In the article we will talk about climate Eastern Siberia. This is a very large region with its own natural laws. We will try to examine individual territories in detail in order to form a comprehensive opinion.
Eastern Siberia includes the Asian part of Russia, starting from the Yenisei to the watershed ridge, which runs along Pacific Ocean. Note that the population in large cities of Siberia has grown very quickly over the past century. The area of the territory is 7.2 million km. Largest cities are Krasnoyarsk, Chita, Yakutsk, Bratsk, Norilsk, Irkutsk and Ulan-Ude. The taiga type of vegetation predominates here.
It should be said that the climate of Eastern Siberia is quite moderate. It is continental, sharply continental, moderately continental, steppe and foothill. At the same time, we will talk about the climate in specific areas below. Note that there is much less precipitation here than in many western regions of the country. The snow cover is most often not too heavy, but permafrost is common in the north. In the northern regions, winter is very cold and long, and temperatures sometimes reach -50 °C. In the south, summers are very hot and long, temperatures are quite high.
This city is considered the largest in this region. The climate type in Eastern Siberia is sharply continental. Territory Krasnoyarsk Territory extends from the Arctic Ocean to mountain ranges Southern Siberia. This region is distinguished by the fact that it is very rich and diverse Natural resources and conditions. In this vast territory, researchers distinguish as many as 2 climatic zones, namely the Arctic and subarctic. Within each of them there are some changes against the general background of the nature of Eastern Siberia. The Western and Eastern climatic regions, the border of which intersects with the Yenisei River valley, are especially distinguished.
The northern part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is characterized by a very harsh climate. It's winter here almost all year round. The central part has a flat terrain with fertile soils. The territory is typically hot, but short summer and protracted Cold winter. The temperature changes here very quickly. In the south of the region they celebrate warm summer and moderate snowy winter. There are many healing springs and lakes, thanks to which the construction of resorts, recreation centers and sanatoriums is developing. Interestingly, in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, winter begins in September. The coldest months are December, January and February, as at this time the average daily temperature is -36 °C.
Features of the climate of Eastern Siberia in the Krasnoyarsk Territory are that frosty weather sets in against a background of very strong winds. Note that Norilsk is considered one of the coldest cities in the world. Permanent snow cover forms already in October. Spring in the northern part begins only at the end of May, when the snow actively melts. In the central and southern regions, spring begins in April. It is quite cold and can sometimes be accompanied by snow. The amount of precipitation increases, but nature comes to life.
The Krasnoyarsk region has unique natural conditions. You can relax here both actively and passively. It's best to go here in summer period, if you are not adapted to the cold. All year round There are sanatoriums and recreation centers that provide all conditions.
We have already learned what type of climate is typical for Eastern Siberia, since we have decided on three main directions.
The Republic of Khakassia has a sharply continental climate. Note that this territory is located almost in the center of Asia. There are also two reservoirs here - Sayano-Shushenskoye and Krasnoyarsk. They slightly soften the climate of the area. Khakassia has long and frosty winters, and summers are too short and warm. Due to the fact that the area is quite open, a lot of arctic air enters here. At the same time, the Republic of Khakassia is considered a rather sunny region. Indeed, there are the most sunny days here. On average there are more than 200 of them per year.
Winter begins in early November. It is not characterized by heavy snowfalls, although sometimes there are strong snowstorms. Ice is not typical for this area. The coldest month is January. Spring begins in early April, as the snow melts at this time. IN spring time There are very strong winds. In May, all nature wakes up and the temperature can even rise to + 18 °C. Summers are generally warm, but are characterized by some hot spells. July is considered the hottest month, as the average daily temperature can reach +25 °C. In August the temperature drops slightly. Autumn begins in early September, during which time dry weather prevails. At the same time, the night temperature drops quite quickly. The climate is characterized by the fact that there is very little rainfall here, and it is quite uneven. Strong winds occur throughout the year. Khakassia is ideal place for lovers of active recreation. There is high mountains, forests, virgin rivers. It is best to visit this area in warm time year, because then you can enjoy all the beauties. The worst time to visit Khakassia is autumn period, since at this time the weather is most unstable and rainy.
The type of climate of Eastern Siberia that we will consider now is characteristic of the Republic of Tyva. Here it is sharply continental. This small area is diverse natural conditions. The peculiarities of the climate of North-Eastern Siberia in this region are that it combines two natural zones, namely the vast dry Asian deserts and the South Siberian forest. Dry periods occur very often. Winter here begins in early November and lasts for five whole months. Usually it is not windy and frosty. Little snow falls. The coldest month is January. Spring begins in early April and lasts only two months. The snow disappears completely only in the middle of the month. Summer begins in June and lasts just over 80 days. It is warm and dry, sometimes even hot. However, in mountainous areas the summer period is short and cool.
It is believed that this is the area with the greatest number of sunny days. Lake Baikal has a huge influence on the climate of Eastern Siberia. It’s interesting that the number of warm days a year is not inferior even to Crimea. Winter begins at the end of October and is characterized by clear and calm weather. At the same time, high atmospheric pressure is observed. In winter, snow does not fall for a very long time, which is why the soil freezes. The coldest month is January. Wherein winter period characterized by frequent precipitation. Spring begins in early April and lasts only 30 days. At this time, nature awakens and comes to life. The number is increasing solar energy and the air temperature rises. Summer begins at the end of May. It is characterized by low pressure and short length. Autumn begins at the end of August. It is characterized by sharp temperature fluctuations during the day and early frosts. The distribution of precipitation in the Irkutsk region is very uneven. It is best to go here on vacation in the summer months, as you will have the opportunity to see many of the natural beauties of Lake Baikal.
What is the climate of Eastern Siberia in this area? Here, too, a sharply continental climate type prevails. Unique natural conditions have formed due to the remoteness of the territory from the seas and oceans. The climate is very heterogeneous and is characterized by large fluctuations in air temperature. Winters here are cold, summers are very hot. The cold season begins in November. It is characterized by low temperatures, little snow and dry conditions. Partly cloudy and clear weather prevails, precipitation is minimal. The lowest temperatures are recorded in basins and river valleys, but the area near Lake Baikal is a real heat accumulator. Winter lasts almost 5 months, spring begins in April. It is characterized by windiness and coolness. Summer begins in June, but it is quite short and hot. However, it is still cool at night. Heavy rainfall occurs in July and August. Autumn begins already in the last days of August. It comes on very gradually. The air temperature drops and the amount of precipitation increases. It is best to go here in the warm season. Buryatia is the most beautiful region of Eastern Siberia, which is why it is worth seeing with your own eyes how unrivaled it is.
What climate is typical for Eastern Siberia in the Trans-Baikal Territory? It is also sharply continental. The territory is unevenly removed from the oceans. The weather is frosty throughout the year and there are few winds. The cold begins at the end of October. Winter lasts more than 6 months. The peculiarity of this region is that there is practically no wind. February and March are the least frosty months. Spring comes in the first ten days of April. It is quite short and very windy. It is also characterized by severe frosts at night. Storms occur very often here, especially in the eastern part. Summer begins in June and lasts only two and a half months. But it is quite hot, which causes fires very often. First autumn days arrive at the beginning of September. This period is relatively short and moderately important. Frosts are recorded at night, but in general the weather is quite warm, dry and cozy.
Climate. The climate of North-East Siberia is sharply continental. Its formation is influenced by many factors. The large extent of the territory from north to south between 73 and 55° N latitude. predetermines the uneven arrival of solar heat: a large amount of solar insolation in summer and its almost complete absence in most of the territory in winter. The structure of the relief and the cold water areas surrounding the territory determine the free penetration of cold continental Arctic air masses of the Arctic Ocean. Temperate sea air comes from the Pacific Ocean, bringing the bulk of precipitation, but its supply to the territory is limited to the coastal ridges. The climate is influenced by the Asian maximum, the Aleutian minimum, as well as circulation processes on the Arctic front.
The Northeast is located in three latitudinal climatic zones: arctic, subarctic and temperate. Most of the territory is located in the subarctic zone.
The harsh winter of Northeast Siberia lasts about seven months. North of the Arctic Circle the polar night begins. On the Arctic coast it lasts from mid-November to the end of January. At this time, the Arctic Northeast does not receive solar heat, and south of the Arctic Circle the sun is low on the horizon and sends out little heat and light, so the radiation balance is negative from October to March.
The Northeast cools greatly in winter, and an area of high pressure forms there, which is the northeastern spur of the Asian High. The mountainous terrain also contributes to strong cooling of the area. Cold and dry arctic air is formed here. The Arctic front passes along the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. Therefore, the anticyclonic type of weather with a predominance of calms and very low temperatures is typical for intermountain basins and valleys. Isotherms of the coldest month -40...-45°C outline many intermountain basins. In the areas of Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon average temperature January is about -50°C. The absolute minimum temperature reaches -7°C in Oymyakon, and -68°C in Verkhoyansk. The interior regions of the Northeast are characterized by temperature inversions. For every 100 m rise, winter temperatures here increase by 2°C. For example, in the basin of the upper part of the Indigirka on the Oymya-Konsky highlands and on the adjacent slope of the Sun-tar-Khayata ridge, the average January temperature at an altitude of 777 m is -48 ° C, at an altitude of 1350 m - 36.7 ° C, and at at an altitude of 1700 m - only - 29.5°C.
To the east of the Omolon Valley, winter temperatures increase: an isotherm of -20°C passes through the eastern part of the Chukotka Peninsula. On the coastal plains it is warmer in winter than in the Verkhoyansk area, by about 12-13°C. In the mountains, tundra and on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, low temperatures are combined with strong winds. Cyclonic activity manifests itself on the Okhotsk coast and Chukotka in connection with the development of the Arctic front.
In the interior regions of the Northeast, all types of frosty weather form in winter, but weather with increased frostiness (hard, severe and extremely frosty) predominates. On the coast, moderate to significantly frosty weather is more common. The cold and windy weather that characterizes these areas creates significant winter severity in coastal areas.
Stable snow cover lasts 220-260 days, its height is about 30 cm on the coast of the Laptev Sea and in the Verkhoyansk region; to the east and south it increases to 60-70 cm, on the windward slopes of the mountains of the Okhotsk-Chukchi arc it reaches 1-1.5 m. During the period of maximum snow accumulation (March - April), avalanches occur in all mountains. Areas with significant avalanche danger include the Verkhoyansk and Chersky mountain systems. There, avalanches are widespread in many places and occur year-round. Favorable conditions Avalanches are triggered by a sufficient amount of precipitation in the mountains and its redistribution under the influence of the strong eastern spur of the Asian High. The mountainous terrain also contributes to strong cooling of the area. Cold and dry arctic air is formed here. The Arctic front passes along the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. Therefore, the anticyclonic type of weather with a predominance of calms and very low temperatures is typical for intermountain basins and valleys. Isotherms of the coldest month -40...-45°C outline many intermountain basins. In the areas of Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon, the average January temperature is about -50°C. The absolute minimum temperature reaches -7°C in Oymyakon, and -68°C in Verkhoyansk. The interior regions of the Northeast are characterized by temperature inversions. For every 100 m rise, winter temperatures here increase by 2°C. For example, in the basin of the upper part of the Indigirka on the Oymyakonsky highlands and on the adjacent slope of the Suntar-Khayata ridge, the average January temperature at an altitude of 777 m is -48 ° C, at an altitude of 1350 m it is 36.7 ° C, and at an altitude of 1700 m - total - 29.5°C.
In summer, solar heat gain increases. The territory is filled mainly with continental air of temperate latitudes. The Arctic front passes over the northern coastal lowlands. Summer in most of the territory is moderately cool, but in the tundra it is cloudy and cold, with a very short frost-free period. In the mountains from an altitude of 1000-1200 m there is no frost-free period, strong winds prevail and temporary snow cover can form during all summer months. The average July temperature in most of the territory is about 10°C, in Verkhoyansk 15°C. However, on some days the temperature can rise in the internal intermountain basins to 35°C. When arctic air masses invade warm weather may be replaced by cold snaps, and then the average daily temperature drops below 10°C. In the coastal lowlands, summers are cooler than in inland areas. The weather is changeable, with strong winds. The sum of active temperatures reaches a maximum in the basins, but is only 600-800°C.
The following types of weather are typical for the summer period: cloudy and rainy, with daytime cloudiness and strong heating of the underlying surface; with night clouds (typical for coastal areas). In July, partly cloudy, dry weather occurs in the basins for up to 10-12 days. Many mountainous regions are characterized by frosty weather during advective cooling.
Summer precipitation is highly variable from year to year. There are dry years and wet and rainy years. Thus, in Verkhoyansk, over 40 years of observations, the minimum amount of precipitation was 3 mm, and the maximum was 60-80 mm.
The distribution of annual precipitation over the territory is determined by atmospheric circulation and relief. In the Pacific Ocean basin, a lot of precipitation falls when southern and southeastern air currents predominate. Therefore, the largest amount of them (up to 700 mm per year) is received by the eastern slopes of the mountains of the Taygonos Peninsula and the southern slopes of the Okhotsk-Kolyma watershed. In the Arctic Ocean basin, precipitation falls with the arrival of northwestern air masses.
The western slopes of the Verkhoyansk mountain system and Suntar-Khayat receive the greatest amount of them (718 mm at an altitude of 2063 m), in the mountain system of the Chersky ridge - 500-400 mm. Intermountain basins and plateaus, as well as the coast of the East Siberian Sea, receive the least amount of precipitation per year - about 200 mm (in Oymyakon - 179 mm). Maximum precipitation occurs during the short warm period of the year - July and August.
Inland waters. Rivers from the Northeast flow into the Arctic and Pacific oceans. The watershed between them runs along the Dzhugdzhur, Suntar-Khayata ridges, the Kolyma Plateau, the Anadyr Plateau and the Chukotka Plateau, therefore, the watershed is close to the Pacific Ocean. The largest rivers - Kolyma and Indigirka - flow into the East Siberian Sea.
The Kolyma River begins on the slopes of the southern ridges of the Chersky mountain system, has a length of 2130 km and a basin area of about 643 thousand km 2. Its main tributary, the Omolon River, is 1114 km long. Flood of the rivers of the entire basin occurs in June, which is associated with melting snow. The water level at this time is high, since much more snow falls in its basin than in the Yana and Indigirka basins. High level partly due to ice jams. The formation of powerful floods is associated with heavy rains, especially in early summer. The river's winter flow is insignificant. Average annual consumption water is 4100 m3/s.
The Indigirka River originates on the slopes of the Suntar-Khayata ridge, flows through the Oymyakon Highlands, cuts through the Chersky mountain system through deep gorges and emerges into the Momo-Selen-nyakh depression. There it receives a large tributary - the Moma River and, bending around the Momsky ridge, comes out to the Aby lowland, and then to the Yano-Indigirsky lowland. The length of the river is 1726 km, the basin area is about 360 thousand km 2. Its main tributaries are the Seleniyakh and Moma rivers. Indigirka is fed by snow and rainwater, melting snowfields and glaciers. The rise of water and the main flow (about 85%) occurs in spring and summer. In winter, the river has low water and in some places on the plain it freezes to the bottom. The average annual flow is 1850 m3/s.
The Yana River begins in the Verkhoyansk Mountains and flows into the Laptev Sea. Its length is 879 km, the basin area is 238 thousand km 2. In some places it flows through wide ancient valleys filled with alluvium. There are outcrops of fossil ice in the coastal cliffs. Ice intrusions - hydrolaccoliths - are widespread in lacustrine-alluvial deposits. The spring flood is weakly expressed, since an insignificant amount of snow falls in the Yana basin. Floods usually occur in the summer when it rains. The average annual water flow is about 1000 m 3 /s.
The Kolyma, Indigirka and Yana rivers at their confluence form vast low-lying swampy deltas with numerous small lakes. In deltas at shallow depths from the surface lie buried ice. The area of the Yana delta is 528 km2, the Indigirka delta is 7700 km2. In the mountains, rivers have predominantly narrow valleys, fast currents, and rapids. In the lower reaches, all the valleys are wide, the rivers flow through vast swampy lake lowlands.
The rivers of the Northeast freeze in October and open in late May - early June. The water temperature reaches 10°C, but in places in June-August it can rise to 20°C. In many areas in the lower reaches of the river, they freeze to the bottom in winter. An interesting and important feature of the winter regime of the rivers of the North-East is the widespread distribution of aufeis (in Yakut - taryns).
Ice dam is a complex, complex geographical concept. It develops under a combination of hydrological, climatic, permafrost and other conditions. But the ice itself influences the morphology, the nature of sediments, the microclimate and vegetation of the valley, and also creates its own natural complex. The first researchers of aufeis on the rivers of the Northeast were N.G. Magnitsky (1851) A.F. Middendorf, G.L. Maydel, I.D. Chersky et al.
The ice dams in the Northeast are among the largest in the world. Some of them occupy areas of more than 100 km2. Their formation occurs most intensively in tectonically mobile areas, where they are associated with places of rock disturbances caused by faults. Ice deposits grow throughout the winter, filling river beds and floodplains, especially in the mountainous areas of the Yana, Indigirka and Kolyma basins. The largest of them, the Mom-skaya naledi, is located on the Moma River and has an area of 150 km 2. Almost all large ground ice dams are fed by sub-permafrost waters emerging along tectonic fault lines. Powerful rising springs in places of tectonic fracturing overcome the cooled layer of soil, come to the surface, form ice and feed them all winter, even in frosts of 40°C and below. In summer, large ice fields persist for a long time, and some remain into the next winter.
A large amount of water is concentrated in the aufeis, which flows into the rivers in the summer and is an additional source of their nutrition. In winter, polynyas form on some mountain rivers. Their occurrence is also associated with the release of warm sub-permafrost waters. Fogs appear above them and ice and frost forms. Sources of sub-permafrost waters have, especially in winter, a large practical significance for water supply to the population and mining industry.
All large rivers of the North-East in the lower reaches are navigable: the Kolyma - from the mouth of the Bakhapchi River (the village of Sinegorye), the Indigirka - below the mouth of the Moma River, and along the Yana, ships go from Verkhoyansk. The duration of navigation on them is 110-120 days. The rivers are rich in valuable species of fish - nelma, muksun, whitefish, sturgeon, grayling, etc.
Lakes. In the lowlands, especially in the lower reaches of the Yana, Indigirka, Alazeya and Kolyma, there are a lot of lakes and swamps. Most lake basins are of thermokarst origin. They are associated with the thawing of permafrost and underground ice. The lakes freeze in September - early October and are covered during the long winter. powerful ice(up to 2-3 m), which leads to frequent formation of kills and death of ichthyofauna. Ice melts in May and early June, and floating ice on large lakes they also occur in July.
Siberia is a huge picturesque territory that occupies more than 60% of the area of all of Russia. It lies in three climatic zones (temperate, subarctic and arctic), so natural conditions and weather differ markedly in different regions of the Federation. This article describes only general information and climate features of the region.
Western Siberia stretches from the Ural Mountains to the Yenisei River. More than half of its territory is occupied by West Siberian Plain. The climate in this area is continental.
Climate features are formed from indicators of weather regimes of all subjects Russian Federation located in this part of Siberia. Completely in the open spaces Western Siberia lie Trans-Urals, Omsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk and Tomsk regions, as well as Altai region and the Republic of Khakassia. Partially included here are the Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen and Orenburg regions, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Republic of Bashkortostan, as well as the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
The climate of Siberia in its western part is not influenced by Atlantic air masses, since this territory is well protected by the Ural Mountains.
From April to September, Western Siberia is dominated by winds blowing from the Arctic Ocean and the east. Arctic cyclones come in the form of cyclones and anticyclones, bringing with them coolness.
Dry Asian winds blow from the south and southwest (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan) and bring clear and frosty weather in cold weather.
The weather in Siberia is stable, so average annual precipitation rarely changes in one direction or another. Approximately 300-600 mm of atmospheric moisture falls per year, with most of it occurring in summer and autumn. This is precipitation in the form of rain. About 100 mm of snow falls almost throughout Western Siberia. Of course, this is an average. For example, in autonomous okrugs snow cover reaches a level of 60-80 cm. In comparison, in Omsk region this mark barely reaches 40 cm.
The peculiarities of the climate of Siberia in its western part are that most of the territories there are occupied by swamps. They have a huge impact on air humidity, which entails a reduction in the influence of the continental climate.
Winter in the north of Western Siberia lasts about nine months, in the center - about seven. The south was a little luckier, there climate winter reigns for five months. These calculations are directly related to the average air temperature in each region. Thus, the southern part of Western Siberia has an average winter temperature of -16°C, and the northern part - -30°C.
Summer is also not pleasant for these regions, since the average temperature ranges from +1°C (in the north) to +20°C (in the south).
The lowest temperature on the thermometer was recorded at -62 °C in the valley
It is located on the territory from the Yenisei to the watershed ridges of the Pacific Ocean. Features are determined by its position in the temperate and cold zone. That is why it can be described as harsh and dry. Unlike Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia is sharply continental.
Of great importance for natural conditions is the fact that Eastern Siberia is located mainly in elevated and mountainous areas. There are no swamps here, and lowlands are sparse.
The following regions are located in its vastness: Krasnoyarsk and Transbaikal territories, the republics of Yakutia, Tuva, Buryatia, as well as the Irkutsk region. Siberia (Russia) in this part of it is quite harsh, even unpredictable.
IN winter time in Eastern Siberia the south dominates, bringing with it anticyclones from Asia. The result is the establishment of clear and frosty weather.
In spring and summer, dry Asian air also prevails in Eastern Siberia, but despite this, southern winds often replace air masses from the east carried by sea winds from the Pacific Ocean. And the cold Arctic air is brought here by the northern ones.
The weather in Siberia has decreed that precipitation is distributed unevenly over the area of Eastern Siberia. The smallest number is in Yakutia: only 250-300 mm per year in almost all areas of the republic. is something of a record holder. It accounts for the greatest amount of precipitation: from 600-800 mm (west) to 400-500 mm (east). In the rest of Eastern Siberia, the annual amount of moisture that falls is 300-500 mm.
Extremely cold temperatures in Eastern Siberia are winter months. The temperature amplitude changes sharply depending on the transition of the continental climate in the west to the sharply continental climate of Siberia in the east. If in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory the average temperature in the second month of winter is about -18°C, then further north it drops to -28°C, and near the city of Tura it even reaches -36°C.
The north-west of Eastern Siberia has an average January temperature of about -30°C, and on the way to Norilsk and further east it drops to -38°C. Northern Yakutia, which has an extremely low average temperature of -50°C, set the record in 1916, when the thermometer showed -82°C.
In the south and southwest the frosts are noticeably weakening. In Yakutsk itself this is almost unnoticeable, but in the Trans-Baikal Territory and Buryatia the average January temperature rises to -24...-28°C.
The average temperature of the warmest month of the year varies from +1...+7°C in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Republic of Yakutia to +8...+14°C in the central part and to +15...+18°C in southern. The zone of mountain ranges and hills, characteristic of such regions as the Irkutsk region, Buryatia, and Trans-Baikal Territory, causes uneven distribution of heat. Thus, significant differences appear in the average monthly temperatures of the spring-summer period. On average, in July the thermometer stops at +13 to +17°C. But in some places the temperature range can be much greater.
Siberia (Russia) in its eastern part is characterized by a cold climate. Winter lasts from 5-6 months (Baikal region) to 7-8 months (the center of Yakutia and the Krasnoyarsk Territory). In the far north it is almost impossible to wait for summer, since winter reigns there for about 11 months. In the central and southern parts of Eastern Siberia, the warm season (including spring and autumn) lasts from 1.5-2 to 4 months.
The northern regions are located in the Arctic and subarctic zones. The territory of the Arctic deserts is full of glaciers and impassable snow. It is impossible to find virtually any vegetation there. The only oases in this icy kingdom are mosses and lichens that can withstand low temperature fluctuations.
The climate of Siberia in this part is greatly influenced by albedo. Constantly reflected from the surface of the snow and the edge of the ice Sun rays, i.e. heat is repelled.
Despite the fact that the average annual precipitation is small (about 400 mm), the soil is saturated with moisture and snow very deeply and freezes.
The severity is aggravated by terrible hurricanes and snowstorms, which sweep across the entire territory at great speed and leave behind trails of giant snow drifts.
Also, this part of Siberia is characterized by frequent fogs in summer time year, as ocean water evaporates from its surface.
During the summer, the earth does not have time to warm up, and the snow melts very slowly, because the average temperature ranges from 0 to +3°C.
Here you can see such unusual natural phenomena like the polar night and the northern lights.
Surprisingly, more than 60% of Russia's area is occupied by permafrost. This is mainly the area of Eastern Siberia and Transbaikalia.
Permafrost is characterized by the fact that the ground never thaws completely. In some places it is frozen a thousand meters down. In Yakutia, a record was recorded for the depth of permafrost - 1370 meters.
In Russia, it has its own dungeon, where you can see this amazing phenomenon.
The mountainous terrain located in Southern Siberia caused the contrast in climate.
Continentality increases to the east, where precipitation is abundant on the slopes. It is because of them that the numerous snows and glaciers of Western Altai are so widespread.
In winter, the climate of Siberia in this part is characterized by cloudless, sunny weather with low temperatures. Summer is cool and short everywhere, only in the intermountain basins it can be dry and hot (the average temperature in July is about +20 o C).
It is very interesting to answer the question of how the oceans influence the climate of Southern Siberia. Despite the fact that Russia does not have direct contact with the Atlantic Ocean, it is it that has the greatest impact on the climate of this territory of the country. Southern Siberia it brings heavy snowfalls and at the same time a decrease in frost and thaw.
The climate of the Siberian part of Russia is quite harsh, but this fact does not prevent it from being the heart of our country.
*What climate zones is the region located in? Remember distinctive features sharply continental climate in comparison with maritime and moderate continental.
The region is located in the Arctic, subarctic and temperate climate zones. The sharply continental climate is characterized by dryness, high summer temperatures, severe frosts in winter, with a large annual temperature range.
*Use the map to determine where the boundary of the continuous distribution of permafrost lies in Eastern Siberia.
The border runs along the Yenisei, along the slopes of the Western Sayan, Tuva and Altai to the border with Kazakhstan.
1. Prove that Eastern Siberia is a territory with a pronounced, classic sharply continental climate.
The continental climate is manifested in the large amplitude of winter and summer temperatures (it reaches 50°, and in Eastern Yakutia - 100°), as well as in sharp temperature fluctuations during the day and in relatively small quantity precipitation. Precipitation occurs mainly in July and August.
2. Using textbook data, determine which climatic record holders of Russia are located in Eastern Siberia.
The largest temperature difference is observed in the area of the “pole of cold” in Yakutia (Russia. The coldest winter is in the Republic of Sakha (-500C). The coldest summer is on the northern coast of Siberia.
3. Explain the reasons for the severity of the climate of Eastern Siberia.
The severity of the climate of Eastern Siberia is explained by central position on the mainland, location in high latitudes, distance from the Atlantic coast, the presence of orographic obstacles to the path of air masses from the Pacific Ocean, significant elevation changes.
