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With all due respect to a number of state and official languages ​​of Latin America, one should not forget that almost every state in this region also has local dialects. They were formed during the active assimilation of immigrant communities into the local culture. In addition, in response to the question what is the language in latin america preserved for many centuries, it is necessary to point to numerous Indian languages ​​and dialects, especially since many of them are of great interest to linguists and ethnographers.

Let's take a look at one of the languages ​​of Latin America. This is a unique language of the Zapotec Indians living in the territory of modern Mexico. The uniqueness of the language lies not only in the fact that it has as many as three dialects for 450 thousand people using it, but also in the fact that the ancient Zapotec writing has not been deciphered so far. At the same time, even representatives of the nationality itself cannot give an unambiguous answer to what exactly these or those symbols mean. ancient language. Today, the Zapotecs have switched to the Latin alphabet.

What is the language in Latin America most and least common among Europeans? Over 233 million Latin Americans speak Spanish. It is state in Argentina, Venezuela, Colombia, Chile and other countries of the continent. The least widespread French. It is spoken by no more than 250,000 people in Guiana, also in the island states of the Caribbean. Distribution of European languages ​​of Latin America shows which states and on what scale colonized the continent for three centuries. The second most used among European languages ​​of Latin America is Portuguese. However, it is a state only in Brazil. However, the population of Brazil is a very large number, so more than 190 million people speak Portuguese in Latin America.

English is also considered the official language the language of Latin America such as Guyana and the Falkland Islands. By the way, the Falklands remain the site of a rather serious political conflict between Argentina and Great Britain. Here in the early eighties there were even active fighting between the troops of the British Crown and the Argentine regular army, during which the Argentines suffered a serious defeat.

Another European language in Latin America is Dutch. It is spoken by about half a million people, most of whom live in the state of Suriname.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there were active immigration flows from Europe to Latin America. This left its mark on the development of the language of Latin America. So in Argentina alone, over the past hundred years, a special language has appeared, which is a mixture of Spanish and Italian. This is due to the fact that several million ethnic Italians live in Argentina today, many of whom have assimilated with the local Hispanic population.

The Russian language is not alien to Latin America, because a large number of descendants of immigrants from Russia who fled the horrors of the revolution and civil war.

See also:

The richest culture of Latin America

When it comes to the culture of Latin America, the first thing that comes to mind to a resident of other continents is various Indian rituals, the Brazilian carnival, the Argentinean rodeo and, of course, football, which can be called a real Latin American religion.

Indigenous peoples of South America

Considering indigenous people South America, it is worth noting that the Latin American continent is the region of the planet where the Indians are allowed not only to live and develop freely, but also to occupy responsible leadership positions of national importance.

Territory, borders, position.

Latin America is the region of the Western Hemisphere located between the United States and Antarctica. It includes Mexico, the countries of Central and South America and island states caribbean(or the West Indies). Most of the population of Latin America speaks Spanish and Portuguese (Brazil) languages ​​belonging to the group of Romanesque or Latin languages. Hence the name of the region - Latin America.

All Latin American countries are former colonies of European countries (mainly Spain and Portugal).

The area of ​​the region is 21 million square meters. km, population - 500 million people.

All Latin American countries, with the exception of Bolivia and Paraguay, either have access to the oceans and seas (Atlantic and Pacific Oceans), or are islands. The EGP of Latin America is also determined by the fact that it is located in relative proximity to the United States, but far from other major regions.

Political map of the region.

Within Latin America there are 33 sovereign states and several dependent territories. All independent countries, either republics or states within the British-led Commonwealth (Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Guyana, Grenada, Dominica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago , Jamaica). Unitary states predominate. The exception is Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico, Argentina, which have a federal form of administrative-territorial structure.

Note:

Form of government (state system): KM - constitutional monarchy;

Form of territorial structure: U - unitary state; F - federation;

The countries of the region are very diverse in area. They can be roughly divided into 4 groups:

very large (Brazil);

large and medium (Mexico and most countries in South America);

relatively small (countries of Central America and Cuba);

very small (the islands of the West Indies).

All Latin American countries are developing countries. In terms of the pace and level of economic development achieved, they occupy an intermediate position in the developing world - they surpass the developing countries of Africa in this respect and are inferior to the countries of Asia. Greatest success in economic development achieved by Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, which are among the key countries of the developing world. They account for 2/3 of industrial production in Latin America and the same amount of regional GDP. The most developed countries in the region also include Chile, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru. Haiti is a subset of the least developed countries.

Within their region, Latin American countries have created several economic integration groupings, the largest of which is the South American Common Market of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay (MERCOSUR), concentrating 45% of the population, 50% of total GDP and 33% of Latin America's foreign trade.

Population of Latin America

Exceptionally difficult ethnic sos population of Latin America. It was formed under the influence of three components:

1. Indian tribes and peoples who inhabited the territory before the arrival of the colonists (Aztecs and Mayans in Mexico, Incas in the Central Andes, etc.). The indigenous Indian population today is about 15%.

2. European settlers, primarily from Spain and Portugal (Creoles). Whites in the region currently make up about 25%.

3. Africans are slaves. To date, blacks in Latin America, about 10%.

About half of the population of Latin America are descendants of mixed marriages: mestizos, mulattos. Therefore, almost all Latin American nations have a complex ethnic background. In Mexico and the countries of Central America, mestizos are predominant, in Haiti, Jamaica, the Lesser Antilles - blacks, in most of the Andean countries Indians or mestizos predominate, in Uruguay, Chile and Costa Rica - Hispanic Creoles, in Brazil half of the "whites", and half are blacks and mulattoes.

The colonization of America had a significant impact on the formation religious composition region. The vast majority of Hispanics profess Catholicism, which has long been implanted as the only official religion.

Three main features characterize the distribution of the population of Latin America:

1. Latin America is one of the least populated regions in the world. Average density The population is only 25 people per 1 sq. km. km.

2. The uneven distribution of the population is much more pronounced than in other regions. Along with densely populated areas (the island states of the Caribbean, the Atlantic coast of Brazil, most metropolitan areas, etc.), vast expanses are almost deserted.

3. In no other region of the world has the population mastered the plateau to such an extent and does not rise so high into the mountains.

By indicators urbanization Latin America resembles economically developed rather than developing countries, although in recent times her pace slowed down. Most (76%) of the population is concentrated in cities. At the same time, there is an increasing concentration of the population in large cities, the number of which has exceeded 200, and in cities with “millionaires” (there are about 40 of them). A special Latin American type of city has developed here, bearing some signs of European cities (the presence of a central square, on which the town hall, cathedral, and administrative buildings are located). Streets usually diverge from the square at right angles, forming a "chess grid". In recent decades, modern buildings have been superimposed on such a grid.

In recent decades, there has been an active process of formation in Latin America urban agglomerations. Four of them are among the largest in the world: Greater Mexico City (1/5 of the country's population), Greater Buenos Aires (1/3 of the country's population), Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro.

Latin America is also characterized by "false urbanization". In slum areas ("poverty belts") sometimes live up to 50% of the city's population.

Natural resource potential of Latin America.

The natural resources of the region are rich and varied, favorable for both agriculture and industrial development.

Latin America is rich in minerals: it accounts for about 18% of oil reserves, 30% of ferrous and alloying metals, 25% of non-ferrous metals, 55% of rare and trace elements.

Geography of distribution of mineral resources of Latin America

The richness and diversity of the mineral resources of Latin America can be explained by the peculiarities of the geological structure of the territory. Deposits of ores of ferrous, nonferrous and rare metals are associated with the crystalline basement of the South American Platform and the folded belt of the Cordillera and Andes. Fields of oil and natural gas are associated with marginal and intermountain troughs.

In terms of water resources, Latin America ranks first among the major regions of the world. The Amazon, Orinoco, Parana rivers are among the largest in the world.

The great wealth of Latin America is its forests, which occupy more than 1/2 of the territory of this region.

The natural conditions of Latin America are generally favorable for the development of agriculture. Most of its territory is occupied by lowlands (La Platskaya, Amazonian and Orinocskaya) and plateaus (Guiana, Brazilian, Patagonian plateau), convenient for agricultural use. Due to its geographical position (almost the entire territory of the region is located in tropical and subtropical latitudes), Latin America receives a large amount of heat and sunlight. Areas with a sharp lack of moisture occupy a relatively small area (the south of Argentina, northern Chile, the Pacific coast of Peru, the northern regions of the Mexican Highlands), the predominant red-brown, black earth, black and brown soils, combined with an abundance of heat and moisture, can produce high yields of many valuable tropical and subtropical crops.

Vast areas of savannas and subtropical steppes (Argentina, Uruguay) can be used for pastures. The main difficulties for agricultural activity are created by significant forest cover and waterlogging of lowland areas (especially the Amazonian lowland).

General characteristics of the economy of Latin America.

Yielding to Asia and Africa in terms of territory and population, Latin America is ahead in terms of the level of industrialization of production. In contrast to these regions of the world, the leading role in the economy here has recently shifted to the manufacturing industry. Both the basic branches of the manufacturing industry (ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, oil refining) and the avant-garde industries (electronics, electrical engineering, automotive, shipbuilding, aircraft building, machine tool building) are developing here.

However, the mining industry continues to play a prominent role in the economy. In the structure of the cost of production, 80% falls on fuel (mainly oil and gas) and about 20% on mining raw materials.

Latin America is one of the oldest oil and gas producing regions in the world. Mexico, Venezuela and Ecuador stand out in terms of production and export of oil and natural gas.

Latin America is a prominent world producer and exporter of non-ferrous metal ores: bauxite (Brazil Jamaica, Suriname, Guyana stand out), copper (Chile, Peru, Mexico), lead-zinc (Peru, Mexico), tin (Bolivia) and mercury (Mexico) ores

Latin American countries are also of great importance in the world production and export of iron and manganese (Brazil, Venezuela), uranium (Brazil, Argentina) ores, native sulfur (Mexico), and potash and sodium nitrate (Chile).

The main manufacturing industries - mechanical engineering and the chemical industry - are essentially developed in three countries - Brazil, Mexico and Argentina. The Big Three account for 4/5 of the manufacturing industry. Most of the rest of the engineering and chemical industry Dont Have.

Engineering specialization - automotive, shipbuilding, aircraft building, production of electrical appliances and machines (sewing and washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners), etc. The main areas of the chemical industry are petrochemistry, pharmaceutical and perfume industries.

The oil refining industry is represented by its enterprises in all oil-producing countries (Mexico, Venezuela, Ecuador, etc.). The world's largest (in terms of capacity) oil refineries have been created on the islands of the Caribbean Sea (Virginia, Bahamas, Curacao, Trinidad, Aruba, etc.).

Non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy is developing in close contact with the mining industry. Copper smelting enterprises are located in Mexico, Peru, Chile, lead and zinc - in Mexico and Peru, tin - in Bolivia, aluminum - in Brazil, steel - in Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico and Argentina.

The role of the textile and food industries is great. The leading branches of the textile industry are the production of cotton (Brazil), woolen (Argentina and Uruguay) and synthetic (Mexico) fabrics, food - sugar, canning, meat-packing, fish processing. The largest producer of cane sugar in the region and in the world is Brazil.

Agriculture The region is represented by two completely different sectors:

The first sector is a highly commercial, predominantly plantation economy, which in many countries has acquired the character of a monoculture: (bananas - Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, Panama; sugar - Cuba, etc.).

The second sector is consumer small-scale agriculture, not at all affected by the "green revolution"

The leading branch of agriculture in Latin America is crop production. The exceptions are Argentina and Uruguay, where the main industry is animal husbandry. At present, Latin American crop production is characterized by monoculture (3/4 of the value of all production falls on 10 products).

The leading role is played by cereals, which are widely used in subtropical countries (Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Mexico). The main crops of Latin America are wheat, rice, and corn. The largest producer and exporter of wheat and corn in the region is Argentina.

The main producers and exporters of cotton are Brazil, Paraguay, Mexico, sugar cane - Brazil, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, coffee - Brazil and Colombia, cocoa beans - Brazil, Ecuador, Dominican Republic.

The leading branches of animal husbandry are cattle breeding (mainly for meat), sheep breeding (for wool and meat and wool), and pig breeding. In terms of the size of the livestock of cattle and sheep, Argentina and Uruguay stand out, pigs - Brazil and Mexico.

In the mountainous regions of Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador, llamas are bred. Fishing is of world importance (Chile and Peru stand out).

Transport.

Latin America accounts for 10% of the world's railway network, 7% of roads, 33% of inland waterways, 4% of air passenger traffic, and 8% of the world's merchant fleet tonnage.

The decisive role in domestic transportation belongs to motor transport, which began to develop actively only from the 60s of the 20th century. The most important highways are the Pan-American and Trans-Amazon Highways.

The share of railway transport, despite the large length of railways, is declining. The technical equipment of this type of transport remains low. Many old railway lines are closed.

Water transport is most developed in Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, and Uruguay.

Maritime transport dominates in external transportation. 2/5 of maritime traffic falls on Brazil.

Recently, as a result of the development of the oil refining industry, pipeline transport has been rapidly developing in the region.

The territorial structure of the economy of Latin American countries largely retains colonial features. The "economic capital" (usually a seaport) usually forms the main focus of the entire territory. Many areas with a specialization in the extraction of minerals and fuels, or plantations, are located inland. The railway network, which has a tree structure, connects these areas with a "growth point" (seaport). The rest of the territory remains underdeveloped.

Many countries in the region are implementing regional policies aimed at mitigating territorial disparities. For example, in Mexico there is a shift of productive forces to the north to the US border, in Venezuela - to the east, to the rich resource region of Guayana, in Brazil - to the West, to the Amazon, in Argentina - to the south, to Patagonia.

Sub-regions of Latin America

Latin America is divided into several sub-regions:

1. Middle America includes Mexico, Central America and the West Indies. The countries of this region have great differences in economic terms. On the one hand, Mexico, whose economy is based on the extraction and processing of oil, and on the other, the countries of Central America and the West Indies, known for the development of the plantation economy.

2. Andean countries (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile). For these countries, the extractive industry is of particular importance. In agricultural production, this region is characterized by the cultivation of coffee, sugarcane and cotton.

3. Countries of the La Plata Basin (Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina). This region is characterized by internal differences in the economic development of countries. Argentina is the most developed country with a developed manufacturing industry, while Uruguay and especially Paraguay lag behind in development and are characterized by an agrarian direction of the economy.

4. Countries such as Guiana, Suriname, Guyana . The basis of the economy of Guyana and Suriname is the bauxite mining industry and the production of alumina. Agriculture does not meet the needs of these countries. The main crops are rice, bananas, sugarcane, citrus fruits. Guiana is an economically backward agricultural country. Its economy is based on agriculture and the meat processing industry. The main crop is sugarcane. Fishing is developed (fishing for shrimp).

5. Brazil is a separate sub-region of Latin America. This is one of the largest countries in the world in size. It ranks fifth in terms of population (155 million people). Brazil is one of the key countries in the developing world, its leader. The country has large reserves of minerals (50 types of mineral raw materials), forest and agro-climatic resources.

In the industry of Brazil, a significant role belongs to mechanical engineering, petrochemistry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The country stands out for its large-scale production of automobiles, aircraft, ships, mini and microcomputers, fertilizers, synthetic fibers, rubber, plastics, explosives, cotton fabrics, footwear, etc.

Important positions in industry are occupied by foreign capital, which controls most of the country's production.

Brazil's main trading partners are the US, Japan, UK, Switzerland and Argentina.

Brazil is a country with a pronounced oceanic type of economic location (90% of its population and production are located in a band of 300-500 km on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean).

Brazil occupies a leading position in the production of agricultural products. The main branch of agriculture is crop production, which has an export orientation. More than 30% of the cultivated area is devoted to five main crops: coffee, cocoa beans, cotton, sugarcane, soybeans. Corn, rice, wheat are grown from grain crops, which are used to meet the country's domestic needs (in addition, up to 60% of wheat is imported).

Livestock has a predominantly meat profile (Brazil accounts for 10% of the world beef trade).

Latin America is the collective name of the American countries and territories that use Romance languages ​​(i.e. descended from Latin) as official languages, primarily Ibero-Romance Spanish and Portuguese, sometimes also Gallo-Romance French. The name is explained by the fact that the Romance languages ​​are descended from the Latin language.

There is also a related term, Ibero-America, which can mean either the Ibero-Romance-speaking countries of the Americas (Latin America excluding French-speaking countries), or the same countries in conjunction with their former metropolises on the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal).

Latin America always includes the Spanish-speaking countries of mainland America from Mexico in the north to Argentina in the south, as well as the Spanish-speaking countries of the Caribbean (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico). In the vast majority of cases, Portuguese-speaking Brazil is included. In many cases French-speaking Haiti, Saint Martin and French Guiana are included. However, French-speaking Quebec is almost never included in Latin America. The English-speaking countries of America (Jamaica, Barbados, Bahamas, Belize, Guyana, etc.) do not belong to Latin America.

In Latin America, there is the longest mountain system on Earth, which is called the Andes, here
located the largest functioning volcano on the planet called Cotopaxi, as well as the world's highest waterfall named Angel, the largest mountain lake Titicaca and the largest river on Earth - the Amazon. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are not uncommon for the nature of Latin America. The bowels of the territory of this region are rich in oil, ferrous and rare metals, natural gas.

The climate in most of Latin America is hot, with average daily temperatures over 20 degrees. But, for example, on the slopes of the Andes, it can rain almost all year round, and in Peru and Chile, not a drop may fall at all in a year.

One of the largest countries on the continent is Brazil, a country with a rich culture that combines the history of many peoples: Africans, Indians and Europeans. Another major country in this region is Argentina, which is known for its well-developed agriculture and large quantity fossils.

political division. Latin America includes the following states and territories:

States: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Haiti, Guatemala, Honduras, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, El Salvador, Uruguay, Chile, Ecuador.

US territories: Puerto Rico.

Territories of France: Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Martin, French Guiana.

culture

Most of Latin America speaks Spanish, which is also the official language in most countries. In Brazil, the official language is Portuguese. The Portuguese used in Brazil is heavily influenced by Spanish and differs somewhat from the original Portuguese. Less common as state languages ​​are English, French and Dutch. Unlike the US and Canada, Latin America has a higher percentage of indigenous people. In Bolivia and Paraguay, Indians are the majority.

Of the 35342 thousand Indians of America (total), their maximum number lives in the following countries (thousand people):

• Mexico - 8750 (11.7% of the total population of the state),
• Peru - 7050 (37.7%),
• Guatemala - 4000 (50.4%),
• Ecuador - 3678 (39.8%),
• Bolivia - 3600 (59.2%),
• Paraguay - 3190 (91.9%),
• Chile - 800 (6.8%),
• Argentina - 651 (2.3%),
• Colombia - 590 (2.1%),
• Canada - 400 (1.6%),
• Brazil - 220 (0.2%),
• Venezuela - 187 (1.2%),
• El Salvador - 165 (3.2%),
• Honduras - 161 (3.9%),
• Nicaragua - 148 (4.9%),
• Panama - 137 (6.5%),
• other countries - 115 (0.3%).

In 2008, Bolivia became the third Latin American country to declare a victory over illiteracy. This was previously reported by Cuba (1961) and Venezuela (2005).

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Is Latin America called Latin? Indeed, in fact, this is part of the mainland South America, and the term “Latin” creates associations with Europe and Ancient Rome. We will try to answer all these questions in this article, referring to historical facts and geography.

History of Latin America: colonization and conversion

The countries that make up Latin America were established as colonies European states. Since the 16th century, Spain, Portugal, Great Britain, France and the Netherlands have been actively seizing lands. In the middle of the 19th century, the emerging young states became financially dependent on the United States. Some island countries became colonies of the United States.

With early XIX century began wars for independence from the colonialists. Some of the first countries to gain freedom were Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador. Brazil, a former Portuguese colony, managed almost without bloodshed. The Cuban Revolution of 1959 is widely known. Then the island states gained independence. The modern borders of Latin America were established only in the 40s of the XX century.

The countries of Latin America until the 20th century were called differently: "Indo-America", "Spanish America", "Ibo-America". It will be a big mistake to think that Latin America is geographically and territorially equal to South. It consists of:

• Mexico (country in North America).
• West Indies (islands).
• The mainland of South America and its island states.
• Countries located on the isthmus of Central America.

This list includes Brazil, Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Guiana, Saint Martin, Argentina and other states. Thus, the name "Latin" cannot be explained geographically. Its origin is connected with the colonization of this region by Europeans.

The term "Latin America" ​​itself was fixed in the 30s. XX century. It was invented by the French Emperor Napoleon III. So he decided to call those parts of the continent whose territories were inhabited by immigrants from the Iberian Peninsula and France from the 15th to the 16th centuries.

Today it is the unofficial name of a group of countries, which is firmly entrenched in scientific and public circles.

The very type of colonization of these countries is called "Latin". The conquerors were carriers of Romance languages, originating from Latin. Therefore, most of the inhabitants of this region speak three languages ​​belonging to this group: Spanish, Portuguese or French. This is the main difference between Latin America and North America, which was mastered by the Anglo-Saxons and propagated by the English language.

The second reason for the name "Latin America" ​​follows from the first: the planting of a foreign language for the indigenous peoples took place simultaneously with their conversion to another religion - Catholicism. It is no coincidence that the Spanish conquistadors, having first landed on the coast of the future Spain, first of all celebrated Mass. Services in Catholicism are held in Latin, which is probably why Catholics in Russia used to be called "Latins".

The introduction of peoples to Christianity was one of the main tasks assigned to Columbus by the king and queen. Centuries later, Latin America remains a stronghold of the Catholic Church.

Who are Hispanics?

The most interesting thing is that Hispanics are not all Latin Americans, as it might seem at first. These are people who speak Spanish and Portuguese and live both in Latin America and in the USA, Great Britain, Portugal, Italy, Spain, Canada and other countries. Hispanics are usually immigrants. In a number of states they are disparagingly called Latinos. Their number is 600 million people, but this figure is approximate.

The term "Latin America" ​​is often used to refer to all the southern countries of America. In Brazil, this is how the Spanish-speaking countries of their mainland are called. But knowing exactly why Latin America is called Latin, it is no longer possible to make a mistake in the name of the group of countries in which they speak Romance languages.