” (based on the play Ki-ril-lo- va “Li-to-va”, 1981), the opera “Pa-son of fate” (1986; both - Saransk) and other musical stage, symphonic , in-st-ru-mental, vo-cal and good so-chi-ne-ny. In 1967, in Sa-ran-sk, a musical drama was staged based on the national fairy-tale te-ma-ti-ku “No-weight-that-thro-ma” (music- ka K.D. Aki-mo-va, libretto by F.S. Atya-ni-na), in 1990 - the opera-ra-ba-let of the same name (music-ka Aki-mo-va and R.G. Gu-bai-dul-li-na).
The first Mordovian operetta is “Mok-shan-skie dawns” by G.V. Pav-lo-va and Aki-mo-va (1974, Saransk). Since 1955, in Sa-ran-sk ra-bo-ta-lo Ob-e-di-ne-nie com-po-zi-to-rov of Mordovia, in 1982 os-no-van So-yuz com-po -zi-to-drov of Mordovia; Until 1982, some Mordovian muses were included in the Upper Volga organization of the Union of Com-po-zi-to-rov of the RSFSR. In different genres they work: N.N. Mi-tin (suite for the or-ke-st-ra of the people's in-st-ru-men-tov “Tem-ni-kov-skaya”, 1994), N.V. Ko-she-le-va (vocal cycle “Mok-shan songs”, 1975), G.G. Su-ra-ev-Ko-ro-lev (rock opera “What is happiness?”, 1990), S.Ya. Ter-kha-nov (the first ballet in Mordovia “Who are you...”, 1993), M.N. Fo-min (also a good di-ri-zher; the opera “Siya-zhar”, according to mo-ti-you according to the poem of V.K. Ra-dae-va, 1995) and etc. The song has a significant place in the creative work of Mordovia.
At different times ra-bo-ta-li: di-ri-zho-ry - F.P. Va-zer-sky, A.M. Braginsky, M.I. Fro-lovsky, V.T. Shes-to-pa-lov; hor-may-ste-ry - V.A. Kuzin, E.A. Pu-ril-ki-na, V.I. Ro-mash-kin; acquaintance player V.A. Be-lo-klo-kov; singers - I.M. Yau-shev, V.S. Ki-ush-kin, A.V. Yash-nov, E.A. Okho-ti-na, R.M. Bes-pa-lo-va-Ere-mee-va, D.I. Ere-me-ev, V.P. Yakov-lev, L.V. Mi-shan-skaya, M.N. An-to-no-va, I.P. Mya-ki-shev, S.A. Plo-du-hin, S.N. Es-kin. Among the mu-zy-ko-ve-dov: N.I. Bo-yar-kin, N.M. Sit-ni-ko-va, L.B. Bo-yar-ki-na, A.I. Ma-ka-ro-va.
In Sa-ran-sk there are functions: State Musical Theater (1992, created on the basis of the Theater of Musical Comedy; since 1994 named after I. .M. Yau-she-va); in collaboration with the State Philosophical Institute: folk ensemble “Ke-lu” (1963), es-t-rad ensemble of folk songs “Ro- si-chi" (1995); State Ensemble of Song and Dance “Uma-ri-na” (1941, created on the basis of the State Ka-pel-ly); State Chamber Choir (1991); Sa-ran city orchestra of Russian folk in-st-ru-men-tov (1975). Higher musical education gives rise to a musical pedagogical faculty (1986, founded in 1983 as a musical department) Dov-skogo state pedagogical institute named after. M.E. Ev-sev-e-va. Every year the festival “Days of Mor-dovian music” is held (since 1995 “Music spring”).
The theater began to develop professionally in Mordovia in 1930, when in Sa-ransk from the students of self-activity there were la soz-da-na 1st Mordovian musical-dramatic studio (since 1932 Mordovian dramatic theater, since 1959 musical-dramatic, since 1969 drama mathematical, since 1994, State Russian Dramatic Theater of the Republic of Mordovia). The leadership of the Moscow Ma-lo-go theater (1935-1938) was of great importance for the establishment of a new collection of lek-ti-va.
The first Mordovian plays staged on the stage: drama P.S. Ki-ril-lo-va “Li-to-va” (1939) and comedy by V.M. Ko-lo-ma-so-va “Pro-ko-pych” (1940). In Saransk in 1938, on the basis of a self-employed studio, under the guidance of. M N. Ma-ho-ti-noy and L.F. Ma-ho-ti-noy-Mio-ni os-no-van Te-atr ku-kol (ra-bo-tal as a re-mov-noy, in 1979 he received a status-nar - new location), in 1989 - Mordovian State National Drama Theatre.
Significant contribution to the theatrical art of Mordovia outside of: actors and directors K.M. Tya-gu-shev, V.A. Zorin, S.I. Kol-ga-nov, A.A. Ar-zha-dee-va, I.G. Ku-del-ki-na, V.V. Dolgov, D.I. Ere-me-ev, V.P. Akash-kin, L.M. De-ni-so-va, L.P. Bol-sha-kov, A.N. Er-mo-lin; de-te-li te-at-ra ku-kol A.N. Kar-po-va, T.V. Ras-te-ga-ev, L.I. Lyu-Chan, N. Mi-siu-ra, N.A. Bar-min, P.P. Yur-tai-ki-na, V.Ya. Ka-za-chen-ko, N.V. Koch-ne-va, L.A. Si-do-ri-na, etc.
In Sa-ransk, the festival of modern dance “Li-sa” is held every year (since 1998), the Inter-folk festival Russian dramatic theaters “So-ote-che-st-ven-ni-ki” (since 2006).
Additional literature:
Album of ancient Mor-dov-sko-go na-ro-da / Ed. Yu. V. Gauthier, A. I. Yakov-leva. Saransk, 1941;
Essays on the history of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Saransk, 1955-1961. T. 1-2;
Kos-ti-na E.M. Fine-bra-zi-tel-art of the Soviet Mor-do-vii. Saransk, 1958;
Ste-pa-nov P.D. Osh Pan-do. Saransk, 1967;
Ste-pa-nov P.D. An-d-re-ev-sky kur-gan. Saransk, 1980;
Is-to-riya of the Mor-dovian Soviet li-te-ra-tu-ry: In 3 volumes. Saransk, 1968-1974;
Vo-ro-nin I.D. Saran living school. Saransk, 1972;
National singers and com-po-zi-to-ry of Mor-do-vii. Saransk, 1975;
Mok-shin N. F. Ethnic history of the Mordovians (XIX-XX centuries). Saransk, 1977;
History of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Saransk, 1979-1981. T. 1-2;
Ka-ta-log of the memory of the history and culture of the Mor-dovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Saransk, 1979;
Shi-ba-kov N.I. De-re-vyan-naya sculpture of Mord-you. Saransk, 1980;
Pa-myat-ni-ki mor-dov-sko-go na-rod-no-go mu-zy-kal-no-go art-kus-st-va: In 3 volumes. Sa-ransk, 1982-1988;
Aleshkin A.V. The epic poetry of the young people of the Volga region. Saransk, 1983;
Fine-bra-zi-tel-art-art of Mor-do-vii. M., 1985;
Mor-do-via: national art. Saransk, 1985;
Bo-yar-kin N.I. The establishment of Mor-Dovian pro-fessional music. Saransk, 1986;
Geography of the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Saransk, 1986;
Ka-li-ti-na N.P. Essays about the Mordovian music-cal-te-at-re. Saransk, 1986;
Folklore in the creative work of Mor-dovian pi-sa-te-leys and com-po-zi-to-rov. Saransk, 1986;
De-vyat-kin G.S. Mordovian story. Saransk, 1987;
Is-to-riya of the Soviet-of-the-s-kre-st-yan-st-va of Mor-do-vii. Saransk, 1987-1989. Part 1-2;
Te-re-khin A.F., Te-re-kin I.S. Dos-to-pri-cha-tel-no-sti Mor-do-vii. Saransk, 1989;
Shche-ti-ni-na A.S. Soils of Mor-do-vii. Saransk, 1990;
Contemporary Mor-dovian li-te-ra-tu-ra, 60-80s: At 2 o'clock Saransk, 1991-1993;
Cher-nov E.I. Dra-ma-tur-gi Mor-do-vii. Saransk, 1991;
Luz-gin A.S. Pro-thoughts of Mor-do-vii. Saransk, 1993;
Folklore and modern spiritual culture of the Finnish-Ugric. Saransk, 1993;
Bryzhinsky A.I. Processes of the gen-ro-th development of Mor-dovian prose. Saransk, 1995;
Yur-chen-kov V.A. View from the outside. The Mordovian people and region in the co-chi-ne-ni-yah of the Western-European authors of the VI-XVIII centuries. Saransk, 1995;
Yur-chen-kov V.A. Mordovian people: milestones of history. Saransk, 2007;
Particularly oh-ra-nya-my natural territories of Mor-do-vii. Saransk, 1997;
Ma-kha-ev V.B., Mer-ku-lov A.I. Ar-hi-tech-tour-naya is-to-ria of the Mor-dov-skogo region. Ru-za-ev-ka, 1998;
Yamash-kin A.A. Phy-zi-ko-geo-gra-fi-che-us-lo-viya and landscapes of Mor-do-vii. Saransk, 1998;
Yamash-kin A.A. Geo-ecological analysis of the process of managing the landscapes of Mor-do-vii. Saransk, 2001;
Water resources of the Republic of Mordovia and geo-ecological problems of their islands. Saransk, 1999;
Bakh-mustov S.B. Mo-na-sty-ri Mor-do-vii. Saransk, 2000;
Vikh-lya-ev V.I. About the origin of the ancient Mordovian culture. Saransk, 2000;
Geo-ecological-logy of villages of the Republic of Publ-ki of Mor-do-via / Na-uch. ed. and comp. A. A. Yamashkin. Saransk, 2001;
Saran diocese, 1991-2001. Saransk, 2001;
Mok-sher-zyan li-te-ra-tu-ran an-to-lo-gia: XVIII-XX century. Saransk, 2003;
The right-glorious Mor-do-via in faces. Saransk, 2003-2009. Vol. 1-6;
Mor-do-via in the period of the Great Father's war. 1941-1945 Saransk, 2005. T. 1-2;
Ko-ni-chen-ko Zh.D., Yur-chen-kov V.A. On po-ro-ge re-form: general-st-ven-no-po-li-ti-che-skaya life in Mordovia in the first half of the 1990s. Saransk, 2006;
Ma-kha-ev V.B. Res-pub-li-ka Mor-do-viya - recreation and tourism. Saransk, 2006;
Mor-dov-ce-ment: half a century of stabil-no-sti, 1956-2006. Saransk, 2006;
Petersburgsky I.M., Ak-senov V.N. Vad Mord-va in the VIII-XI centuries. Saransk, 2006;
Sports Mor-do-via: popular en-cyclo-pedia. Saransk, 2007;
Fe-do-see-va E.A. Book forms of Mor-dov's heroic epic: emergence and evolution. Saransk, 2007;
Archeo-logia of the Mordovian region: Stone Age, Bronze Age. Saransk, 2008;
Lom-shin V.A. Kre-st-yan-st-vo and the power of Mor-do-vii in the subsequent period (1946 - mid-1950s). Saransk, 2008;
Bi-ryu-ko-va O.I. Form-mi-ro-va-nie hu-do-st-ven-nyh traditions of the Mor-dov-skaya li-te-ra-tu-ry in the con-tex-ste so-ci-al -new and historical problems of the end of the 19th - first third of the 20th centuries. Saransk, 2009;
Gr-sha-kov V.V., Zubov S.E. An-d-re-ev-sky kur-gan in the system of ar-heo-lo-gi-che-cultural cultural wounds -not the same century in Eastern Europe. Kazan, 2009;
Ah-medov I.R. "Svev" from Mor-do-via. To the study of cultural relations in the Volga Finns in the 3rd century. n. e. // Russian ar-heo-logia. 2010. No. 1;
Art-art of Mor-do-vii. Bio-bib-lio-gra-fi-che-skiy reference book / Comp. O.V. Pa-shu-ti-na. Saransk, 1973;
Bryzhinsky A.I., Pa-shu-ti-na O.V., Cher-nov E.I. Pi-sa-te-li Mor-do-vii: bio-bib-lio-gra- fi-che-sky decree. Saransk, 2001.
