In the literature devoted to the results of the 2nd World War, various figures of losses suffered by the peoples of one or another country participating in this war were reported. But little is said about them, although the main losses were from the Russians and Germans.
With the beginning of the notorious perestroika, and especially in recent times, more and more often the emphasis is on the loss of Jews, although not only not a single Jewish division, but even a company participated in the hostilities either from Germany or from Russia.
In this regard, it suffices to recall that on the Soviet-German front, Czechoslovak corps, Polish division, French squadron "Normandie-Niemen".
World Jewry, or as it was then called "international" did not form a single Jewish military unit. Having unleashed a war, it watched the unfolding events in anticipation of “who will take it”. In order to strike at exhausted opponents and seize the wealth of both the winner and the vanquished. This policy has paid off. First, they gutted Germany, and now they are gutting Russia, taking out not only oil, gas, timber, gold, diamonds, but even land from the black earth regions of Russia.
It is claimed that the loss of Jews in the 2nd World War amounted to 6 million human.
According to the new Jewish terminology that appeared in the press during the years of perestroika and came to us from the USA, this is called the “Holocaust”.
For anyone uninitiated in this story, the question arises: where did this figure come from - 6 million, and not 3 or 4 million?
After all, there is still no documentary evidence confirming such colossal losses of Jews!
There was also no commission that, out of the whole mass of people of other nationalities who died during the war, would identify only Jews and scrupulously, by surname, would count them.
Moreover, not all the same 6 million Jews were killed in gas chambers, hanged or shot! Some still part died of natural causes, like other prisoners.
It is unlikely that the number of Jews imprisoned in German concentration camps exceeded the number of prisoners in other countries combined.
It is also unlikely that among those driven by the Germans for forced labor in Germany, there were more Jews than others.
So, there is already reason to doubt this figure.
In search of 6 million victims of the Holocaust, I decided to look through the 1945 Pravda newspaper. In the published orders of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief I. V. Stalin, the settlements liberated or taken by the troops of one or another front were reported. In the offensive zone of our troops in Poland, there were well-known German concentration camps, but not a word about them.
On January 18, Warsaw was liberated, and on January 27, Soviet troops entered Auschwitz. An editorial in Pravda dated January 28 entitled “The Great Offensive of the Red Army” reported: “During the January offensive, Soviet troops occupied 25,000 settlements, including liberated about 19,000 Polish towns and villages.” If Auschwitz was a city (as indicated in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia) or a large settlement, then why were there no reports about it in the Sovinformburo reports for January 1945? If such a massive extermination of Jews had really been recorded in Auschwitz, then the newspapers of the whole world, and the Soviet ones in the first place, would have reported such monstrous atrocities of the Germans.
Moreover, the first deputy head of the Sovinformburo at that time was a Jew, Solomon Abramovich Lozovsky.
But the newspapers were silent.
Only on February 2, 1945, the first article about Auschwitz flashed in Pravda under the title “Death Plant in Auschwitz”. Its author, Pravda's correspondent during the war, was a Jew, Boris Polevoy.
There is a well-known rule for all journalists - to write the truth about what they see. But this rule did not apply to the Jew B. Polevoy (real name Kampov), he lied: “The Germans in Auschwitz covered up the traces of their crimes. They blew up and destroyed traces of the electric conveyor, where hundreds of people were simultaneously killed by electric current.” Even if no traces are found, then electric conveyor had to be invented. In the documents of the Nuremberg trials, the use of electric conveyors by the Germans was not confirmed.
Keep on fantasizing B. Field imperceptibly, as if casually, in passing, threw in the text and gas chambers: “Special mobile devices for killing children have been taken to the rear. The gas chambers on the east side of the camp have been rebuilt with turrets and architectural decorations to make them look like garages.”. How B. Polevoy (not an engineer) was able to guess that there were gas chambers instead of garages is unknown. And when the Germans managed to rebuild the gas chambers into garages, if according to the testimony of other "eyewitnesses" - Jews, the gas chambers worked continuously, until the arrival of Soviet troops in Auschwitz.
So for the first time thanks to B. Polevoy, began to be mentioned in the Soviet press gas chambers.
The task that B. Polevoi set (as did his fellow tribesman Ilya Ehrenburg, by the way) is quite obvious - to increase the readers' hatred of the Germans: “But the worst thing for the prisoners of Auschwitz was not death itself. German sadists, before killing the prisoners, starved them to death and cold, 18-hour work, brutal punishments. They showed me the leather-covered steel bars used to beat the prisoners.”. Why should steel bars be “upholstered” with leather, to anyone who read this note by B. Polevoy almost sixty years ago, just not clear.
Further, B. Polevoy fantasizes, not limited to gas chambers and electric conveyors, in order to further show the bestial appearance of the Germans, he listed: “I saw massive rubber batons, with the handle of which the prisoners were beaten on the head and on the genitals. I saw benches where people were beaten to death. I saw a specially designed oak chair on which the Germans broke the backs of prisoners.” Surprisingly, there is not a word about the number of Jews killed in this death camp. And the Russians too.
B. Polevoy, as a journalist, did not even ask about the ethnic composition of the prisoners, how many of them were left alive, and did not try to interview any of the prisoners of Auschwitz, among whom there were many Russians.
If this camp was so terrible and several million people allegedly died in it, most of whom were Jews, then this fact could be exaggerated as widely as possible.
But B. Polevoy's note went unnoticed, it did not evoke any response from readers.
Of interest is another note by B. Polevoy dated February 18, 1945, entitled “Underground Germany”. It spoke of one underground military factory built by the hands of prisoners: “The account of prisoners was strict. None of the builders of the underground arsenals should have escaped death.” As you can see, there was a record of prisoners, which contradicts the statements of other Jewish propagandists who deliberately rounded the number of victims in a particular camp to four or five zeros (see articles about concentration camps in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia).
Newspapers reported on the crimes of the German invaders in the occupied territories. So, for example, in Pravda of April 5, 1945, a message was placed by the Extraordinary State Commission for the Establishment and Investigation of German Atrocities in the Territory of Latvia. Appears figure killed 250 thousand civilians in Latvia, of which 30 thousand were Jews. If this is true, then the 30,000 murdered Jews in the largest Baltic republic suggests that the total number of victims among the Jewish population of the Baltic states differs sharply from those given in Jewish sources.
On April 6, 1945, an article appeared in Pravda with the title "Investigation of the German atrocities in Auschwitz." It said that on April 4 in Krakow, in the building of the Court of Appeal, the first meeting of the commission investigating German atrocities in Auschwitz was held, which will collect documents, material evidence and interrogate captured Germans and escaped prisoners of Auschwitz, organize a technical and medical examination. It was reported that the commission included prominent lawyers, scientists and public figures of Poland. For some reason, the names of the members of the commission were not called.
And on April 14, in the same Pravda, a message appeared that the Commission had allegedly begun work. “The commission visited Auschwitz and established that in Auschwitz the Nazi villains blew up gas chambers and crematoria, but this destruction of the means of killing people is not such that it would be impossible to restore the full picture. The commission established that there were 4 crematoria in the camp, in which the corpses of prisoners who had previously been gassed were burned daily. In special gas chambers, the poisoning of victims usually lasted 3 minutes. However, to be sure, the cells remained closed for another 5 minutes, after which the bodies were thrown out. The bodies were then burned in crematoria. The number of those burned in the Auschwitz crematoria is estimated at over 4.5 million people. The commission, however, will determine a more accurate figure for those who have been placed in the camp.” An article by an unknown TASS correspondent from Warsaw did not report on the number of gas chambers, or where the gas was supplied from, how many people were placed in the gas chambers, and how the corpses were pulled out of them if poison gas remained in the chambers. It was not reported how in such a short time (the commission worked for one day!) The figure of 4.5 million people killed was established, what it consisted of and what documents the commission relied on when counting. It is strange that the "commission" forgot to count the number of dead Jews.
However, a check of the reports of the Polish Press Agency - the main source of information for newspapers, radio and government agencies in Poland - shows that there were no such reports in the Polish press. Just as there was no TASS correspondent office in Poland, which had just been liberated from the Germans. B. Polevoy in his first note reported that the gas chambers were rebuilt into garages, and here they were blown up. The wording that “the destruction of the means of killing people is not such that it would be impossible to restore the full picture” also looks strange, unproven. Such formulations are typical for those who want to hide the truth. Apparently, this note was prepared not without the participation of B. Polevoy.
Here it is appropriate to mention such a fact.
In the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, in an article about Poland (vol. 20, p. 29x), it is said that St. 3.5 million people.
This is how the myth of the Holocaust was born.
Even then, in April 1945, long before the Nuremberg trials, lies were introduced into the minds of millions of readers of Pravda.
The apotheosis of the lie was an extensive article in Pravda dated May 7, 1945 entitled “The monstrous crimes of the German government in Auschwitz” (no author credit).
From “Polish” sources, the number of victims is “over 4.5 million.” people migrated to the central party body, where it was brought to the figure of “over 5 million.”
The article has been overgrown with new details:
“Every day 3-5 echelons with people arrived here and every day 10-12 thousand people were killed in gas chambers, and then burned.”
It is not necessary to determine a lie when reading this, at first glance, sensational article: “In 1941, the first crematorium with 3 furnaces was built to burn corpses. The crematorium had a gas chamber to suffocate people. It was the only one and lasted until the middle of 1943.” It is not clear how such a crematorium with 3 furnaces could burn 9 thousand corpses monthly (300 corpses per day) for two years. For comparison, let's say that the largest in Moscow Nikolo-Arkhangelsk crematorium with 14 furnaces burns about 100 corpses daily.
Quoting further, “By the beginning of 43 years, 4 new crematoria were delivered, in which there were 12 furnaces with 46 retorts. From 3 to 5 corpses were placed in each retort, the burning process of which lasted about 20-30 minutes. At the crematoria, gas chambers were built to kill people, placed either in basements or in special annexes to the crematoria. The word “or” immediately provokes protest. If the gas chambers were located in “basements”, then what kind of basements were these that could accommodate thousands of people? If in “special outbuildings”, then how was their tightness ensured so that the gas would not escape from them. In order for the reader to imagine what such “outbuildings” were supposed to be like, let’s say that the Palace of Congresses in Moscow can accommodate 5,000 people.
Realizing that it was impossible to burn such a huge number of corpses in additionally built crematoria, an unknown author reported another “news”:“The productivity of gas chambers exceeded the productivity of crematoria, and therefore the Germans used huge bonfires to burn corpses. In Auschwitz, the Germans killed 10-12 thousand people daily. Of these, 8-10 thousand from the arriving echelons and 2-3 thousand from among the prisoners of the camp. However, simple calculations show that 140-170 wagons are required daily to transport 10-12 thousand people (railway wagons of that time could carry about 70 people). In conditions when the Germans suffered one defeat after another, the supply of such a number of wagons over the course of 4 years of the existence of the camp is unlikely. Germany did not have enough wagons to transport military equipment and ammunition to the front line. This became especially felt after the Battle of Stalingrad and Kursk in the summer of 1943.
The author of the article did not take into account such an indisputable fact. To burn a human corpse in a crematorium oven until ash forms, it takes not less than 20-30 minutes, but at least 1.5 hours. And in the open air, it takes even more time to completely burn the corpse. For example, we were told how the Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, who was killed by terrorists, was burnt at the stake, according to Indian traditions. The body burned for almost a day. If coal was used in crematoria, then it is simply impossible to burn a human corpse with such fuel until ash forms in 20-30 minutes.
An article in Pravda reports that they were interviewed 2819 rescued prisoners of Auschwitz, among whom were representatives of different countries, including 180 Russians. But for some reason, the testimony came exclusively from Jewish prisoners.“They drove 1,500-1,700 people into the gas chambers,” said Dragon Shlema, a resident of the town of Zhirovin in the Warsaw province. - “The killing lasted from 15 to 20 minutes. After that, the corpses were unloaded and taken out on trolleys into the ditches, where they were burned. The names of other “witnesses” are also listed: Gordon Yakov, Georg Katman, Shpater Ziska, Berthold Epstein, David Suris and others. The article does not say when the survey was conducted and by whom. And why are there no testimonies of prisoners from other countries. By all laws of jurisprudence, the testimony of witnesses must be verified and corroborated by documents and other sources such as photographs. However, the Nuremberg Tribunal did not find documentary evidence of the use of gas chambers by the Germans in the camps. If this fact had taken place, then not only the designers of the gas chambers, but also the company that produced and supplied poison gas to the camps would have appeared before the court. In the questions of the judges to the defendant Minister of Armaments of Germany Speer, the gas chambers did not appear.
The only known case of the use of poisonous substances (chlorine) by the Germans during the years of the 1st World War. But in 1925, an international agreement was signed to ban the use of chemical poisons, known as the "Geneva Protocol". Germany joined in. Throughout the 2nd World War, Hitler never dared to use poisonous substances, despite the difficult situation of his troops, even at a critical moment for the Reich - in the battle for Berlin. If gas was used in Auschwitz, what kind? They talk about Cyclone-B. But among the known chemical toxic substances, such a gas does not appear.
The exaggeration in the Jewish press, especially recently, of the use by the Germans of gas chambers to kill Jews for some reason has taken on a completely curious character. So, a well-known Jewish propagandist, one of the active participants in the overthrow of Soviet power Heinrich Borovik, touching on this topic in one of his TV programs, he agreed to the fact that he allegedly met with the designer of German gas chambers in South America. But I, Borovik said, felt the danger and was glad that I got out alive. He ended up in Chile “during the search for the creator of the Nazi gas chambers, Walter Rauf,” who allegedly worked as “manager of a canned fish factory.”
At the end of the article in Pravda, the capacity of 5 crematoria per month (in thousands) is reported: 9, 90, 90, 45, 45. And the final conclusion is made: “Only during the existence of Auschwitz, the Germans could kill 5 "121" 000 people ".
And further: “However, applying correction factors for underloading of crematoria, for their individual downtime, maintenance, the commission found that during the existence of Auschwitz, German executioners killed at least 4 million citizens of the USSR, Poland, France, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia in it , Belgium, Holland and other countries”.
T Thus, in all publications, including the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, the figure of 4-4.5 million began to walk.
Years later, this figure of millions of people allegedly killed in Auschwitz was included in the collections of documents of the Nuremberg Tribunal during their publication and thus, as it were, legalized.
These collections began to be referred to in the preparation of new publications.
Those who prepared the article for Pravda for May 7, 1945 were clearly at odds with reality. If in 20 minutes 75 corpses were burned in 15 retorts of the 3rd and 4th crematoria, then 4.5 thousand are obtained per day. This is theoretical. But after all, with such an intensity of destruction of corpses, it is necessary to load only one crematorium 48 times a day. Not counting the unloading of corpses from the gas chambers, which allegedly contained poison gas. To get to the truth and get the truth about the mass extermination of people in Auschwitz, one would have to interrogate those who built the gas chambers, who delivered the gas, who unloaded the corpses, who took them to the crematoria, who unloaded the ashes. But none of the direct participants in the destruction of people during the Nuremberg trials was interrogated. From this we can conclude that there were no gas chambers in Auschwitz.
As a starting point for the assertion that it was precisely such a huge number of corpses that were burned per day, the article in Pravda cites a letter addressed to the “Central Construction of the SS and the Auschwitz (Auschwitz) Police” of a certain company “Topf and Sons”, which supposedly was supposed to build gas chambers and crematoria.
However, no correspondence between the camp administration and such a firm was found in the archives of Auschwitz.
In Germany, firms received orders not from the leadership of the concentration camps, but from the Ministry of Industry and Armaments.
Only one crematorium appears in the testimony of witnesses.
Having invented 5 gas chambers (which were supposedly either attached to crematoria or were in basements) and 5 crematoria, Jewish propagandists created a myth about the extermination of millions of people in Auschwitz.
It was nothing but an ideological diversion with far-reaching consequences.
In the preparation and organization of this sabotage An important role was played by the Trotskyists who were not finished off by Stalin, who, having changed their Jewish surnames to Russians, disappeared into the general mass of the party during the period of the purge of the party in 1935-1996. The mentioned article in Pravda appeared not without the participation of the then editor-in-chief of Pravda P.N. Pospelov (real name Fogelson) and the party ideologists M.A. Sovinformburo” under the leadership of the Jew Lozovsky.
Their role, as secret Trotskyists, came to light with the coming to power Khrushchev.
It was Pospelov (Fogelson) who prepared that notorious report “On the Personality Cult of Stalin,” which Khrushchev delivered at the 20th Party Congress.
There are many doubts.
The reason for doubts are the numerous publications about the Holocaust, which suggest the falsity of the information given in them.
Let us first turn to Jewish sources, such as the Brief Jewish Encyclopedia (Jerusalem, 1990).
For some reason, there is no article about the Nuremberg Trials, but there is an article “The Nuremberg Laws”, which says that in Germany, with the advent of Hitler to power, two supposedly anti-Semitic legislative acts were issued - the “Reich Citizenship Law” and the “Law on protection of German blood and German honor.
According to Art. 2 of the Reich Citizenship Law, a citizen can only be one who has “German or related blood and who by his behavior proves the desire and ability to faithfully serve the German people and the Reich!”.
This article was interpreted by Jewish encyclopedists in their own way:
“Such a wording actually meant depriving the Jews of German citizenship.” The "Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor" forbade, as "a desecration of the race," marriage and extramarital cohabitation between Jews and "citizens of German or kindred blood." The concept of “non-Aryan” was defined in the same law. On the basis of this law, in 1935, decrees were issued that allegedly closed the access for Jews to occupy leadership positions in Germany, and introduced the obligatory mark jude (“Jew”) in their certificates. But this is a natural phenomenon - to occupy leading positions in any state by representatives of the so-called titular nation, which constitutes the majority in terms of population. There were more Germans in Germany than Jews, but before Hitler came to power, only Jews dominated all power structures in Germany. This was the need for the introduction of the Nuremberg Laws, which limited the power of the Jews.
However, no government orders for the extermination of Jews in Nazi Germany were issued and, of course, they did not appear at the Nuremberg Trials.
If you carefully consider the period before Hitler came to power in 1933, you can see that all the hatred of the Jews for the Germans lies precisely in the fact that they lost power.
By the way, the same hatred of the Jews for Stalin is explained by the same thing - he also took power from the Jews, only in Russia.
Although not in such large numbers, Jews in Germany and Russia remained in the power structures.
Both Hitler and Stalin stopped the robbery of their countries and made their countries independent from the Jewish criminal capital at its core.
There is no article on the Holocaust in the Concise Jewish Encyclopedia, but there are articles on several German concentration camps that give some idea of the Jewish victims. For example, an article about Majdanek says that “only in 1942-43. Over 130,000 Jews were deported to Majdanek. The prisoners were used for various jobs. By November 1943, 37,000 people had died from overwork. The rest were liberated by the Red Army in 1944.”
Here Jewish propagandists, contradicting themselves, are forced to admit two indisputable facts. The first is that people in the camp were not killed or gassed, but "were used in various jobs and they died from overwork." The second is that almost 100,000 Jews were not exterminated, but liberated by the Red Army.
The article about Mauthausen says even less: “Only according to the surviving documents, 122,000 people were killed in the camp (of which 32-120 Jews).”
Now let's see what the Russian Jewish Encyclopedia, published in 2000, writes about the victims of the Holocaust. It also lacks an article on the Holocaust, but volume 4 contains an extensive article entitled "Catastrophe". In particular, it says: "An attempt to establish the exact number of victims is fraught with extreme difficulties due to the lack of verified data on the scale of the genocide in Eastern Europe." Articles about German concentration camps cite figures of dead Jews. Although they are unverified, they nevertheless say that there were few Jews in the concentration camps, since the bulk of the prisoners consisted of prisoners of war, among whom there were few Jews.
Claiming that the total number of victims of the Holocaust is difficult to establish, the same article cites the calculations of the American Jew Jack Robinson, who “calculated” that during the war years 5 million 821 thousand Jews died, of which 4 million 665 thousand were Polish and Soviet Jews.
And in the article "Jews in Poland", placed in the same edition, it is said that after joining in 1939-40. Western Ukraine and Belarus (taken away by Poland from Russia in 1920), as well as the Baltic states and Bessarabia, the Jewish population of the USSR was 5.25 million people, and that of them 2 million Jews were destroyed. As you can see, the data on the dead Jews of one article are in conflict with the data of another article of the same publication.
Even more interesting information is provided by the article "Poland". From reading this article, it turns out that (and I quote) “in total, about 350,000 Polish Jews ended up in the interior of the Soviet Union - they all fled either to the United States or inland.” According to the 1939 census, 3 million 28.5 thousand Jews lived in the USSR. With the addition of 350,000 Polish Jews to them, their total number on the eve of the war should have been less than 3.5 million. And according to Robinson's "calculations", it turns out 4.565 million!
In order to convince the reader that Robinson's data is correct, the article "Catastrophe" refers to the judgment of the Nuremberg International Tribunal, where it allegedly noted that "according to A. Eichmann's calculation, 6 million Jews were killed by the Germans."
This is blatant nonsense, because Eichmann he did not make any calculations, and he himself was not at the Nuremberg trials. He was caught and executed in Israel later 15 years after the war.
And now let's turn to the documents of the Nuremberg trials of the main German war criminals.
It is noteworthy that the documents were published 20 years after the Nuremberg trials, during the so-called “Khrushchev thaw”, when lies were elevated to the rank of state policy.
Before getting acquainted with the documents, I no longer doubted that there Jewish ideologists from the Central Committee of the CPSU tried to stick the figure of 6 million or close to it.
The 3rd volume of documents is devoted to the Nazi death camps. They generally refute the numbers of victims of the Holocaust, which are trumpeted daily by the Jewish media. For example, in the materials about the Treblinka camp, Z. Lukashevich, acting district judicial investigator in Siedlice, cites the conclusion: “I believe that about 50 thousand Poles and Jews died in this camp.”
More specific information is given about Buchenwald.
The "Report of the parliamentary delegation of Great Britain, investigating the atrocities of the Germans in this camp" is given:“The maximum capacity was determined at 120 thousand people. On April 1, 1945 (at the time of liberation by the troops), the number of prisoners in the camp amounted to 80 "813 people. It turned out to be impossible to give an accurate estimate of the percentage of nationalities remaining in the camp of prisoners: we met many Jews, Germans of non-Jewish origin, Poles, Hungarians, Czechs , French, Belgians, Russians, etc. In a detailed report handed over to us by representatives of the anti-fascist committee, it was indicated that the total number of dead and killed in Buchenwald was 51 "572 people. The Nazis left detailed camp files with names, but at the time of our visit it was impossible to start compiling lists of people still in the camp, since the American medical and sanitary service was cleaning up the camp.
It turns out that it turns out that Jewish journalists, screaming about 6 million victims of the Holocaust, deliberately keep silent about the fact that in German concentration camps there were detailed camp card indexes indicating the names of prisoners. According to them, it was possible to determine the total number of victims, up to one person. In Buchenwald, this figure was 51 "572 people. In the encyclopedia "The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945." the article on Buchenwald provides additional information: “The labor of the prisoners was used in mines and industrial enterprises, especially at the large military enterprise Gustlowerke.”
The Germans did not separate the prisoners along ethnic lines, which was also confirmed by the British parliamentary commission. The surviving documents indicated from which country the prisoners came, their names and the total number. For example, prisoners from the Soviet-German front were called Russians, although among them were Ukrainians, Belarusians, and representatives of other nationalities that inhabited the Soviet Union. Therefore, everywhere, in all documents, the total figure for the loss of the camp population is indicated without division along national lines. How many of the dead in Buchenwald were Jews, so no one has determined. Thus, even this information casts doubt on the numbers of victims of the Holocaust.
About the camp Dora in the documents of the Nuremberg trials the following is reported: “The capacity of the camp is 20 thousand people. The camp has a barrack system, where there are 140 residential and service barracks. There is a crematorium with two ovens with 5 corpses in each oven. According to the amount of ashes and the remaining documents, 35 thousand corpses were burned in the crematorium ovens and in the pits (for the entire time the camp existed from 1942 to April 11, 1945).”
Now you can compare that exactly the same crematorium, but with three furnaces (“Pravda” dated May 7, 1945) monthly burned 9 thousand corpses. All this suggests that the article in Pravda was inspired by Soviet Zionists, who then hid under the guise of communists.
From the report of the legal service of the 3rd US Army dated June 2, 1945, which examined the Flossenbürg concentration camp: “Among the victims of Flossenbürg were Russians - civilians and prisoners of war, German civilians, Italians, Belgians, Poles, Czechs, Hungarians, English and American prisoners of war . It is almost impossible to compile a complete list of the victims who died in the camp from its inception in 1931 until the day of liberation. Approximately this list includes more than 29 thousand people”. And here we see that no one from the general list singled out or counted the number of dead Jews. Yes, they are not mentioned in this report.
It is known that by the beginning of the war on the territory of Germany and Austria there were 6 concentration camps. Among them is Flossenbürg. Opponents of the regime were kept in these camps - German communists and German criminal elements. There were few of them. Only with the beginning of the war, prisoners of war and Russian civilians deported to Germany for forced labor began to enter the camp.
Auschwitz has a special place in the Jewish propaganda machine.Without exception, all Jewish printed publications are unanimous in one thing, that it is in Auschwitz that the total number of dead Jews is the largest. Since it was not possible for Jewish propagandists to single out from the total mass of prisoners and count the number of Jews who died in a single camp, but 6 million it was necessary to type from somewhere, then somewhere, by someone, at some closed Jewish council it was decided to concentrate the largest number of victims on Auschwitz and consider it a Holocaust.
It is alleged that the Germans brought Jews from all European countries for extermination in Auschwitz, in connection with which the total number of Jews killed in some publications was brought to almost 4.5 million.
But recently this figure has started to decline. For example, the Concise Jewish Encyclopedia states:
“In view of the fact that the vast majority of Jews were sent to the gas chambers without any registration, it is impossible to establish the exact number of victims. According to American intelligence data (published by the Office of the President in December 1950) and concerning the period up to March 1944, 1.765 million Jews were exterminated in Auschwitz.”
If the number of victims of Auschwitz cannot be established, how did the Americans establish them? Is it possible to trust American data at all, if Auschwitz was liberated by the Red Army, and all camp documentation was taken to the USSR and classified?
A comparison of American data with Soviet data showed that 1.765 million Jews were killed in Auschwitz - this is a lie!
In a recently published book by Jewish authors “Jews and the 20th century. Analytical Dictionary” (2004), this figure was even lower: “It is believed that almost 1.1 million people were killed in Auschwitz, and about a million of them were Jews.” Who "assumes" and on what basis is unknown.
And then follows: “Due to the fact that Auschwitz had the status of the deadliest place in all of Nazi Germany, Auschwitz is known as the epicenter of the Holocaust, the murder of over 6 million European Jews by the Nazis during the years of the 2nd World War.”
And here the question arises.
If one million Jews were killed in Auschwitz, then where, in what place, were the remaining 5 million Jews killed? After all, the number of Jews killed in all the camps is still unknown.
It is interesting to note that the authors of the analytical dictionary themselves, talking about the monument to the victims of the Holocaust erected in Auschwitz, drew attention to the inscription on the monument: “Four million people suffered and died here at the hands of German murderers in 1940-1945.” And they immediately noted: “Meanwhile, it is well known that 4 million people did not find their death in Auschwitz. The number 4 million, as unreliable as it is rounded, arose as a result of the desire of the Polish authorities to inflate as much as possible the figure reflecting the number of political martyrs”.
Some Jewish researchers of the Holocaust are forced to state that such an impressive figure of victims of Auschwitz had more political in nature than the desire to establish the truth.
And subsequent publications in the Jewish press revealed and financial benefit from Holocaust propaganda.
If you carefully read the collections of documents of the Nuremberg trials, it is noteworthy that for some reason there is no detailed information on the Auschwitz camp itself. There are no references to camp documents, nor evidence that they were considered during court hearings. And if some information is found, then they come into conflict with one another. For example, in the testimony of the former commandant of the Auschwitz camp, Rudolf Hess, it is stated that the total death toll is approximately 3 million people, of which approximately 100,000 are German Jews. However, Max Grabner testified: "During my leadership of the political department of the camp in Auschwitz, 3-6 million people were killed." So 3 or 6 million? Hess spoke about one gas chamber in the camp with a capacity of 2 thousand people, and Grabner - 4. Hess allegedly claimed that "during the summer of 1944 in Auschwitz alone, we executed approximately 400 thousand Hungarian Jews." While Hess was the camp commandant until December 1st, 1943. For some reason, all of Hess' testimony is concentrated on Jewish victims.
Apparently, one of the compilers of the collection, published not just anywhere, but in the USSR, "edited" Hess's testimony in the right direction - towards an increase in Jewish victims. Based on this, it can be argued that when compiling a collection of documents and preparing it for publication forgery was committed, the testimony of witnesses was falsified.
Hess himself was not interrogated at the Nuremberg trials.
Striking with its content is another document called "Report of the Polish Government".
It lists the extermination camps located in Poland, and for some reason, again, apparently deliberately, the emphasis is on victims suffered only by Jews. Attention is drawn to the vagueness of the wording, the style of presentation, and vagueness.
Belzec: "Thousands of people died."
Sobibor: "Thousands of Jews were brought there and gassed in cells."
Kosuev-Podlaski: "The methods used here were similar to those in other camps." Not a word about the number of victims.
Kholmno: "This camp was a station that received Jews coming from the Reich and from the surrounding territories." Not a word about the number of victims.
Auschwitz: “In the period up to the end of December 1942, according to reliable information and testimonies, among the victims were 85 thousand Poles, 52 thousand Jews from Poland and other countries, 26 thousand Russian prisoners of war.” Further, it is reported in what conditions the prisoners were, how much food they were given, and at the end, without any reference to documents (and in Auschwitz, like other camps, there were books of records of all prisoners arriving at the camp), a stunning conclusion is made: “... Thus, 5 million human beings were killed in Auschwitz.” What kind of “reliable information” this is and why the number of victims is limited to December 1942 is unknown. How many of these "human beings" were Jews is not said.
Majdanek: “In 1940, the Germans set up a concentration camp in Majdanek, near Ljubljana, in which 1.5 million people of various nationalities, mostly Poles and Jews, were imprisoned for 4 years.” And then the absolutely incredible follows: “1.7 million human beings were killed in Majdanek.” How many Jews among them is unknown.
Treblinka: “When the process of extermination of the Jews began, Treblinka became one of the first camps to which the victims were sent. The average number of Jews exterminated in the camp in the summer of 1942 amounted to two railway transports per day. This data comes from one prisoner who managed to escape from the camp. It was Yankel Wernik, a Jew, a carpenter by trade, who spent a year in Treblinka.” It was evident that the document had been fabricated somewhere: the prisoners were called “human beings”.
The document itself (if you can call it that) looks strange.
All documents that were considered by the court of the international tribunal were assigned a number. It is not on this document.
Reading this "report" raises many questions.
Why is it placed not in the 3rd volume, where documents about the atrocities of the Germans are collected, but in the 2nd?
If this is a “report”, then who made it, when and where?
At that time, there was still no Polish government as such, but there was a Provisional Polish Government of National Unity, formed on June 23, 1945. The document has neither a date nor a signature certifying its authenticity.
If the camp commandant R. Hess allegedly showed 3 million killed in the camp, then why was it necessary to inflate this figure to 5 million?
Without finding answers to these questions, a firm conviction is created that one of the compilers of the collection was interested in sticking this fake “document” into the collection when preparing it for publication in order to give the figure of 5 million authenticity.
And this interested person could be one of the compilers of the collection Jew Mark Raginsky.
It was he who was responsible for the selection of documents in this section (this is mentioned in the collection).
Now it becomes clear why in many Jewish sources the emphasis is on Auschwitz.
Subsequently, Jewish propagandists turned the figure of 5 million destroyed “human beings” into 5 million Jews. And taking into account the "exterminated" Jews in other German concentration camps, it was not difficult to "find" another million.
And so the final figure of 6 million, called the Holocaust, began to walk in the press. Auschwitz was artificially made the center of the Holocaust, in which the mass extermination of Jews allegedly took place.
However, Mark Raginsky, placing a forged document in the 2nd volume of the collection of materials of the Nuremberg Trials, did not take into account the fact that this deception is easily detected when reading the documents of the 3rd volume. In this volume entitled “Crimes against humanity. Mass deportation of the population for slave labor” reveals all the lies of Jewish propaganda: the prisoners were brought to the camps not for extermination, but for use in the construction of military factories. And yes, the title says so. From the documents on Auschwitz, it is clear that on March 24, 1941, a meeting of representatives of the German military industry was held at the Ludwigsgafen plant, at which a decision was made to build an IG Auschwitz plant for the production of buna (synthetic rubber) in the small village of Oswiecim. Soon in the same area, the construction of a Krupp plant for the production of weapons began. To do this, it was supposed to demolish most of the village. At the same time, it was noted that "the eviction of Poles and Jews will cause by the spring of 1942 a large shortage in the labor force." That is, this document is not about the destruction, but the eviction of Poles and Jews from the village of Auschwitz. The 3rd volume contains many documents on Auschwitz, including weekly reports from the factory management with the presence of the camp commandant. At the meeting of August 9, 1941, it was said that on the basis of the intervention of the Reichsführer SS Himmler, all German concentration camps were ordered to provide 75 guards for Auschwitz (“40 had already arrived last week,” the document said). And then it was said: “This makes it possible to send one thousand more prisoners to the concentration camp in addition to the 816 already working on construction sites.” That is, we are talking about only about two thousand prisoners in Auschwitz at that time. Already by 1942, a shortage of labor began to be felt in Germany, which is why it was decided to use prisoners of war in the construction of military facilities. Subsequently, the civilian population deported to Germany from the territories occupied by the Germans began to be used to work in military factories and agriculture.
The report on the meeting on the construction of the Farben-Oswiecim plant dated September 8, 1942 states that “by order of Sauckel, another 2,000 prisoners were sent to Auschwitz.” Thus, on September 8, 1942, there were 3816 people in the camp. And in the “Report of the Polish Government” it is reported that by the end of December 1942, 163 thousand people were killed in the camp. In a report dated February 8, 1943, the issue of increasing the number of prisoners in the Auschwitz camp was discussed: “SS Colonel Maurer promised that their number would increase in the near future from 4 to 4.5 thousand people.” And from the report of September 9, 1943, it can be seen that there were a total of 20,000 prisoners in the camp. These figures give an idea of the number of prisoners in Auschwitz, although there is no information about the camp itself.
The testimonies of some witnesses for the prosecution, placed in the 3rd volume, are curious.
So Gregoire Arena said: “On January 22, 1944, I was arrested in Paris and sent to Auschwitz. The wake-up call took place at 4 am. At 4.30 the prisoners were called to roll call. After the roll call, we were taken to the factory, where construction work was going on for IG Farbenindustry. There were about 12,000 of us prisoners, and about 2,000 English prisoners of war, as well as civilian workers of various nationalities. Execution by hanging was common. 2-3 people were hanged every week. The gallows stood on the same parade ground where the roll call took place. On January 18, 1945, the Germans evacuated Auschwitz. On January 27, the Russians arrived. I remained in Auschwitz until February 9 and worked as an interpreter for the Russians.”
As you can see, there are no millions here either (they are just invented). The total number of working prisoners says that by the time of release it did not exceed 15-16 thousand people. The gas chambers are not mentioned either. The prisoners would remember them. Instead, one gallows and 2-3 hanged per week. Here are all the victims of Auschwitz in a week, and not 10-12 thousand a day, which the Jewish press paints about.
Another prisoner, Douglas Frost, testified at the trial: “I was captured on April 9, 1941, near Tobruk. I was first sent to Italy, then to Germany, and finally to Auschwitz. Soon I started working for IG Farben. The factory in Auschwitz covered an area of about 6 square kilometers and was built entirely by the slave labor of prisoners. The Germans worked only as overseers. There were from 10,000 to 15,000 Jews and 22,000 people of other nationalities, mostly Russians and Poles.”
And in these testimonies there is no talk of any millions of Jews.
From the testimony of the defendant Otto Ambros: “From 1938 to 1945 I was the chief manager of the IG Farbenidustri concern. Under my control were all the departments of the production of Buna for rubber. I was instructed in 1940 to find the necessary territory for the construction of the 4th plant for the production of Buna. Auschwitz is an area that turned out to be suitable for our purposes. "IG Farbenidustri" was built using the labor of prisoners, as there was not enough labor. The plant in Auschwitz produced 30 tons of buna per year”. Many other testimonies, both witnesses for the prosecution and the defendants, can be cited, from which it follows that prisoners were brought to Auschwitz not for mass extermination, but for work.
Few people know that all the documents on Auschwitz were taken to Moscow and were immediately classified. Apparently, so that people do not know the true numbers of the victims of Auschwitz, and what really happened there
Already during the period of perestroika, in the era of glasnost, one meticulous journalist gained access to documents from Auschwitz.
It is surprising how the Jewish newspaper Izvestia overlooked publishing this sensational stuff.
After all, he completely crosses out all the writings about the horrors of Auschwitz with its gas chambers and crematoria. The newspaper of February 17, 1990 published an article “Five days in a special archive”, which indicated the victims of Auschwitz closer to the truth, consonant with the documents of the Nuremberg Tribunal. “But we survived, thank God, to glasnost. Last summer, the Auschwitz books of death were extracted from the bowels of the archive, albeit with some difficulty. with the names of seventy thousand prisoners from 24 countries who died in the extermination camp”. As mentioned above, the Germans were not involved in establishing the nationality of the prisoners. Therefore, the Izvestinsky people failed to determine the number of Jews who died in Auschwitz out of these 70,000.
Although Jewish researchers in their latest research have reduced the number of their victims in Auschwitz to one million, this figure is also far-fetched. It is simply impossible to locate a concentration camp with a capacity of even a million people on the territory of the village of Auschwitz on an area of 6 square kilometers, and there is no documentary evidence of the destruction of such a number of people in Auschwitz in the minutes of court hearings in Nuremberg.
The fact of the destruction of such a huge number of Jews is not confirmed by demographic scientists who study the change in the number of peoples of the world over the years.
Now it becomes clear why Jewish researchers of the Holocaust in their numerous writings try to hush up some documents of the Nuremberg Tribunal, in which 3, 4, and even 5 million victims of Auschwitz were entered with a big stretch. It is unprofitable for them, since when they get acquainted with the testimony of prosecution witnesses and original documents, the following indisputable facts are revealed.
1 . Prisoners were used to work in the construction of military enterprises in Germany, which is confirmed by numerous documents of the 3rd Reich, including minutes and reports of meetings, telephone messages, circulars, testimony of prisoners. Even common sense told the Germans why, having such an amount of cheap labor, to destroy it. Government orders ordering the mass extermination of Jews. The Nuremberg Tribunal did not record. The reference of the Jewish encyclopedists to the Wannsee Conference held on January 20, 1942, at which the decision on the final solution of the Jewish question was supposedly made, is also untenable. It did not appear in the Nurbern trials. The Concise Jewish Encyclopedia (1976 edition) states that the decisions of the Wannsee Conference applied to the 11 million Jews living in Germany. In reality, 503,000 Jews lived in Germany before the war (300,000 of them left for other countries). The Nuremberg Laws adopted after Hitler came to power should serve as the basis for the supposedly final solution of the Jewish question. But even they do not say that the Jews should be exterminated without exception.
2. Documents from the concentration camps show that the Germans did not separate the prisoners along ethnic lines. Therefore, it was impossible to single out the Jews from them.
3. We are often shown footage of newsreels with people stripped to the naked and the accompanying text that they seem to be going to the gas chambers. But specially created commissions from representatives of the allied powers, when examining concentration camps, did not find a single gas chamber. In some camps (according to documents), in order to prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases, barracks and people were sanitized, which was later passed off as gas poisoning by some Jewish propagandists.
4. The multi-million victims of Auschwitz are an indicator of the lies of the Jewish press both in Russia, where the Jews seized power, and abroad. In the “report of the Polish government” composed by someone, the number 5 million appears. The number 4 million is stamped on the monument to the victims of the Holocaust in Auschwitz. The compilers of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia indicated that “over 4 million people were killed in the camp during the existence of the camp.” Camp commandant R. Hess indicated 3 million. The authors of the reference book “Jews and the 20th Century” prove that 1.1 million people died in Auschwitz. But in reality it turned out that in the camp the number of victims does not exceed 70 thousand.
5. The main supplier of labor for Germany was the Eastern Front and the bulk of the concentration camp prisoners were prisoners of war and civilians forcibly taken out by the Germans from the occupied regions of the USSR. There were few foreigners. Hijacking to work in Germany was part of the Nazi occupation regime. According to the encyclopedia "The Great Patriotic War 1941-1945" (ed. 1985), about 6 million people were taken out of the USSR by the Germans. According to the logic of Jewish propagandists, it was they who made up the bulk of the dead Jews. But the same encyclopedia reports that of these 6 million, 5.5 million returned to their homeland.
It is believed that by the end of the war on the territory of Germany, Austria and Poland there were about 14 million people who were forcibly taken out by the Germans from various European countries, including the USSR. If we consider this figure close to the truth, as well as the figure of 10 million of them who returned from the camps to their homeland, then the figure of 6 million dead Jews also does not fit into the remaining figure of 4 million citizens of various nationalities. So how many Jews actually died? This question is answered by the demographic data of states when comparing the number of Jews before and after the war. Approximate estimates show that the number of victims among the Jewish population of Europe does not exceed 250-400 thousand people. This includes those who died of natural causes.
6. Now about the gas chambers and crematoriums in which these ill-fated millions of Jews were allegedly burned.
There are 3 state and one private crematoriums in Moscow. Mitinsky and Khovansky each have 4 ovens, Nikolo-Arkhangelsky - 14 and the private CJSC "Gorbrus" - 2 ovens. With the modern technique of cremation (and English technology is installed in our crematoria), the average time for burning one corpse is 1.5 hours. Theoretically, with continuous operation of 24 furnaces per day, 252 corpses should be burned. But the furnaces are stopped for ash extraction and preventive maintenance. Therefore, in total, all 4 crematoria in Moscow burn about 200 corpses per day. That is, 6,000 corpses per month.
This figure completely refutes the statement of the Jewish press that 279 thousand corpses of people who were previously killed in gas chambers were burned in Auschwitz every month. So at least it was reported in Pravda of May 7, 1945. Even if there really were 5 crematoria with 15 ovens in Auschwitz, with the technique of burning corpses that existed in Auschwitz, it is simply impossible to burn such a number of corpses in a month. And the Germans physically could not deliver almost 300 thousand people to the Auschwitz camp alone every month for 5 years. Even if they could, then with such an intensity of the destruction of people, the Germans would have managed with 6 million prisoners in 2 years, and not in 5 years.
All these calculations and reasoning lead to an unambiguous conclusion: there were no gas chambers either in Auschwitz or in other camps. Most of the prisoners died of natural causes from disease, exhaustion and exhausting labor in the military factories built in the camp area. The gas chambers were invented by Boris Polev in order to horrify the public, they say, what monsters the Germans are, and thereby arouse hatred for the Germans all over the world even more.
It is known that a similar technique was used by British intelligence during the 1st World War, when a rumor was spread through the press that the Germans were processing the corpses of soldiers, their own and others, into stearin and pig feed. . This message caused an uproar around the world and served as a pretext for China to enter the war on the side of Great Britain. On this occasion, the American newspaper The Times Dispatch wrote a few years later: “The famous story of the corpses, which during the war brought the hatred of the peoples towards Germany to the limit, has now been declared a lie by the English House of Commons. The world has learned that this lie was fabricated and spread by one of the cleverest officers of British intelligence.”
Today we can say that the famous gas chamber story is a lie. The world learned that this lie was fabricated and spread during the 2nd World War by one of the clever Soviet officers B. Polev (he had the rank of colonel). But the news about the gas chambers in that distant 1945 did not cause indignation either among the readers of Pravda or the world press, which, as is well known, was in the hands of the Jews. Nobody believed this. They do not believe even today. The fact that there were no gas chambers in Auschwitz throughout the war is evidenced not only by the original documents of the Nuremberg Tribunal (they are not mentioned in the accusatory speeches of representatives of the victorious countries), but also in the conclusion of the International Red Cross commission, which arrived in Auschwitz immediately after his release. It is also known that representatives of this international organization repeatedly visited German concentration camps during the war and did not record a single gas chamber.
Despite the lack of evidence of the use of gas chambers by the Germans (no drawings, no orders from the German command for their construction, no photographs were found), Jewish propagandists, even after 60 years, still try to claim that they were. So, for example, in the program "Euronews" on Channel 5 TV for January 17 this year. On the eve of the 60th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz, one chimney was shown, which indicates that there was one crematorium in Auschwitz. This is a surviving building, small in appearance, in which it is not clear how 5,000 corpses could be destroyed daily, according to the announcer. Then the viewers were shown a small pile of metal cans similar in volume to cans, and the announcer's voice said that there were 20,000 such cans, and that each can with 5 kg of gas could kill 1,500 people. How such small jars could hold 5 kg of gas and how they were filled with gas, viewers were not told.
Then they showed a small square hole in something, where, apparently, this can of gas was supposed to be placed. It was an allusion to the gas chamber. They tried to convince the viewers that with the help of these 20 thousand jars, either 4, or 3, or one and a half million prisoners were destroyed (the last figure is indicated in the Parliamentary Newspaper of January 26, 2005). But a simple arithmetic calculation by multiplying 20 thousand by 1500 gives the figure 30 million! This figure does not fit anywhere at all and once again shows all the deceitfulness of Jewish propagandists. We Russians seem to be considered fools. You can deceive all the time part of the people. You can deceive the whole people for a short time. But you can not deceive all the people all the time. The time has come to bring to justice the persons and press organs who spread these lies and constantly impose on the Russians the idea that the Jews, working for the Germans, suffered more than all other peoples during the war.
An American Jew, New York University professor Norman Finkelstein published a book called The Holocaust Industry, which was published in English (2000), German (2001) and Russian (2002). This book is notable for revealing a subtle fact. If 6 million Jews became victims of the Germans (this is almost half of all Jews in the world), then why are they still alive? After all, they are considered destroyed in the gas chambers, where they were driven 10-12 thousand a day! Today they demand compensation, like victims of the Holocaust.
Finkelstein opens the eyes of the world community to some aspects of this brilliant Jewish invention. He drew attention to the fact that the promotion of the propaganda campaign on the Holocaust began after the victory of Israel over the Arabs in 1967. And it was started by American Jews. Through the Holocaust, they defended and justified the violation of the rights of Palestinians in the Israeli-occupied territories. As Finkelstein noted, "Israel and the Holocaust became the pillars of the new Jewish religion in the United States, which replaced the dilapidated Old Testament."
And not only in the USA, but also in Russia, which ended up in Jewish hands. The legend of the eternally persecuted people and the terrible Holocaust became necessary not only to protect Israel from condemnation by the world community, but also to protect the national wealth seized by Jews from other peoples from any criticism. As soon as a word is said against a rogue Jew, the Jewish-owned world press immediately screams about Auschwitz. And if it comes to Jewish swindlers like Berezovsky, Gusinsky or Khodorkovsky, then they immediately threaten to return the Gulag.
Finkelstein argues that the top Jewish community in the United States acquired millions and billions of dollars on the money of the Holocaust, while the real victims of Nazism get crumbs.
Finkelstein writes that only 15% German compensation for former prisoners reached the goal the rest stuck in the pockets of leaders of various Jewish organizations such as the American Jewish Committee, the American Jewish Congress, B'nai B'rith, Joyne, and others. Jewish demands for compensation have turned into racketeering and extortion, writes Finkelstein. Not only those who were in German concentration camps began to extort money, but also those who had never been there.
Jews targeted as their first victim even Switzerland. They started a rumor that several billion dollars worth of Holocaust victims' accounts were still in Swiss banks and that their heirs could not get them. But none of these extortionists, writes Finkelitein, “provided valid proof of the existence of deposits in Swiss banks.” It is known that Swiss banks are very sensitive to economic pressure from the United States and therefore were forced, fearing notoriety, pay extortionists.
Having dealt with the Swiss, the Jewish organizations took up Germany. They demanded compensation for the forced labor of their fellow tribesmen during the 2nd World War, and under pain of a boycott and legal action, the German companies agreed to start the payout.
Here the "victims" of the Holocaust exposed themselves.
They did not die in the gas chambers, but worked in German factories.
The experience of extortion in Switzerland and Germany served as a prologue to the total robbery of Germany's allies during the 2nd World War.
The Holocaust industry, writes Finkelstein, set about extorting the poor of the former socialist camp.
The first victim of pressure was Poland, from which Jewish organizations demand all the property that ever belonged to Jews - victims of the Holocaust and is estimated at many billions of dollars. Next in line is Belarus. At the same time, the robbery of Austria is being prepared.
In German concentration camps there were Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, and people of other nationalities, but for some reason German compensation did not reach them. Naruseva, the wife of the famous Sobchak, was in charge of receiving compensation in Russia.
The Russian people did not notice how they were enslaved. And they have to pay Jewish extortionists.
With the beginning of perestroika, the Jewish media led the Russians to the idea that they should also be paid for the victims of the Stalinist concentration camps to the living Jews. And the payments are coming. Talking about 6 million victims of the Holocaust, the Jews with the same zeal scream from day to day about the millions of victims of the Stalin period, equating Stalin with Hitler. But even here, if we take a closer look at these "victims", then the following becomes clear. Firstly, these tens of millions never existed, and secondly, Soviet concentration camps were created by Jews at the dawn of Soviet (Jewish) power, and the victims of these camps were exclusively Russians. About 3 million Russians fled abroad from the horrors of Jewish emergency situations and Jewish concentration camps, and about the same number of Russians were tortured to death in these Jewish emergency situations and concentration camps.
Jews received compensation from Germany fraudulently, 50 years after the end of the war, because there was no Holocaust.
But Israel, where Russian Jews arrived, and Jews living in Russia, where they are again in power, must pay compensation to Russians for their truly millions of victims and property confiscated from them in the years after the 1917 revolution and during the period of perestroika - the new Jewish revolution - at the end of the 20th century. Compensation for the robbery that they perpetrated on 1/6 of the land. That would be perfectly fair!
On January 26-27, 2002, the International Conference on Global Problems of World History was held in Moscow. Scientists from the USA, Morocco, Austria, Yugoslavia, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Australia and Russia took part in it. The vast majority of reports were devoted to the study of the Holocaust. Some speakers who studied the Holocaust visited former German concentration camps and independently came to the conclusion that the Germans did not exterminate 6 million Jews. The Russian media did their best to ignore the conference. Her silence once again showed that the Russian press is in the hands of those who benefit from supporting the myth of the Holocaust. Freedom of speech and glasnost in Russia turned out to be with the Jews, so any attempt to express an opposite opinion runs into an obstacle; even talking about it is forbidden. Those who try to understand the Holocaust are persecuted. For example, the author of the book "The Great Lie of the 20th Century" (the myth of the genocide of Jews during World War II), 1997, Jurgen Graf was forced to emigrate from Switzerland and move to Belarus.
In this regard, retaliatory measures are also needed: to persecute those who are engaged in Holocaust propaganda and profit from this propaganda (Holocaust museums have already been opened in a number of Russian cities, books on the Holocaust, including textbooks for children, are being published in mass editions).
Memorial plaques in Auschwitz. On the left - 4 million, on the right - 1 million.
To the question of the Holocaust - how many Jews died in that war and how many Russians? Are there more Jews than others? and got the best answer
Answer from Yovetlan Shalopin[active]
Numbers are called as much as 6 million .... But this is according to Jewish researchers. Russians and Gypsies were not particularly considered at that time ... If Stalin had interacted with the International Red Cross, then the content of Russians in concentration camps would have been much better ... And so, it turns out that more than 20 million Russians died, and many have not yet been dug up. . .
... and for the Jews after the "Holocaust" Israel was recreated ....
Answer from Alexey Permyakov[guru]
They died less
But they, how to say it, turned out to be noisier
Answer from Eirius N[active]
It is high time to call the destruction of the Slavs a condemning and capacious word! .. .
And that phenomenon was, but we don’t want to name it ....
Answer from Yudo[guru]
Distinguishing Features of the Holocaust
1. A deliberate attempt to completely exterminate an entire nation, including men, women and children, which led to the destruction of 60% of the Jews of Europe and about a third of the Jewish population of the world. In addition, from a quarter to a third of the Gypsy people were also destroyed, the losses of the Poles (not including military losses and losses from the extermination by Lithuanian and Ukrainian collaborators) amounted to 10%, black citizens of Germany, mentally ill and disabled (with the loss of working capacity for a period of time) were also subjected to total extermination. more than 5 years - see T-4 killing program), about 3 million Soviet prisoners of war, about 9 thousand homosexuals, etc. were killed.
2. A system designed for the mass destruction of people: numerous lists of potential victims and evidence of murders were found. During World War II, death camps were built in German-occupied territories designed to kill millions of people; at the same time, the technology of destruction was improved.
3. The grandiose, transnational scale of extermination: throughout the German-occupied territory of Europe, the victims were persecuted and sent to concentration camps and extermination camps. The extermination continued until the transition of hostilities to the territory of Germany and its subsequent surrender in May 1945.
4. The brutal and often fatal inhumane medical experiments that the Nazis carried out on victims of the Holocaust.
Answer from George[guru]
... it should probably be correctly considered as a percentage of the total number ... 25 million dead Soviet people in the Second World War, this was less than 10% of the total ... and the Jews probably have more than 30% of the nation ...
Answer from Amitafo.[guru]
no, no more, but they didn't resist.
Answer from OBSERVER[guru]
The Holocaust is a myth!!
Answer from Madsummer[guru]
For some reason, they say that even more Jews died than lived at that time.
Answer from Alexander Mazaev[guru]
In Belarus, every 4th inhabitant died and this caused the Belarusian partisan war. But I know only one Jewish partisan detachment, and even then it looked more like refugees (with all due respect to the Jews as a nation).
In my opinion, it is stupid to divide people into nations, we must remember what fascism brought to all mankind.
Answer from Aina Aitzhanova[guru]
You need to look at the percentage of the total number. Moreover, Vlasovism cannot be discounted.
Answer from Yolavyan[guru]
The main source of statistics on the Holocaust of European Jewry is the comparison of pre-war population censuses with post-war censuses and estimates. According to the estimates of the Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (published by the Yad Vashem Museum), up to 3 million Polish Jews, 1.2 million Soviet Jews (the encyclopedia provides separate statistics for the USSR and the Baltic countries), of which 140 thousand Lithuanian Jews and 70 thousand Latvian Jews ; 560 thousand Jews in Hungary, 280 thousand in Romania, 140 thousand in Germany, 100 thousand in Holland, 80 thousand Jews in France, 80 thousand in the Czech Republic, 70 thousand in Slovakia, 65 thousand in Greece, 60 thousand in Yugoslavia. More than 800,000 Jews were exterminated in Belarus.
An attempt to establish the exact number of victims of the “final solution” is fraught with extreme difficulties, both because of the lack of verified data on the scale of genocide in a number of territories (especially Eastern Europe), and because of the different definitions of state borders and the concept of “citizenship”.
Anti-Semitism is a shameful phenomenon. Actually, any oppression and even more so the physical destruction of people on a national basis is criminal, especially if it is initiated by the government and carried out on a national scale. History knows cases of mass genocide against representatives of different peoples. Hundreds of thousands of Armenians were destroyed by the Turks at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Not everyone knows how cruelly Japanese soldiers dealt with the Chinese during the occupation of Nanjing and Singapore in the late 30s. Mass executions were carried out during the war by the allies of Nazi Germany, the Croatian Ustaše. By historical standards, recently, in 1994, terrible purges along ethnic lines (Hutus were killed by Tutsis) shocked Rwanda.
But there is a people who have been subjected to the most intense ethnic persecution in the twentieth century, known as the Holocaust. Modern Germans cannot unequivocally explain why their grandfathers, who grew up under the influence of Goebbels' propaganda, exterminated the Jews. It is possible that the ancestors themselves would not have found a clear argument for their actions, but in the thirties and forties, in most cases, everything was clear and understandable for them.
When asked why the Jews were exterminated in different countries (and this happened not only in Germany of the twentieth century, but also in other countries at different times), one can most often hear the answer from representatives of this people: “Out of envy!” This version of the assessment of tragic events has its own logic and truth. The Jewish people gave mankind many geniuses who shone in science, in art, and in other areas of human civilization. The ability to adapt, a traditionally active position, an active character, subtle and ironic humor, innate musicality, enterprise and other unconditionally positive qualities are characteristic of the nation that gave the world Einstein, Oistrakh, Marx, Botvinnik ... Yes, you can list for a long time who else. But, apparently, it's not just envy of outstanding mental abilities. After all, not all Jews are Einsteins. There are people among them and simpler. The sign of true wisdom is not its constant demonstration, but something else. For example, the ability to provide a friendly environment. Such that it would never occur to anyone to offend the representatives of this people. Not out of fear, but out of respect. Or even love.
People of different nationalities strive for power and wealth. Anyone who truly wants to taste these attributes of an earthly paradise is looking for ways to achieve his goal and sometimes finds them. Then other people (who can be conditionally called envious) have a desire to redistribute the benefits, in other words, take away the values from the rich and appropriate them, or at least share them equally (or fraternally, this is when the eldest has more). During pogroms and revolutions, successful owners of fortunes of different nationalities, from Zulu kings to Ukrainian high government officials, fall under the scrutiny. But why were the Jews exterminated in the first place in almost all cases of mass robbery? Maybe they have more money?
Jews for historical reasons from ancient times until the middle of the twentieth century did not have their own state. They had to settle in different countries, kingdoms, states and move to new places in search of a better life. Some of the Jews were able to assimilate, merging into the indigenous ethnic group and dissolving into it without a trace. But the core of the nation still retained its identity, religion, language and other features that define national characteristics. In itself, this is a miracle, because xenophobia is inherent in one way or another in almost all indigenous ethnic groups. Otherness causes rejection and hostility, and they, in turn, greatly complicate life.
Knowing that the best reason for uniting the nation could be a common enemy, Hitler exterminated the Jews. Technically, it was simple, they were easy to recognize, they go to synagogues, keep kosher and Sabbath, dress differently and sometimes even speak with an accent. In addition, at the time the Nazis came to power, the Jews did not have the opportunity to effectively resist violence, representing an almost ideal ethnically isolated and helpless victim. The desire for self-isolation, which determined the survival of the nation, once again worked as a bait for the rioters.
After the defeat of Nazism, many Germans claimed they knew nothing about concentration camps, ghettos, high-performance crematorium ovens, and gigantic ditches filled with human bodies. They did not know about soap, and candles made from human fat, and other cases of "useful disposal" of the remains. Some of their neighbors simply disappeared somewhere, and the authorities did not hear about the atrocities committed in the occupied territories. The desire to disown responsibility for war crimes of ordinary soldiers and officers of the Wehrmacht is understandable; they pointed to the SS troops, which were mainly engaged in punitive operations. But there was also the “Kristallnacht” of 1938, during which not only attack aircraft in brown shirts acted, but also the most ordinary inhabitants. Representatives of the sentimental, talented and industrious German people with sweet ecstasy destroyed the property of their recent friends and neighbors, and they themselves were beaten and humiliated. So why did the Germans exterminate the Jews, what are the reasons for the sudden outbreak of fierce hatred? Were there any reasons?
To understand the reasons why the Germans, their recent neighbors and friends exterminated the Jews, one should plunge into the atmosphere of the Weimar Republic. Many historical studies have been written about this period, and those who do not want to read scientific tomes have the opportunity to learn about it from the novels of the great writer E. M. Remarque. The country suffers from unbearable indemnities imposed by the Entente countries that won the Great War. Poverty borders on hunger, while the souls of its citizens are increasingly seized by various vices caused by forced idleness and the desire to somehow brighten up their gray beggarly life. But there are also successful people, businessmen, bankers, speculators. Entrepreneurship, due to centuries of nomadic life, is in the blood of the Jews. It was they who became the backbone of the business elite of the Weimar Republic, which existed from 1919 to There were, of course, poor Jews, craftsmen, working artisans, musicians and poets, artists and sculptors, and they made up the majority of the people. They basically became victims of the Holocaust, the rich managed to escape, they had money for tickets.
The Holocaust reached its peak during World War II. On the territory of occupied Poland, the “death factories”, Majdanek and Auschwitz immediately began to work. But the flywheel of mass murder on a national basis gained special momentum after the Wehrmacht invaded the USSR.
There were many Jews in the Leninist Politburo of the Bolshevik Party, they even made up the majority. By 1941, large-scale purges took place in the CPSU(b), as a result of which the national composition of the Kremlin leadership underwent significant changes. But at the grassroots (as they say, "on the ground") levels and in the organs of the NKVD, the Jewish Bolsheviks still retained quantitative dominance. Many of them had experience of the Civil War, their merits before the Soviet government were assessed as indisputable, they participated in other large-scale Bolshevik projects. Is it worth asking why Hitler exterminated Jews and commissars in the occupied Soviet territories in the first place? For the Nazis, these two concepts were practically identical and eventually merged into a single whole definition of "Jewish Commissar".
National hostility was inculcated gradually. Racial theory came to dominate almost immediately after the Nazis came to power. On the screens of cinemas appeared chronicles of ritual sacrifices, during which rabbis killed cows by cutting their throats with a sharp knife. and women are very beautiful, but the Nazi propagandists were not interested in such. For propaganda videos and posters, "walking manuals for anti-Semites" were specially chosen, with faces expressing brutal cruelty and stupidity. So the Germans became anti-Semites.
After the Victory, the commandant's offices of the victorious countries pursued a policy of denazification, and in all four occupation zones: Soviet, American, French and British. The inhabitants of the defeated Reich were actually forced (under the threat of deprivation of food rations) to watch revealing documentaries. This measure was aimed at leveling the consequences of twelve years of brainwashing of deceived Germans.
Talking about geopolitics, preaching the ideals of the racial superiority of the Aryans and calling for the destruction of peoples, the Fuhrer nevertheless remained, paradoxically, an ordinary person who suffered from a number of psychological complexes. One of them was the question of one's own nationality. It is difficult to figure out why Hitler exterminated the Jews, but one of the clues may be the origin of his father, Alois Schicklgruber. The father of the future Fuhrer received the infamous surname only after an official statement of paternity, certified by three witnesses and made by Johann Georg Hitler in 1867, for reasons of inheritance.
Alois himself was married three times, and there is a version that one of his children from a previous marriage tried to blackmail the "leader of the German people" with information about the semi-Jewish origin of their common father. This hypothesis has a number of inconsistencies, but due to chronological remoteness it cannot be completely ruled out. But she can explain some of the subtleties of the morbid psyche of the demon-possessed Fuhrer. After all, an anti-Semitic Jew is not such a rare occurrence. And Hitler's appearance does not at all correspond to the racial standards adopted in the Third Reich. He was not a tall blue-eyed blond.
It is also possible to try to explain why Hitler exterminated the Jews from the standpoint of the ethical and philosophical base that he laid under the process of the physical destruction of millions of people. The Fuhrer was fond of occult theories, and his favorite authors were Guido von List and In general, the version of the origin of the Aryans and the ancient Germans turned out to be rather confused and contradictory, but with regard to the Jews, the policy was based on the mystical assumption that they, identified by Hitler as a separate race, supposedly represent danger to all mankind, threatening it with complete annihilation.
It is difficult to assume that an entire nation can be drawn into some kind of global conspiracy. With a multimillion-strong population, someone would surely blabbed about the inhumane plan, in which everyone participates, from the shoemaker Rabinovich to Professor Heller. There is no logically substantiated answer to the question of why the Nazis exterminated the Jews.
Military is committed when people refuse to think for themselves, relying on their leaders, and without a doubt, and sometimes with pleasure, carry out someone's evil will. Unfortunately, things like this still happen today...
Jews fought in Tashkent - this well-known proverb is a vile lie. More than 500,000 Jews fought in the ranks of the Red Army, 167,000 of them were officers and 350,000 privates. More than 200,000 Jewish soldiers and officers perished in the fighting.
In the command of the Soviet Army there were 92 combined-arms Jewish generals, 26 generals of aviation, 33 generals of artillery, 13 generals of tank troops, 7 generals of signal troops, 5 generals of technical troops, 18 generals of the engineering and aviation service, 15 generals of the engineering and artillery service, 9 generals tank engineering service, 34 general engineering and technical service, 6 admiral-engineers ... Jews were 9 commanders of armies and flotillas, 8 chiefs of staff of fronts, fleets, districts, 12 corps commanders, 64 division commanders, 52 commanders of tank brigades. In total, during the war years, 305 Jews served in the armed forces of the country with the rank of generals and admirals, 38 died.
The title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to 157 Jewish soldiers. In terms of one hundred thousand Jewish population 6.83 Heroes. Only the Russians are ahead - 7.66 Heroes per hundred thousand, then, after the Jews, Ukrainians - 5.88 and Belarusians - 4.19. In total, the title of Hero was posthumously awarded to 45 Jewish soldiers, that is, more than a quarter of all those awarded this title. And this despite the fact that in order to be presented to the High Rank of a Hero, a Jew - as everyone understands - had to accomplish some absolutely unheard-of feat. Otherwise, not only would they not have given the order, but they would not even have presented it.
During the war years, Matrosov's feat was repeated by four Jews, and Private Abram Levin lay down on the embrasure a year earlier than Matrosov (February 22, 1942), and was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, I degree (posthumously) only 15 years later! Well, Sergeant Tovye Rise, after he closed the embrasure with his body, was able to stay alive, although he received 18 wounds. Just imagine what coordination, self-control and self-control a person had in truly outrageous conditions: this is not jumping from a tower, from which a champion needs courage to do a triple somersault, it is a million times bolder!
I note by the way that my grandfather, Magarshak Grigory Davidovich, in the First World War, being a soldier, became the Full Cavalier of St. George, and in the second, having volunteered for the front and being surrounded, he brought everyone who followed him to his. The second grandfather, Abram Iosifovich Khavin, earned two Georges in the First World War, and in the Second, already in his advanced years, he was a military doctor. I was born after the war, but I state with confidence: there were no cowards in my Jewish family.
You can love or dislike Stalin, accuse him of anti-Semitism, the Holodomor and the Great Terron, or glorify him for the Victory in the War. In any case, there is no doubt: while the Nazi Hitler destroyed the Jews, during the Great Patriotic War against fascism, Stalin saved the Jews. And even more so. During his, as it were, confusion (and I believe, deep reflections), one of the decisions that Stalin made was: during the fighting, give the Jews the opportunity to fight and benefit the country on an equal footing with other nations. Just equal! And look what (together with Russians, Ukrainians, Georgians, Tatars and other Soviet citizens) the Jews did during the war! We briefly spoke about Jewish soldiers, officers and generals, heroes of the Soviet Union above. Now let's pay attention to those who are never mentioned by name either in the USSR or in the Russian Federation. Whose names (and certainly their abundance, from which the anti-Semite's eyes darken) remain secret: if not one by one, then on the list. About those who organized the transfer of factories from the European part of the Union to the Urals and Siberia, and also created new types of weapons.
As you know, the guarantee of victory was the weapon that came from beyond the Urals, because with a crowbar at the ready and one machine gun per squad (as was often the case with volunteers in the first months), even the most courageous soldier is doomed to death. The program of redeployment of military factories was an unprecedented strategic operation to this day, which contributed to the Victory no less than the valor of soldiers at the front. After all, each plant from the European Part of the Union had to be not just transferred to a new location, but so that it immediately began to work. And this is in wartime conditions, the bombing of railways and stations ... No matter how much was bombed and lost, it must be earned! And who supervised the redeployment of defense plants beyond the Urals, which began to work almost immediately after unloading? Almost all Jews. There are no less Jewish surnames in the lists of those who carried out the redeployment, and then led the creation of new weapons and their production, than during the creation of the Atomic Bomb (which, we recall, was created by Ioffe, Landau, Frisch, Khariton, Kurchatov, Zeldovich, Levich, Gurevich, Frank , Khalatnikov, Artsimovich, Khaikin, Ginsburg, Tamm, Adamsky, Goldansky, Shapiro, Spinel, Semenovich Kikoin, Rabinovich, etc.). Judge for yourself:
People's Commissar for Armaments, Colonel General Vannikov Boris Lvovich (from 1939 to 1941), then People's Commissar for Ammunition (1942-1946).
People's Commissar of Construction of the USSR Ginzburg Semyon Zakharovich - (1939-1946) during the war years led the construction of defense and industrial facilities, the commissioning of evacuated enterprises, and the restoration of the national economy in the liberated areas.
People's Commissar of Railways Kaganovich Lazar Moiseevich
People's Commissar for the Tank Industry, Major General Saltsman Isaak Moiseevich, creator and leader of Tankograd, created in Chelyabinsk on the basis of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant, evacuated from the Kirov Machine-Building and Kharkov Tank Plants, which, after the evacuation, began to produce more than 1000 tanks per month, providing a technical base for victories near Moscow, Stalingrad on the Orel-Kursk Bulge ...
Deputy People's Commissar of the Aviation Industry, who was responsible for the relocation of enterprises to the Urals and Siberia, Major General Sandler Solomon Mironovich
Major General Vishnevsky David Nikolaevich - DURING THE WAR, deputy. People's Commissar of Munitions. Under his leadership, new types of fuses for shells were developed.
deputy Chief of the Main Directorate of the People's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry, Major General Pavel Yakovlevich Zalessky (1940-1950).
Head of the Main Directorate of the People's Commissariat of Ammunition, Major General Zemlerub Viktor Abramovich - from 1942 to 1946. -
head of the department of engine building and fuel of the aviation industry Lieutenant-General Levin Mikhail Aronovich - (1941-1445)
head of the main department of the People's Commissariat of Armaments. Major General Nosovsky Naum Emmanuilovich (1940-1946)
head of the main department of the People's Commissariat of Ammunition, Major General Frankfurt Samuil Grigorievich (1942-1946) ...
Let's interrupt the list just so as not to go beyond the format of blogs on ECHO. Let's remember these people with gratitude. Those who (like the front-line patriots and patriots of the defense industry of other nationalities, who differ from Jewish patriots in that none of them are said to have fought in Tashkent) made a huge contribution to the Victory, which we celebrate every year. And let these surnames darken in the eyes of those who do not get tired of shamelessly lying, they say "Jews fought in Tashkent" and "all the same..you are cowards."
Well, the contribution of the Jews to the development of new types of weapons of the Soviet Army is even more unprecedented (if this is possible). And it is incomparable with any percentage of Jews among the population. Judge for yourself.
The creator of the missile systems Krug, Buk, Kub, S-300, Antey-Lyulyev
The creator of air defense and missile defense - Livshits A.L., and their control systems - Livshits M.I., Zalman
The creators of the La 5, La 7 aircraft, the supersonic La-160, the Dal and Burya air defense missiles are Lavochkin (Aizikovich), Taits, Felsner, Heifets (22 thousand aircraft were produced during the war years)
The creators of the MIG-aircraft Artem Ivanovich Mikoyan (brother of Anastas Ivanovich, the same one who was talked about from Ilyich to Ilyich without a severer and paralysis) and Gurevich (“just” an aircraft designer, without relatives in the government: in the word MIG, the third letter from the first in his surnames),
The creator of Mi-Mil helicopters
Creators of TU-3, TU-4. TU-8 - Tupolev, Kerber, Frenkel.
Creators of Yak-1, Yak-4, Yak-9 Yakovlev, Donskoy, Zaks, Sonshtein.
The creators of PE-2 and PE-8 are Petlyakov, Isakson.
The creators of the aircraft (general and chief designers) were Bisnovat, Khorol, Iosilovich, Felsner, Weinberg, Chernyakov, Borin, Vigdorchik, Itskovich.
The creators of rocket science and aircraft engines - Kosberg, Shaposhnik, Bisnovat, Isakson, Neman, Ginsburg
The creator of the N-37,NS-45,NS-23 aircraft guns, tank and anti-tank guns - Nudelman
The creators of automatic anti-aircraft systems - Levin, Lyulyev, Khorol.
The creator of the SU-152 self-propelled gun based on the T-34 is Gorlitsky.
Creator 160 mm. mortar - Teverevsky.
The inventor of "hedgehogs" is General Gorikker.
The creators of the KV and IS tanks and self-propelled guns SU and ISU-Kotin, and the engines for them - Vihman, Gorlitsky, Ber, Werner.
The creators of "Katyusha" - Schwartz, Gontmakher, Shor, Levin, Guy ....
May 9 is another Victory Day. Let us give thanks on this holy day for every day to all those who contributed to the victory over the Nazis non-humans. Giving their lives and losing their health at the front - or redeploying industrial enterprises and creating new types of weapons in the rear. But at the same time, let's finally stop lying, insulting and hushing up the contribution of the Jews to the Victory over fascism. Not only for moral reasons. But also because any lie is punishable. And it comes back like a boomerang.
In April 1943, the Bermuda Conference was held, the participants of which limited themselves to an exchange of views on the problem of Jewish refugees and decided that the issue of providing assistance to the surviving Jews should be postponed until the end of the war!
During the Second World War and after it, the British government did everything to keep the surviving Jews out of Palestine and other parts of the empire. Moreover, it did not agree to recognize them as either prisoners or political emigrants. Shameful pages in the history of England in those years were the events that unfolded around three ships with Jewish refugees.
In November 1940, the Atlantic steamer with 1,800 passengers on board arrived at the port of Haifa after a voyage of many days. The British authorities interned them and deported them all to Mauritania.
Another ship - "El Salvador" (several hundred refugees, including children) - sank in December 1940 off the coast of Palestine, without waiting for help.
And finally, Struma. This Romanian ship, designed for only 100 passengers and also in disrepair (holes, machine malfunctions), took on board 769 refugees in the Romanian port of Constanta and sailed to Haifa on December 16, 1941. It was wrecked near Istanbul, but the Turks said they would not allow the refugees to disembark unless they had permission from the British authorities to enter Palestine. The British did not give such permission. The ship lay at anchor for ten days, and on February 24, 1942, despite the assurances of the captain that the ship was unseaworthy, the Turks towed it to the open sea.
The Struma sank six miles offshore. Only two people were saved. Before leaving the ship on the high seas, officials received from the British authorities permission to enter Palestine for only 70 children.
At this time, terrible events were taking place in Romania. As early as January 1941, Gunter, the American ambassador to that country, reported on the massacre by the Iron Guard, which resulted in the death of more than 700 Jews.
Three weeks later, the tragedy of the ships became the subject of an inquiry by MP Lipron. He accused the government that if the Struma were an enemy ship, then the Germans, Italians or Japanese would certainly be interned and kept until the end of the war, while with regard to Jewish refugees, they refused to do so.
Mr. Macmillan, Assistant Secretary at the Colonial Office, replied, "We must not take action that is contrary to our policy on illegal immigration." Secretary of State Lord Cranborne cynically remarked: "The situation in which the world is today needs to be somewhat accustomed to such atrocities."
Everyone seemed to conspire against the Jews. Even the chief of the Swiss police, Rothmund, who ordered on August 13, 1942, to grant asylum to political emigrants, warned that "racially motivated refugees will not be considered as such."
Churchill admitted with difficulty: "The Jews were the first victims of Hitler and from the very beginning were in the front line of the struggle against National Socialism." Things did not go beyond these words. On March 23, 1943, a debate took place in the House of Lords on the issue of saving the Jews, but the gates of Palestine remained closed to them even after that. Nevertheless, between 1939 and 1945 some 90,000 Jews illegally entered Palestine.
The words of Ben-Gurion, spoken by him in 1943, sound with pain and anger: “You peoples who preach the ideals of freedom and justice, who consider yourself the defenders of democracy and champions of social progress, why do not rush to help, seeing how they are constantly and ruthlessly shedding our blood? Why are you mocking our grief with cheap and meaningless condolences?”
8. The Vatican of Pius XII and the Extermination of the Jews
In order to avoid presenting our own, perhaps subjective, views on the role of the atikan in the tragedy of the Jews, we present to the reader's court several reliable evidence on this issue.
Here is the content of the speech of the former General Secretary of the World Jewish Congress, Dr. G. Rieger (Geneva), delivered in the Church of St. Anna in Dresden and entitled "Warnings Heard Only by a Few - Actions of the World Jewish Congress in Hitler's Times" (quoted from "Signs of the Light" - a collection of joint works of the Catholic Church and the synagogue of March 5, 1986): "First of all, he said, that he is very excited that after 52 years he can again address the German people. He left his hometown of Berlin and Germany in 1933, when he was exiled with his family on the basis of the "Aryan paragraph" of the Nuremberg Law. Characteristic of that time was the underestimation of the events that took place. Many thought that National Socialism was just an episode, and only a few understood that Nazism knew no boundaries, either moral or ethical.
As vice chairman of the Congress, Dr. Rieger spoke primarily about the attitude towards the atican. The first contacts between the Congress and the Atican were not established until 1942, in the face of an impending tragedy. As a result, the Vatican intervened in the events taking place in Slovakia, and a brief lull was established there. However, this did not happen in other countries, primarily in Germany.
The second stage began after the US government appealed to the Atican in the fall of 1942 with a request to confirm information about the extermination of Jews. Atican secretary Cardinal Maglioni replied that he did not believe there was evidence to support these serious concerns.
In the months that followed, numerous reports came to the Vatican confirming suspicions that "the extermination of the Jews through mass murder" was taking place. In December 1942, a statement was published by the allied countries publicly condemning the "extermination" of the Jews. A similar statement was received from the Polish government in exile. The governments of the United States and many Latin American countries demanded a public condemnation (declaration) from the pope. Pius XII, in his speech on the celebration of the Nativity of Christ, delivered by him in 1942 on the Vatican radio, characterized the situation, but did not emphasize the special position of the Jews. According to the referent, the condemnation was "very bold"; from the point of view of today, it can be called "extremely weak."
Extremely convincing was the reaction of the Anglican Church in England to the extermination of the Jews. In 1944, this church provided effective assistance to Hungarian Jews during their deportation. Thanks to the intervention of the Atican and the Church of Enger, many Jews were saved in Hungary. However, according to Dr. Rieger, Vatican diplomacy has not been able to understand the tragedy of the current situation. The position of the provisional World Council of Churches was completely different, with two personalities worthy of special mention: Issert Hoft, who later became the Secretary General of the Council, and his predecessor in this post, the German diplomat, confessional church pastor Adolf Freudenberg, who led the provision of assistance to refugees. Unlike the Atikan, the World Council of Churches maintained an ongoing exchange of information with the World Jewish Congress.”
9. Poles in saving the Jews
The historical truth about the help that the Poles provided to the Jews is sometimes distorted for various reasons. A classic example of document manipulation is Stefan Krakowski's essay "Polish Society and Hiding Jewish Fugitives, 1942-1944". In November 1984, the First International Conference on Polish-Jewish Relations in the Light of Modern History was held at the Institute for Polish-Jewish Studies in Oxford. And this is how S. Krakovsky sees these relations.
The primary sources on which he relied were diaries, stories, memoirs of surviving Jews and Poles who had contact with hiding Jews or were witnesses of the assistance provided to them. Additional material is underground literature. The studies did not take into account the Arshava district and the territories belonging to the Germans, but the situation on the lands of the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth within the borders before 1938 was analyzed, which determines the statistics given by the author. After all, S. Krakovsky was well aware that the Bendera exterminated thousands of Poles there, and tens of thousands more fled. There are too few Poles left in these territories to be reproached for their bad attitude towards the Jews.
Despite this, being exposed to mortal danger themselves, the Poles, to the best of their ability, helped the persecuted Jews. from, for example, the testimony of Adam Landesberg: “Ukrainian gangs prowled especially in the eastern territories, betraying people to the Germans, killing and robbing. In this region, near Zholkiev, the Polish village of Kosteev constantly helped the Jews. People from this village gave food to the hungry and clothes to the naked.”
Another example: in Lviv, in his house on Stryiska Street, Joseph Sokha hid several dozen people, and after the end of the war he did not want to hear about any reward, considering what he had done as his Christian duty. Such cases, most likely, the author of the abstract did not take into account.
In the abstract, 2000 documents were studied, 1000 cases were described that occurred in 767 settlements. Based on this by no means indicative material, Krakowski came to the following conclusions: thanks to the help provided by the Poles, 2,652 people of Jewish nationality were saved. The number of identified Poles who hid or assisted in hiding Jews is 965. 80 Poles were shot for helping Jews.
The number of identified Jews killed or handed over by the Poles to the Germans is 3,037. In 120 settlements, murders of Jews by the underground (the National Armed Forces and, partially, the Home Army) were registered, including those committed by "AK people" after the formal liquidation of the AK in January 1945.
On the basis of such arbitrarily analyzed data, the author of the abstract concludes: “Therefore, we consider ourselves authorized to emphasize that while most of the crimes against Jewish fugitives in hiding were committed by underground organizations, acts of helping Jews were, for the most part, of an individual character, based on good the will of the benefactors and were not connected with the actions of the underground. Based on the total number of crimes and violence, the role of the Polish underground cannot but be assessed as definitely negative.”
It is difficult to find a suitable definition for this "scientific work", despite the fact that this kind of public speaking is not isolated.
Describing the martyrdom of the Jewish people in the Polish lands, it is impossible not to touch upon the question of assistance provided by the Poles to the persecuted Jews. How can one explain that the assistance to the Jews in the territories occupied by the Germans, including Poland, was so small?
This problem was solved differently in different countries. It depended on many circumstances, including whether the given country was a “subject” of the occupier, what was the standard of living of its inhabitants, who led the state.
Things were not going well for Poland. After 123 years of dependence on other powers, it was necessary to rally the people, to restore the very foundations of the state, economic and other systems. The country was destroyed by the war, remained deeply backward, poor, it was inhabited by citizens of different nationalities, including representatives of a large Jewish community. The Polish government has done a lot for the country over a twenty-year period, but also made many mistakes in national and confessional policy. The power was controlled by the army with the support of the bourgeoisie and the Catholic Church.
The pastoral message of Cardinal Hlend, the head of the Church in 1936, gives us the opportunity to get acquainted with the position of the Polish Church towards the Jews: “The Jewish problem exists and will exist as long as the Jews are Jews ... The fact that the Jews are opposed to the Catholic Church, they are freethinkers, the vanguard of godlessness, the Bolshevik movement and subversive work. It is a fact that the Jewish influence on morals is pernicious, and their institutions and publishing houses propagate pornography. It is also true that the Jews are engaged in deceit, usury, trading in live goods. It is also true that in schools the influence of Jewish youth on Catholic youth, in religious and moral terms, is in most cases negative. But let's be fair. Not all Jews are like that. Many Jews are believers, decent, just, merciful, doing good. many Jewish families have a warm, healthy atmosphere. We know that in the Jewish environment there are morally outstanding, noble, respectable people.”
Here is an example of traditional Roman Catholic anti-Judaism, which condemns the use of violence against Jews, which is different from ethnic anti-Semitism and racism. It can be said that the pre-war Church was popular and national with a nationalist and anti-Jewish bias.
Professor Raul Hilberg, who performs in the film Shoah the main specialist witness, says: “From the very beginning, Christians told the Jews: “You cannot live among us as Jews.” The secular authorities at the end of the Middle Ages decided: "You cannot live among us." Finally, the Nazis proclaimed: "You cannot live."
The society of pre-war Poland, overwhelmingly Catholic, was under anti-Semitic influence, planted by the clergy, the episcopate and its press organs. The Polish authorities saw a partial solution to the problem of unemployment and Jewish control over various spheres of economic life in their mass emigration to Palestine.
A few decades later, Israel found itself in a similar situation with the Arab population. During the war with the Arabs in 1967-1968. about 500,000 Palestinians were forcibly evicted. The Israeli media reported that 22 % Israelis considers "the best way out" to "get rid" of the Palestinians who are Israeli citizens. This percentage is much higher when it comes to the removal of Palestinians from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.
This kind of practice, no matter who carries it out, cannot be justified. But looking back decades later, it can be argued that the various pressures placed on Eastern European Jews, including Polish Jews, before World War II to emigrate were an attempt on the part of God to save them from imminent annihilation. One can only regret that only a small number of Jews used this chance.
The Red Army, entering the eastern territories of the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth on the basis of the Ribentrop-Molotov Pact, met with an enthusiastic reception from the local Jewish poor, which is natural, since it was a temporary salvation for it. But one must also understand the Poles, who saw the treacherous behavior of the Jews, former citizens of the Polish state. In this situation, it was not possible to refute the many fictions and exaggerations about the Jews, as well as to provide evidence that traitor Jews constituted an insignificant percentage compared to other nationalities.
The active position on the side of the Stalinist government, taken by the Jews apostates from the religion of Moses, cast a shadow on all representatives of this people, inciting the local population against them. To some extent, this explains the fact that when the Germans entered the mentioned Polish territories on June 22, 1941, part of the local population accepted them with joy as deliverers from the Bolshevik regime. In Brest on the Bug, prisoners released from Soviet prisons staged pogroms of local Jews.
This incident conveys the atmosphere of those days. Rumors about the position taken by the Jews during the Soviet occupation were exaggerated, all the crimes committed by the Stalinist regime were attributed to the Jews. This partly explains the indifference and even hostility of the population towards the Jews.
On September 25, 1941, the commander-in-chief of the AK, General Grot-Rovetsky, reported in a telegram to the government in London: "It is a real fact that the vast majority of the country's population is anti-Semitic ... Anti-Semitism is widespread in the country."
In August 1942, the writer Sophia Kossak wrote on behalf of a small Catholic group, the Front for the Rebirth of Poland, in a pamphlet called Protest: “Whoever is silent, seeing how a murder is being committed, becomes an accomplice in the murder. Whoever does not condemn, he allows... We, Polish Catholics, want to speak out. Our feelings towards the Jews have not changed. We never cease to regard them as political, economic and ideological enemies of Poland. Moreover, we realize that they hate us more than the Germans, and that they make us responsible for their misfortunes. Why, on what basis - remains the secret of the Jewish soul, although this is a confirmed fact. However, the awareness of these feelings does not free us from the condemnation of crimes.
This position of well-known representatives of Polish society simplifies the problem. It is a fact that the majority of Poles turned out to be indifferent to the plight of the Jews. But indifference is not complicity in a crime and not a manifestation of anti-Semitism. However, many Jews, exploring this issue today, do not notice this.
In Poland, unlike other countries occupied by German troops, from the very beginning of the occupation, the German administration seized power, which carried out all the orders of the German army with methodical accuracy. Only those who survived the inferno of occupation can understand the terrible and difficult conditions in which the majority of the population of the occupied countries found themselves. We emphasize that a significant part of it did not help the persecuted Jews, which was explained not so much by anti-Semitism, but by the disorientation of the common resident, his low consciousness and enlightenment, but most often - the fear of the occupier's revenge. Therefore, today it is impossible to draw too hasty and superficial conclusions about the people who lived both on one side and on the other side of the ghetto walls; it was a time of great trials.
Only individual Jews could escape death, but no one was able to save the people as a whole; only those who left the country could change the course of events. No one has the right to demand that a person give his own life to save his neighbor. And this, alas, was the price of saving the Jews. It was necessary to prepare in advance not only for their own death, but also for the death of their entire family. But many Poles have chosen this path.
Let's end our reflections on this problem with the words of the outstanding Polish writer Andrzejewski: “For all honest Poles, the fate of the dying Jews was especially painful, because people were dying whom our people did not have the right to look directly into the eyes and with a clear conscience. Poles and Poles, who are dying for freedom, the Polish people could boldly look into the eyes. Jews dying in a burning ghetto, no!”
However, contrary to this statement, let's try to face the truth and find a reason for optimism in the scraps of history of those years. in all the occupied countries, individual citizens rushed to the aid of the Jews. But only in Poland did this assistance become centralized, covering the entire country. Someone will ask: why did it happen so late? Most likely, because then no one could have foreseen that the genocide would acquire a scale unprecedented in history.
We have already spoken about the creation in 1942 of a department for the Jewish question and a temporary committee for aid to Jews named after Konrad Zegota. On December 4, 1942, with the cooperation of the political parties, the representative office of the government established the Żegota Council for Assistance to Jews. The head of the "Jewish department" Vitold Benkovsky was elected as a delegate to the representative office at the Council.
The significance of the Polish representation in exile attached to the Jewish question is evidenced by the notes made by Bienkowski in 1948: “As head of the Żegota department, I received direct contact with the Civil Struggle Department, the Finance Department, the Home Army Headquarters, and also with all information channels (radio, field mail, emissaries). This fact (the only case in the structure of our secret state administration) testifies to a very serious attitude towards the problem of the Jews. While party leaders and senior officials waited for weeks on end to communicate with London by radio, during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising I was able to transmit news from the scene to London seven times a day. With regard to the imposition of death sentences on blackmailers, I was endowed with special powers. I signed 117 death sentences with my own hand, of which 89 were carried out... The Żegota Department occupied an important position politically... The organization of the Department covered all the structures involved in the "Jewish question": politics (domestic and foreign), intelligence, social assistance " .
The Żegota Jewish Aid Council had financial, housing, ideological, children's, clothing, provincial affairs, documentation, and blackmail departments. In the spring of 1943, the activities of the Council were organized in Krakow and Lvov, as well as in Radom, Endrzejow, Częstochowa, Skarzyska-Kamen-naya, Piotrkow Trybunalski, Tarnovo, Przemysl, Sanok, Lublin, Zamosc and other cities.
Based on the story of the head of finance at Zhegota, F. Archinsky, we will outline, for example, the scope of some of its departments. The Department of Ideology, through a network of correspondents, received data on the extermination of Jews, on fleeing and hiding Jews, their needs and well-being. Bulletins were published and received by the authorities, political parties and the underground press. 1943 three pamphlets with a circulation of 25,000 were published, and another in German, under the guise of a publication of the German resistance movement; pamphlets were distributed among the Germans and in their institutions. pamphlets described the extent of Nazi crimes and called on the public to help the dying Jews. The pamphlet “A Year in Treblinka” was published in 2,000 copies, and the collection of poetry “From the Abyss” - in 3,000 copies. Both pamphlets were distributed not only in the country, but were also transferred to the West.
The reports sent abroad were supposed to inform the public in the West and cause special repression against Germany by the Allies. But all efforts were in vain. For example, one of the dispatches sent during the liquidation of the ghetto contained a call for revenge for the murders of Jews. The explanation received was as follows: "The air forces of the N-th military unit are not called upon to carry out acts of revenge, but are called upon to perform exclusively combat missions."
The children's department of "Zhegota" took care of a thousand or more Jewish children and adolescents.
It is believed that "Zhegota" patronized more than 20,000 Jews. In Warsaw and its environs, the documentation department issued false documents to all Jews under their care, including certificates of birth, death, church wedding, registration, etc. On average, about 100 registered documents were issued per day. Moreover, this department served in Warsaw local branches of the Council of the whole country, issuing "blind" documents, that is, forms without names and surnames, which fit in on the ground. Before the start of the Warsaw Uprising, in 1944, 50,000 documents were produced, of which 80% were for Jews in hiding.
The finance department received subsidies from the representation from funds sent by the government from London. Here are just a few general data.
During the two years of Żegota's activity, 90% of the expenses were borne by the Polish authorities, and 10% by Jewish organizations abroad. From October 1942 to August 1944, Polish paratroopers ("quiet") delivered for the needs of the Bund 420,000 dollars, equivalent to 30,000,000 occupation zlotys. Evidence suggests that financial assistance from Western Jews began to arrive in greater numbers when there were few living Polish Jews left. the hoard of the representation was very significant. At the same time, the representative office had huge expenses for various purposes (including military ones), while financial subsidies from the Polish government in London were limited, since it itself waged war with the Germans on money received mainly from the allies on credit . This is the truth about some forms of assistance provided to the Jews. However, there remain entire areas that have not yet been and, it seems, will never be explored, because the darkness of oblivion has covered many events, and there are fewer and fewer living witnesses.
Who today can determine the exact number of Jews saved by the Poles, or say how many Poles died, giving them shelter or food? Witnesses confirm that there was not a day in the Warsaw ghetto when at least a few "smugglers" who brought food to the ghetto were not shot dead. It must be remembered that since March 1941, the Nazis excluded Jews from the urban system of goods distribution in Arshava. Nevertheless, the Poles delivered more than 250 tons of food a day to the ghetto, and this at a time when famine reigned in most Polish cities (including Lvov and Warsaw).
It should also be emphasized that before the action of the Lublin Gestapo led by Hoffle, that is, until September 13, 1942, mainly thanks to the Poles, the workshops that worked in the ghetto had raw materials and could sell their products, i.e., the Jews had Job. What can we say about the help with weapons, thanks to which a handful of ghetto defenders were able to hold out for quite a long time in the fight against the well-armed and highly experienced Nazis!
Is it possible to calculate how many Polish families hid Jews in their homes without any outside help, because few people had the opportunity to contact the secret organizations of the Resistance or "Zhegota". Can someone who did not survive the occupation imagine how a family hiding Jews provided themselves with food, fearing to attract the attention of others with an increased volume of purchases?
In addition, it happened that hiding without permission, without the knowledge of the "guardian", temporarily left his shelter, as was the case, for example, in Ossow near Warsaw with Zelenkevich's "ward" Jew Shapiro, who, being caught, led the Gestapo to his shelter. Miraculously, only Shapiro's wife and son escaped death: they managed to escape, but Zelenkevich was executed. Under similar circumstances, the priests of the Pauline Order in Lvov perished.
Rumors about these events exacerbated the feeling of anxiety and danger. Today it is very difficult to put oneself in the place of those whom the Yad Vashem Institute in Jerusalem calls "Righteous Among the Nations." And it is not for nothing that such an honorary title is given to only a few.
In 1941, only in one of the occupied countries - in Poland - did the death penalty threaten for providing not only asylum, but also food to a Jew. Not a single Belgian or Frenchman died for this "crime" in the West. In order to imagine a picture of the reign of terror in Poland, let us describe some of the tragedies that occurred then.
According to the reports of the Main Commission for the Study of Hitler's Crimes in Poland in 1968, 343 Poles died for helping Jews, of which 243 victims were identified, among them 64 women and 42 children. These figures are greatly underestimated, based on the results of new research, we can talk about more than 900 Poles who died for helping Jews, which is confirmed by the Jewish Historical Institute.
In three parts of the book Those who help ("Those who saved"), published in 1993, 1996, 1997, not only lists the names of those awarded in Jerusalem. There is a list of names of 704 Poles executed by the Nazis for helping Jews during World War II. This list is not yet complete, research is ongoing.
The Pope canonized Father Maximilian Kolbe for saving the Jews in Auschwitz. For such acts, many Poles were executed, who showed no less heroism. But few Poles (and Jews) remember them, much less their orphaned families.
Here are a few examples of such heroism: on December 6, 1942, in the village of Chepelovo-Stare (Kielce Voivodeship), for hiding Jews, the SS department burned three Polish families in their homes (23 people in total, 15 of them children). In Warsaw, two families from Gruetzka Street, the Marchaks and the Olskies, perished in a similar way. They were members of the "Zhegota" and gave shelter to more than thirty Jews, including the historian of the Warsaw ghetto, Dr. E. Ringelblum (1900–1944), who had fled from the concentration camp. On March 7, 1944, everyone who was in the apartment - both Poles and Jews - were shot. in the village of Erhoviska near Lublin, a group of local Jews was hidden in his household by Joseph Ardzinsky. Checking the buildings, the Nazis found the Jews and shot them. About the time of the skirmish (the Jews defended themselves as long as there was enough ammunition), the owner managed to escape. He hid in the forest along with the surviving Jews and the Russians who fled from captivity. During the round-up in the Minkowice Forest, everyone died, except for two people. Ardzinsky died on July 9, 1943, he was shot dead in a tree where he was hiding. S. Ishnevskaya and her 12-year-old sister Sofia, as well as the family of S. Marchinyak, whose farm was burned down, died for helping Jews in the village of Karchmiska (Lublin Voivodeship). Naphthalene (Yastkov region), together with the hiding Jew Naftaly Bruter, was shot by S. Kasior, and in Tomaszowice, the Petrakov and Ismulsky families were executed for helping Jews. On December 10, 1942, Ladislav Abramek, Joseph Aftyka (54 years old), Anelya (52 years old), Marianna (14 years old), Sofia (17 years old) died in Oli-Pshibyslavskaya (Lublin Voivodeship). These examples clearly illustrate the degree of selflessness of those unrecognized heroes.
The Righteous Among the Nations medal, which the Institute of People's Remembrance (Yad Vashem, Jerusalem) awards to those who saved Jews, is an indirect evidence of the attitude of the occupied peoples towards the persecuted Jews. These medals are not awarded posthumously, nor are they awarded to those who themselves do not claim them. Many of those still living remain nameless heroes, not looking for any rewards. How many have already died? The greatest reward for them is a clear conscience and consciousness to the end of the duty performed.
From the documents, as well as from a comparison of the number of awardees from different countries, it follows that the Poles make up the largest group (if we compare the number of awardees with the population, then the Dutch are in the first place).
But it's not about the numbers. The significance of these data, unfortunately, is underestimated by those who should remember them and many other facts of the more than 800-year history of the presence of Jews in Poland.
A separate topic is the gratitude of the saved to their benefactors, and far from everything has been done here. The famous Jewish poet Chaim Hefer, in his poem "Righteous of the World", invites us to think about this.
... At the sound of these words - their saviors
I remembered, and embraced by severe doubt:
When that whirlwind of hatred roared around, -
Would I be able to shelter strangers under my father's roof?At risk, at mortal fear - I would doom my family,
And the soul - into discord, into the darkness of sleepless nights?
I would be able to curb both thought and speech
Before everyone who is around - in greetings, in bows?Like this - an hour after an hour, like this - a year after a year,
Fearing scammers, I would be able to tremble -
For a grateful look that only flickers at the end,
For words of warmth, for a moment of handshake?There is no price for kindness. There are no rewards for loyalty.
And a small honor - to give strangers surplus.
Only on the worst day you will see who your brother is,
I learned firsthand about sincere love.And again I search - and find the answer:
To be able to become so not in words, in deeds!
After all, in order for me to survive, so that I can see the light of the sun, -
They despised death and looked into her eyes.For courage in a black hour, for your highest talent -
For the warmth of the soul - a bow to you, sincere brothers.
O you that do not let the sky fall like Atlas, -
O Righteous One! I want to praise you!
10. Jews in Poland after 1944
The nightmare experienced during the occupation instilled in the consciousness of the peoples, including the Poles, the desire for peace, security and stability. However, the situation that has developed in the country has postponed these prospects for several years. This happened as a result of changes in the social system. The extreme left forces, which, at the behest of Moscow, took power in the country, liquidated the existing structures of the underground state. They filled prisons with tens of thousands of former soldiers of the Home Army, and tens of thousands more were deported to Siberia by the repressive organs of the USSR. During this time, many irreparable mistakes were made in national politics, including in relation to the Jews.
In the struggle for power, the opposing forces tried to play on anti-Semitism, especially since Hitler's policy and propaganda left traces in the minds of some citizens.
In such circumstances, it was not difficult to incite the crowd to anti-Jewish demonstrations and even to pogroms. Such pogroms took place in Krakow (August 11, 1945), Rzheshov (July 4, 1946), in Kielce (on the same day). they killed 40 Jews. The reason for the last pogrom, according to one version, was the deliberate hiding in the basement of eight-year-old Henrik Blasik, according to another, his father allegedly sent him to the village. The boy was told to say that the Jews kept him in the cellar of the house on the street. Planty 7, in Kielce. As the state press agency later reported, the instigators, dressed in the uniforms of the army of General Anders (the Polish army in the West), allegedly shouted: “Beat the Jews! Long live the government in exile! Long live the Leader!
Rabbi D. Kagan determines the number of people who participated in this pogrom at 2,000 people and describes the whole event in this way: “The Jews closed themselves in the house and were ready to defend their lives with the weapons they had. At 12 o'clock a group of armed militiamen arrived under the command of Sgt. Blahut... who ordered to hand over the weapons to him... and go out into the yard. When the Jews refused to obey, Blahut began to hit them on the head with the handle of a pistol, shouting ... The investigation established that Blahut was the only policeman sent from the police station, and his assistants were "murderers from the crowd."
Anyone familiar with this case will ask with surprise, what did the local and central authorities do, who, of course, were informed about this event? Is it possible that in a voivodship city with a large garrison of troops, police, and security services, during the riots, only the policeman Blahut would act, and even in this way? The "case" launched against the alleged perpetrators of the events was more like a farce (like other similar trials of those dark times).
The Catholic Church in the Krakow newspaper "General Weekly" condemned both the Kielce pogrom and anti-Semitism in general. A week after these events, on July 11, 1946, Archbishop Primate Hland, condemning the pogrom, concluded his statement with these words: “The Poles, themselves exterminated, supported the Jews, sheltered them and saved them at the risk of their own lives. Many Jews in Poland owe their lives to Poles, Polish priests. The responsibility for changing this good attitude towards the Jews lies largely with those Jews who today occupy leading government posts in Poland and seek to impose on Poland a social order that the vast majority of the people do not want. This is a dangerous game that leads to tension. In these clashes in the political struggle, unfortunately, Jews die, but many Poles also die.”
Historian Christina Kersten in the weekly "Solidarity" (1981, no. 36) in the article "Kielce, July 4, 1946" claims that this provocation was the work of the special services and remains an undisclosed secret of the then authorities of the PPR. This opinion is also shared by Michal Chęcinski in his book. Professor I. Gutman from Jerusalem comments on this hypothesis as follows: “The author, who is familiar with the activities of the secret services from the inside, sees in most of the political events in Poland after the war the result of the intervention of these services. The Kielce pogrom is also connected with the secret services…”.
At the same time, rumors spread that this provocation was organized by the Zionists (agents of Bricha) in order to hasten Polish Jews to emigrate to Israel as part of the Aliyah Bet campaign. There is no need to justify the absurdity of such an opinion.
Other events that resonate with pain in the heart are the murders of Jews by the Poles after 1944. I. Gutman in his book, referring to the "internal circular of the Polish government", claims that by the end of 1945 341 Jews were killed in Poland. The number of Jews killed by the summer of 1947, he estimates at about 1,000 people. For reasons known only to him, he uses the “approximate” method of calculation, although at that time the bureaus for recording the movement of the population were already clearly operating and the authorities registered all cases that they could use in the fight against political opponents. Gutman makes another dubious argument.
In a conversation with journalists who came with Hoover (former US President), Polish President Boleslaw Bierut said that "it is not possible to establish an exact figure, but several hundred Jews were killed during the year by the remnants of anti-Semitic organizations that are illegal in Poland." under normal conditions, even such an approximate figure, reported by a high-ranking statesman, would have mattered, but not in Poland at that time, and besides, it was expressed for political purposes by such an ambiguous person as Bolesław Bierut, called the Polish Stalin. The PUWP stated at its congress in 1989 that “Bolesław Bierut… inspired numerous lawsuits and harsh sentences. On his initiative, unfounded arrests and falsified accusations of groups of leading figures of the PRP were carried out ... ".
A scientist of the stature of Professor Gutman must know how often Jewish blood was used for political purposes. Therefore, one should not draw final conclusions based on such "evidence".
There are objective difficulties in determining the actual number of Polish Jews who escaped extermination by the Nazis. Many thousands of them, for various reasons, mostly personal, were still in the USSR. A significant part at the end of the war ended up in concentration camps in Germany and never returned to the country. Many of those who survived the occupation with the help of "Aryan papers" (passports) broke with Judaism and either left for the West or assimilated inside the country. Both those and others did not come into contact with the Jewish communities. Jewish collaborators, who wanted to leave for the West as soon as possible, did not register in the communities either. The data received from the branches of Jewish organizations in Poland are approximate and do not definitively answer the question of who, when and how was saved. The results of the studies conducted by the Poles are incomplete and contradictory.
As of October 10, 1944, the Sector for Assistance to the Jewish Population under the Committee of National Liberation had only 8,000 Jews registered in Lublin and other settlements of that part of the voivodeships that had been liberated by the Red Army. On November 4, 1944, the Central Committee of Jews in Poland (CKEP) was established. In July 1946, 244,964 Jews already lived in Poland, including from February to June 1946, 136,550 people were repatriated on the basis of a repatriation agreement between Poland and the USSR. Another 108,000 are Jews who either survived the occupation or found themselves in Poland by February 1946 as a result of illegal repatriation from Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania. According to the Presidium of the CCEP, in 1945 about 40,000 Jews managed to get into Poland in this way.
In the 1920s, when England restricted the entry of Jews into Palestine, "aliya bet" ("second aliya", that is, illegal) was proclaimed to support illegal immigration. There were also "aliya gimel" and "dalet" (from the following letters of the Hebrew alphabet) - emigration on fake certificates or by repeatedly using them by different people. In the 1930s, Aliyah Bet smuggled emigrants mainly from Germany and other countries of Central and Eastern Europe. To do this, she created underground groups called "Briha" (Heb. "flight", "unexpected departure" to Eretz Yisrael - "land of Israel").
As early as November 1945, Brikha agents organized the illegal emigration of Jews from Poland. Since February 1946 they have transported more than 10,000 Jews on trucks. In the same place with the repatriation from the USSR, the “big aliyah” also began, especially after the arrival of the last echelons of the repatriated (June-July 1946) and after the Kielce pogrom that took place at that time. Out of a quarter of a million Jews, by the spring of 1947 only 100,000 remained in Poland.
During the repatriation of the Germans from Szczecin to the British zone, Bricha added to their echelons wagons with Jews (about 700 people) who had fake documents, from which it followed that they were citizens of the former Third Reich. In the refugee camps in Germany, there were over 200,000 Jews (most from Poland) waiting there for "the opening of the gates of Palestine."
The difficulties that the mandate authorities created for the Jews, after the horrendous experiences of the war years, trying to get to Palestine, should be described separately. A striking example is the fate of the passengers of the St. Louis ship, which the British returned to Hamburg.
After the decision of the UN on the division of Palestine, the Zionists began the action "Fund for Relief of the Fighting Palestine". All Jewish organizations active in Poland, including the communist Jewish faction of the Polish Workers' Party, by September 1948 had raised nearly 113,000,000 złoty for this Foundation. In addition, volunteers were recruited into the Haganah, who, after retraining with legal passports, were sent to Palestine. For this purpose, a military training camp was established in Bolkow near Zielona Góra. as a result of the campaign to recruit and train volunteers for the Haganah, about 3,200 Jews ended up in it.
In November 1945, the Gehalutz (Pioneer) organization with its center in Warsaw resumed its activities. In 1948, the kibbutzim in Lower Silesia, in which more than 2,000 Halutians were concentrated, received an allowance from the government in the amount of about 40,000,000 zlotys. They prepared the Jewish youth for the coming work and struggle in Palestine.
In 1944–1956 in People's Poland, the Jews had free access to the highest political, administrative and economic posts. A Jewish minister, general, governor, judge, prosecutor, police chief, head of the Security Committee, director were not uncommon. More than a dozen Jewish organizations, including Zionist ones, operated legally. During these years more than 12 Jewish newspapers were published.
In January 1949, the US government recognized the State of Israel de jure and provided it with a $1,000,000,000 loan. Hopes for the formation of a "Jewish Soviet Republic" in Palestine were shattered; Israel did not become a "socialist island in the capitalist world." The Communist Party of Israel in the 1949 elections to the Knesset, which consisted of 120 deputies, received 4 mandates. But this did not stop the Polish authorities from issuing 40,000 passports for emigration to Israel. Until 1950, several tens of thousands of Jews emigrated legally and illegally from Poland.
At the turning point of 1949/50. The CKEP and its local committees were recognized as nationalist and turned into the "Socio-Cultural Society of Jews" (OKOE). Simultaneously, by the order of the Minister of Public Administration of December 13, 1949, the terms for the liquidation of all Zionist parties and organizations were determined.
The last tragedy of Jews in post-war Poland happened in 1968, after student protests in March. The reason was the six-day Israeli-Arab war and the associated break in diplomatic relations with Israel by the entire communist bloc (with the exception of Romania) and the growth of anti-Semitism in these countries, which took the form of a struggle against "Zionism and cosmopolitanism."
To justify the anti-Semitic campaign, the authorities referred to the fact that many Jews in the country then took a critical position in relation to the policy of the Polish government, that they defiantly expressed support for "Israeli aggression against Arab countries", that emigrants from Poland even in the highest positions in the Israeli army including officers.
As already mentioned, mass student protests became the reason for the crackdown on Zionism. On March 8, 1968, a peaceful rally of Warsaw University students was dispersed by detachments of the police and auxiliary services. This was the beginning of rallies and strikes in almost all universities, which were also suppressed by force. Propaganda emphasized the student organizers of these events, who came from the families of certain influential people, especially those of Jewish origin, who by that time had lost their socio-political positions.
Here is how, 20 years later, the organ of the Central Committee of the party “Tribuna Ludu” of March 2, 1986, illuminates the background of these events: administrations, including those in the punitive organs, were occupied by citizens of Jewish origin. The memory of the lawlessness of those years, the violations of the law and the perpetrators of those actions has been preserved in the minds of the Polish public. On this basis, it was easy to accept in 1968 the assertion that "a group alien to the Polish people was the source of all evils." In his speech of June 19, 1967, the secretary of the Central Committee of the party Gomułka even used the expression "5th column". But on his own initiative, on June 24, 1968, it was forbidden to emphasize the theme of Zionism and the Jewish origin of the participants in the March events in the press. As a result, there was a settling of personal scores, a division of people according to their origin. Many even honored Jews were removed from various areas of life, regardless of their political position.
On this wave in 1968-1971. about 13,000 Jews left Poland. Today the Jewish community numbers several thousand people.
11. Jews in the Soviet Union
In thinking about the Jewish question, one cannot ignore the situation of the Soviet Jews. Today we can talk about circumstances that until recently were surrounded by a wall of silence. However, in this book there is no opportunity to cover the problem of the Jews in the USSR with sufficient completeness. Therefore, we will focus on a few issues. One of them is the position of the Jews in a system for which some of them developed a theoretical justification, while others actively contributed to its implementation. In 1920, out of 22 people's commissars, 17 were Jews. 33 of the 43 members of the military commissariat are Jews. in the rest of the commissariats, they accounted for 80 to 100% of the members.
Paul Johnson, in A History of the Jews, comments on this situation: “Immediately before the First World War, during and after it, 'non-Jewish' Jews were significant figures in every revolutionary party and in every European country. They played a major role in the uprisings that followed the defeat of Germany and Austria. Bela Kun (1886–1939) was the dictator of the communist regime that came to power in Hungary from March to August 1919. Kurt Eisner (1867–1919) led a revolutionary uprising in Bavaria in November 1918 and led the republic for 4 months until he was killed. The murder of Rosa Luxembourg, the former "brain" of the revolutionary Berlin group Spartak, took place a few weeks before Eisner's assassination.
But the most striking and illustrative example of the identification of some Jews with revolutionary violence was Russia. The strategist of the coup that gave power to the Bolsheviks in October 1917 was a non-Jew, Lenin. But the performer was Lev Davidovich Trotsky (Bronstein). His father was a Ukrainian peasant or, as wealthy peasants were later called, a "fist", Trotsky himself was the "fruit" of the cosmopolitan atmosphere of Odessa (he went to a Lutheran school). Trotsky claimed that neither Judaism nor anti-Semitism influenced the development of his personality. But this is not true. his attacks on the Jewish Bundists at the Second Congress of the RSDLP in London in 1903 had something unnatural, close to hatred. These attacks caused the Bundists to leave the meeting, as a result of which the Bolsheviks won. Trotsky called Herzl "an unscrupulous brawler", "a dubious type." Like Rosa Luxembourg, he did not want to see the suffering of the Jews. During the time that Trotsky was in power, he consistently refused to receive Jewish delegations. Like other "non-Jewish" Jews, he suppressed his feelings for his own family, as his political position demanded. He was not interested in the misfortunes of his own father, who lost everything during the revolution and later died of typhus.
Trotsky's unrealized sense of belonging to his own nation was reborn in the ruthless, volcanic energy of a revolutionary. It is unlikely that without him the Bolshevik revolution could have won and survived. It was Trotsky who pointed out to Lenin the importance of the Workers' Soviets and taught him how to use them. It was Trotsky who organized and led the armed uprising that overthrew the belt government and gave power to the Bolsheviks. It was Trotsky who formed the Red Army and led it until 1925, he helped physically withstand the communist regime during the Civil War. Trotsky, more than anyone else, embodied the violence and demonic power of Bolshevism in his intention to "ignite the whole world." And more than anyone is responsible for the widespread identification of the revolution with the Jews.
For the Jews, the consequences of this - immediate and remote, locally and globally - are tragic. The troops of the White Army, in an effort to crack down on the Bolshevik regime, considered all Jews as enemies. In Ukraine, the civil war degenerated into the largest pogrom in Jewish history. More than a thousand individual murders of Jews have been recorded, during which between 60,000 and 70,000 Jews were killed, affecting more than 700 Jewish communities in Ukraine and several hundred in Russia.
In Eastern European countries, the identification of Jews with Bolsheviks led to criminal attacks on Jewish communities. Especially bloody were the persecutions of the Jews in Poland after the Bolshevik invasion and in Hungary after the fall of Béla Kun's regime. The persecution of the Jews continued for 10 years (1920–1930). In all these countries, the communist parties were most often created and led by "non-Jewish" Jews, and the traditional religious Jews from the ghettoes and shtetls, who were not connected with politics, paid the price.
The tragic irony is that ordinary Jews did not benefit from the revolution, on the contrary, their situation worsened greatly. Kerensky's provisional government recognized all civil rights for Jews, including the right to organize their own political parties and cultural institutions. In Ukraine, the Jews became part of the temporary government; a Jew directed a special ministry of Jewish affairs. In Lithuania, which the Bolsheviks failed to occupy before 1940, guarantees for national minorities were effective, and the position of the Jewish community between the First and Second World Wars was the best in all of Eastern Europe. For the Jews, the Bolshevik coup turned back the clock of history, and the Bolshevik regime became a disaster. At first, Lenin and his supporters equated anti-Semitism with counter-revolution. The Council of People's Commissars, in a decree of July 27, 1918, ordered "all councils of workers', peasants' and soldiers' deputies to take steps that would lead to the destruction of the anti-Semitic movement and its roots." The government published Lenin's speech condemning anti-Semitism. These half-hearted efforts were canceled out by Lenin's furious attack on the "exploiters" and "democrats", which referred to the Jews and in this sense was understood as an attack on the Jews. A regime based on the ideas of Marxism, which in turn was based on anti-Semitic conspiracy theory, a regime that began its activities by declaring entire social groups "enemies of the people" and then subjected them to persecution - such a regime would inevitably have to be created around the Jews atmosphere of hostility. Jewish merchants were among the first victims of Lenin's policy of terror directed against "anti-social groups"; many were "liquidated", some (about 300,000) fled to Poland, the Baltic countries, Turkey and the Balkans.
It is true, however, that Jews made up a significant percentage of the top of the Communist Party (as well as its rank and file members). At party conventions, 15-20% of the delegates were of Jewish origin. But these were "non-Jewish" Jews. The Bolshevik Party was the only party in the post-Tsarist period that was hostile to the Jews. Ordinary Jews only suffered because of Jewish activity on the political stage. Bolshevik Jews made up a significant number of Cheka commissars, tax inspectors, and bureaucrats. They played the main roles in the expeditions organized by Lenin and Trotsky, which took grain from the peasants. For all this, the Jews were hated. And, as happened more than once in the history of the Jewish people, they were persecuted for completely opposite reasons. On the one hand, the Jews were "anti-social elements", on the other - the Bolsheviks. The only Soviet archive whose contents were known in the West, concerning the situation in Smolensk in 1917-1938, shows that the peasants often identified the Bolshevik dictatorship with Jewish intermediaries. In 1922, the peasants threatened that if the commissars removed gold jewelry from the church, “not a single Jew will survive, we will kill everyone in one night.” Crowds shouted in the streets: "Beat the Jews, save Russia!" In 1926, allegations of ritual murders reappeared. However, the archive testifies that the Jews were afraid of the regime: "They are afraid of the police, as they once were afraid of the royal gendarme."
The Jewish fears were well founded. In August 1919, all Jewish religious communities were liquidated, their property was confiscated, and most synagogues were closed. It was forbidden to teach the Hebrew language and publish non-religious works in it. It was possible to print in Yiddish, but only in phonetic transcription (Yiddish culture was allowed, although it was under vigilant supervision). Supervisory functions were performed by special Jewish departments (Yevsektsii), organized in the cells of the Communist Party from "non-Jewish" Jews, an important function of which was to register the signs of "Jewish cultural particularism." The Bund was destroyed, the persecution of Russian Zionists began. In 1917 it was the strongest political movement among Russian Jews, with 300,000 members and 1,200 branches. Numerically, this movement was much stronger than Bolshevism. Since 1919, the Evsektsiya launched an offensive against the Zionists, using cells of the Cheka, headed by "non-Jewish" Jews. Petersburg, the main headquarters of the Zionists was occupied, the staff was arrested and the newspaper was closed. The same thing happened in Moscow. In April 1920, the All-Russian Zionist Congress was interrupted by an invasion by a branch of the Cheka, led by a young Jewish woman. Seventy-five delegates were arrested. Beginning in 1920, thousands of Zionists were sent to camps, from which few returned. On August 26, 1922, it was stated that the Zionist Party “under the guise of democracy seeks to corrupt the Jewish youth and push them into the arms of the counter-revolutionary bourgeoisie in the interests of Anglo-French capital. Representatives of the Jewish bourgeoisie, seeking to restore the Palestinian state, are supported by reactionary forces, including such fierce imperialists as Poincaré, Lloyd George and the Pope."
The pressure on the Jews increased with Stalin's rise to power. At the end of the 1920s, all "Jewish" forms of activity were destroyed or deprived of authenticity. In this situation, Stalin liquidated the Yevsektsii, leaving the supervision of the secret services. Jews were removed from almost all intra-party positions. Anti-Semitism has become a significant party force. “Is it true,” Trotsky wrote to Bukharin on March 4, 1926, “is it possible that anti-Semitic propaganda can be carried out with impunity in our party in Moscow?” Alas, this campaign was not only carried out with impunity, but also encouraged. Jews, especially party members, made up a disproportionate part of Stalin's victims.
One of them was Isaac Babel (1894–1940?), probably the only great Jewish writer that the Russian Revolution gave the world. His tragedy is a kind of parable about the Jews under the rule of the Soviets. Like Trotsky, he was brought up in Odessa, where Babel's father kept a shop. He, like Trotsky, wanted to become a "non-Jewish" Jew. He fought in the tsarist army, and when the revolution began, he served in the Cheka and, as a Bolshevik activist, robbed peasant farms. place with the Cossacks, he fought in the First Cavalry under the leadership of the SM. Budyonny. The events he experienced formed the basis of Babel's masterpiece - a collection of short stories Cavalry (1926), in which he managed to convey the breath of a formidable time, the stages of the revolution, the steps towards achieving, as he put it, "the simplest form of high art, the ability to kill one's neighbor ". The idea of becoming a "non-Jewish" Jew turned out to be unrealizable. For Stalin, Babel was just as much a Jew as the rest. Stalin's Russia from the honorary heights of Babel slipped into hell. At the Writers' Congress in 1934, he made a mysterious speech full of irony. He said that the party, in its boundless kindness, deprives writers of only one freedom: the freedom to write badly. The writer noted that he himself writes in a new literary genre, becoming "a model of silence." “I respect the reader so much,” he added, “that I can’t get a word out of myself.” soon Babel was arrested and disappeared (he was probably shot).
The world did not know that in Soviet Russia anti-Semitism was revived in a new form, that all Jewish organizations were destroyed, that the very life of Jews was under threat. The implication was that since the Jews were the leaders of the revolution, they won the most. No distinction was made between Jews who were traditionalists, reformers, or Zionists, and that group of "non-Jewish" Jews who actually participated in establishing the "revolutionary order." This is not surprising, because one of the theses of the anti-Semitic conspiracy theory is this: the apparent conflict of interests between Jews is just a cover for achieving common goals. The most common anti-Semitic slander is that there are always signs of Jewish cooperation behind the scenes. The barbarity of the Bolsheviks intensified anti-Semitic sentiments in different countries.
12. Jews in France and the USA
French anti-Semitism, previously centered on Jewish financial power, has now turned to Jews as social "saboteurs". Jewish socialists (such as their leader and theorist Leon Blum) were proud of the messianic role of Jewish revolutionaries. “The collective impulse of the Jews,” wrote L. Blum, “leads to revolution; their criticism (I use the word in the most exalted sense) tends them to reject any idea, any traditional form, which does not agree with the facts or cannot be justified by the intellect. The Jews throughout their long and gloomy history were strengthened by the hope of "inevitable justice", they were convinced that one day the world would be governed according to reason; one law will be established for all, so that everyone gets what he deserves. Isn't that in the spirit of socialism? from the primordial spirit of this race." Bloom wrote this in 1901. After the end of the First World War, these words became even more dangerous. However, Blum insisted that the goal of the Jews was to be at the forefront of the socialist movement. He apparently was convinced that wealthy Jews would also take part in this march. And although Blum was considered by the French right wing to be the epitome of Jewish radicalism, many representatives of the left groups attacked him as a secret agent of the Jewish bourgeoisie. A third of French bankers were Jews, and the left was happy to repeat that Jews controlled government finances, no matter who was in power. Jean Jaurès argued that "their long association with banking and commerce developed in them a great aptitude for capitalist crime." in the post-war years, when the left party became the "communist mistress of France," anti-Semitism - albeit implicit - was part of the repertoire of insults against Blum. But Blum and other French Jewish leaders stubbornly underestimated French anti-Semitism on both the right and the left.
The most important consequences of the coming to power of the Bolsheviks and the active participation of radical Jews in establishing a new order were manifested in the United States. about France, although the Jews were attacked from the right and from the left, Jewish refugees in the 20s and even in the 30s were still accepted. In America, however, the fear of the Bolsheviks led to the end of the unrestricted immigration policy that saved European Jews from 1881 to 1914. Even before the war, there were attempts to restrict immigration, but the American Jewish Committee, organized in 1906 to deal with such threats, resisted it with success. However, with the war, the ultra-liberal phase of the expansion of democracy in America ended and a ten-year period of xenophobia began. In 1906, the Ku Klux Klan was reactivated to keep under control minority groups (including Jews) who were said to be a threat to American moral and social norms. In the same year, Madison Grant's book was published. Tha Passing of Graat Raca. it argued that America's racial superiority was being eroded by mass immigration, in which Jews played a significant role. Later, the Decree on Spying (1917) and the Decree on the Threat of Treason (1918) were issued, which led to the identification of strangers with traitors.
The atmosphere heated up to the limit after the victory of the Bolsheviks in Russia. It resulted in the Red Alert of 1919-1920, an action led by Attorney General Matchel Palmer against, as he called them, "saboteurs and agitators who came from abroad." He claimed that there were "60,000 of these organized agitators of Trotsky's doctrine" in the US. And Trotsky himself was "a contemptible immigrant ... the worst of all the types known in New York." Many of the materials published by Palmer and his followers were anti-Semitic in nature. one of the leaflets said that of the 31st Soviet leader, all except Lenin were Jews. Another analyzed the composition of the Petrograd Soviet, pointing out that only 16 of the 380 members of the Soviet were Russians, and the rest were Jews, of which 265 came from the New York East Side. The third document proved that the decision to overthrow tsarism was actually made on February 14, 1916 by a group of New York Jews, which included the millionaire Jacob Schiff.
The Immigration Sum Ordinance (1921) was adopted, according to which the annual number of immigrants cannot exceed 3 % population of that ethnic group in the United States in 1910. The Johnson-Reed Amendment of 1924 reduced this number to 2%, and 1890 became the year of base data. Polish, Russian, Romanian. Most clearly, this affected the Jews, stopping their mass immigration to the United States. From that moment on, Jewish organizations had difficulty maintaining the allocated amounts (then they were canceled altogether). It is considered fortunate that in nine difficult years (1933-1941) 159,000 German Jews were helped to enter the country (there were almost the same number as Jews who immigrated in 1906 alone).
Implementing the Stalinist national policy, in 1928 in the Khabarovsk Territory on the Bira River they formed the Jewish Autonomous Region with the capital Birobidzhan. In 1959, only 41,000 people of various nationalities lived there. In 1989, about 10,000 Jews lived in this territory, most of whom did not know the language, history and culture of their fathers, not to mention the Law of Moses. Until recently, there was only one synagogue. All this testifies to the failure of the Stalinist experiment (about 100,000 Jews lived in Moscow alone in the late 1980s, and about 2,000,000 in the entire USSR). This project of creating a national habitat for the Jews, like the previous ones - in Argentina, Madagascar, etc. - turned out to be an illusion. The only place that magnetically attracts the ideological part of the Jewish people is Palestine, and now Israel, the best direction for their emigration and the best place to stay.
The second problem is anti-Semitism, which has not been eradicated in the socialist states. Here it also manifested itself in the form of a struggle against the "Zionists and cosmopolitans." As we saw in the example of Poland in March 1968, these campaigns are directed "from above" and muted by order. During the Stalin period, this was evident in the fabricated trials of Reich in Hungary in 1949 or Slansky in Czechoslovakia in 1952. Jews devoted to Stalinist ideology were increasingly accused of betrayal. In 1952, the flower of Jewish culture in the USSR was eliminated. In addition, the show trial of the Jewish elite of the medical world is known. Only the death of Stalin interrupted the preparation of the largest anti-Jewish act in the entire Eastern bloc.
The changes that took place in the country after 1985 led to an improvement in the position of Jews in the states of the former USSR. 1989 The USSR Academy of Sciences invited Rabbi A. Steinsaltz from Jerusalem to Moscow to establish a center for the study of Judaism in the USSR. He gave a number of lectures in Moscow and Leningrad. Since 1990, an educational institution has been functioning for the training of future rabbis. Jewish archives, the Israeli Cultural Center were opened, and S. Wiesenthal was given the opportunity to arrange an anti-fascist exhibition in Moscow. These amazing, unbelievable changes undoubtedly intoxicate the Soviet Jews. But will they be so attractive as to make them forget about the homeland of their forefathers - the land of Israel?
More than a hundred years have passed since the first pogroms in Russia. But even now there are forces there ready to persecute the Jews. Vladimir Soloukhin wrote in 1973: “Believe that their day (Jews. - Yu. G.) eviction from our country is already close. And neither Sakharov ... nor you, Mr. Solzhenitsyn, will be able to prevent this by any tricks! Drank our blood and that's enough! If they don’t leave voluntarily, we will help, we have the moral right to do so.”
These sinister voices are not alone. In personal contacts with individual Moscow dissidents, one could notice their negative attitude towards the Jews. Each time they told that the Jew Lazar Kaganovich, and therefore all the Jews in his person, destroyed a wonderful architectural monument - the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, erected by the Russian people in honor of the victory over Napoleon (“and over the Masons”) with twenty-two explosions ...
We have already noticed that when the position of the Jews in the “northern countries” worsened, the borders of Western countries opened up before them, but in the end, the eternal wanderer ended up in his original place of residence - in Israel. This rule is still relevant today.
