Stairs. Entry group. Materials. Doors. Locks. Design

Irina Davydova

Reading time: 10 minutes

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Each of us reads differently. Someone taking his time, stretching out the pleasure, pronouncing the words to himself. Someone drunkenly, insatiably, practically “swallowing” books and constantly updating their library. The reading speed of a person is determined by many factors - from activity mental processes and character to the peculiarities of thinking.

But not everyone knows that this speed can be increased by 2-3 times.

We will tell you how to do it.

How to determine the initial reading speed - test

Most often, to determine the speed of reading, they use by the following formula:

Q (number of characters in the text, no spaces) divided by T (number of minutes spent reading) and multiplied by K (comprehension rate, that is, assimilation of the text read) = V (characters/min).

Reading time is, of course, measured with a stopwatch.

And as for the meaningfulness of reading, this coefficient is determined through the analysis of the answers received to 10 questions on the text. With all 10 correct answers, K is equal to 1, with 8 correct answers, K = 0, etc.

For example , you spent 4 minutes reading a text of 3000 characters, and only 6 gave correct answers. In this case, your reading speed will be calculated according to the following formula:

V \u003d (3000: 4) x0.6 \u003d 450 characters / min. Or about 75 wpm, given that the average number of letters in a word is 6.

Speed ​​limits:

1. Less than 900 cpm: low speed.
2. 1500 cpm: average speed.
3. 3300 cpm: high speed.
4. Over 3300 cpm: very high.

According to research, the highest speed that allows you to fully assimilate the text is 6000 characters / min.

A higher speed is possible, but only when reading-“scanning”, without understanding and assimilation of what is read.

What is the easiest way to test your book swallowing speed?

Let's do without formulas! We copy the text of any selected article, select that part of it that consists of 500 words, turn on the stopwatch and ... let's go! True, we do not read "race", but thoughtfully and in the usual way.

Have you read? Now look at the stopwatch and studying indicators:

• Less than 200 sl/min: low speed. Most likely, you accompany the reading with a mental pronunciation of each word. And you probably don't even notice how your lips move. There is nothing terrible in this. Except that you spend a lot of time reading.
• 200-300 sl/min: average speed.
• 300-450 sl/min: high speed. You read quickly (and probably a lot), without mentally pronouncing the words, and even having time to think about what you read. Excellent result.
• Over 450 sl/min: your score is "adjusted". That is, when reading, you consciously (or maybe unconsciously) use techniques or techniques to increase your reading speed.

Preparing for exercises to increase reading speed - what will you need?

By improving your reading speed using certain techniques, you will not only improve your reading efficiency, but also improve your memory performance.

And before proceeding directly to the study of technology, you should prepare as thoroughly as possible to the exercises.

1. Prepare pen, stopwatch and any book with more than 200 pages.
2. Take care not to distract you within 20 minutes of training.
3. Take care of book holders.

7 Exercises to Increase Reading Speed

A human life is not enough to master all the masterpieces of world literature. But can you try?

To the attention of all book-eaters who do not have enough time in the day - best exercises to improve your reading skills!

Method 1st. Hands are your helpers!

Physical participation in the process of reading, oddly enough, also helps to increase speed.

How and why?

The human brain is programmed to fix movements. By using your hand or even a regular divider card while reading, you create movement on the book page and automatically enhance your concentration.

1. Finger pointer. With this “pointer”, you easily and naturally, exclusively vertically, lead along the book page at a speed slightly higher than eye movement. The tempo of the pointer cannot be changed - it must be constant and stable, without returning the finger to the already read text and without stopping. Where exactly to lead with a “pointer” does not really matter. Though in the center of the text, even in the side margin.
2. Separator card. Or clear sheet ok paper, folded in half for convenience. The size is about 7.5x13 cm. The main thing is that the sheet is solid, and it is convenient for you to hold and move it with one hand. Position the card above the readable line. Above, not below! In this way, you increase your attentiveness, eliminating the possibility of returning to the lines you read.

Method 2. Developing peripheral vision

Your main tool (or one of) in speed reading is your peripheral vision. With it, instead of several letters, you can read a word or even a whole line. Lateral vision training is carried out by working with the well-known Schulte table.

What is it and how to train?

Table- this is a field of 25 squares, each of which contains a number. All numbers (approx. - from 1 to 25) are located in random order.

A task: looking only at the central square, find all these numbers in descending (or ascending) order.

How to train? You can print the table for yourself on paper and use a timer. And you can train on the Internet (it's much easier) - there are enough similar services on the Web.

Having mastered the 5 by 5 diachrom table, move on to more complicated versions with colored fields and beyond.

Method 3. Unlearning subvocalization

This is one of key principles speed reading. “Subvocalization” refers to lip/tongue movements and mental pronunciation of words while reading.

Why does it interfere with reading?

The average number of words spoken by a person per minute is 180. With an increase in reading speed, the pronunciation of words becomes difficult, and subvocalization becomes an obstacle in mastering a new skill.

How to stop saying words to yourself?

To do this, in the process of reading ...

• Clamp the tip of a pencil (or other object) with your teeth.
• We press the tongue to the sky.
• Place the finger of your free hand on your lips.
• We count ourselves from 0 to 10.
• We mentally pronounce poems or tongue twisters.
• We put quiet music in the background and tap out the melody with a pencil.

Method 4. There is no way back!

Returning to the already read text (note - regression) and rereading the lines already passed increase the reading time of the text by 30 percent.

This can happen involuntarily, automatically - for example, if you were distracted by an extraneous sound, and you did not have time to learn a few words. Or for re-reading an overly informative phrase that you did not understand (or did not have time to understand due to the high reading speed).

How to unlearn regressions?

• Use the card, blocking access to the read material.
• Use appropriate programs on the Web (eg Best Reader).
• Use your pointer finger.
• Train your willpower and more often remember that below in the text you will most likely fill in all the information gaps that you made earlier.

Method 5th. We concentrate

It is clear that at high speeds the quality of assimilation of the material is noticeably reduced. But, firstly, this is only at first, until you have mastered the technique of speed reading, and secondly, you can pick up speed at first without losing the quality of reading.

This will help special exercises:

1. Using multi-colored felt-tip pens, write the names of colors on a piece of paper in a chaotic manner. Write the word "red" yellow, "green" - black, etc. Put the sheet on the table for a day. Then take it out and, stopping your finger on a particular word, quickly name the color of the ink.
2. We take a sheet and paper. We focus on something. For example, on that ficus in a pot. And we are not distracted by extraneous thoughts for at least 3-4 minutes. That is, we think only about this ficus! If an extraneous thought nevertheless crept in, we put a “notch” on the sheet and again focus on the ficus. We train until you have a clean slate after the exercise.
3. We count by reading. How? Just. While reading, we count each word in the text. Of course, only mentally and without various "helpers" in the form of tapping with the foot, bending the fingers, etc. For the exercise - 3-4 minutes. When you finish it, be sure to check yourself - just count the words without trying to read them.

Practice until the number of words received in the process of reading and actually available is equal.

Method 6. Learning to recognize "key" words and sweep away unnecessary ones

Looking at a painting, you don't ask yourself what the artist was trying to say. You just watch and understand everything. Moreover, your view captures the whole picture at once, and not individual details.

A similar "scheme" is used here. You must learn to snatch signal, keywords from a line and cut off all unnecessary ones. Each word that does not carry a special meaning, used “for beauty” or a bunch of phrases in the text, is cut off, skipped, ignored.

Focus on keywords bearing the main informative load.

Method 7. Determining paragraph topics

How to train?

Take any book, read one of the paragraphs and try to quickly identify the topic. Next, mark 5 minutes and determine the topics of the maximum number of paragraphs in this short period. The minimum number of defined topics per minute is 5.

And a couple more tips "on the road":

• Reduce the duration of the stop on each line.
• Practice skills individually. Don't try to cover all techniques at once.
• Unlearn to run your eyes over the line - look at the entire line at once.

Is the reading speed test already ideal, or do you need to train more?

You have been working on yourself for a week (or even a month). It's time to check if you have reached the speed you were counting on, or if you need to train further.

We set a timer for 1 minute and start reading at the maximum speed, which is now possible without losing the quality of assimilation of information. We write down the result and compare it with the very first one.

If you didn’t “filon” during training, then the result will surprise you.

Certainly there is. But the main thing is the quality of the acquired information. What's the point of swallowing books if after reading nothing remains in your memory but the numbers from the stopwatch.

For further training, you can use both already learned techniques and new ones. Fortunately, there is no shortage of them today. It is enough to look into the search engine and enter the appropriate query.

Train for different types text:

• On torn and rotating texts.
• Texts without vowels.
• On reading up and down and backwards.
• On deconcentration and expansion of the angle of view.
• On reading first the second word, then the first. Then the fourth, then the third.
• Reading diagonally. Only the most stubborn can master this technique.
• On reading the first word in his natural form, while the other is vice versa.
• On reading only the 2nd half of the words in a line, while completely ignoring the 1st and determining this boundary by eye.
• On reading "noisy" texts. That is, texts that are difficult to read due to the presence of drawings, intersecting letters, lines, shading, etc.
• Reading upside down texts.
• On reading "through the word." That is, jumping over one word.
• On reading words that remain visible when some kind of stencil is applied to the page. For example, pyramids or Christmas trees. After reading everything that the pyramid could not hide, you should re-read the text and find out if you understood the meaning correctly.
• On reading only those 2-3 words that are in the middle of the line. The remaining words (right and left) are read with peripheral vision.

Practice daily. Even 15 minutes of practice a day will help you significantly increase your reading pace.

True, then you will have to learn to slow down this pace when you want to calmly rustle the pages of your favorite book while lying in a hammock.
But that's a completely different story...

Have you used exercises to increase your reading speed? Did the ability to read quickly come in handy in later life? Share your experience in the comments below!

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Sovetskaya, 45a (New business center, NKTV) st. Committeeskaya, 64b, 2nd floor (Donkhlebbank building, go around to the right of the main entrance) st. Molodezhnaya, 13 microdistrict Mirny, 8/2 st. Air Paratroopers, 28 Metallurgists Square, 9, 2nd floor Talnakh, st. Eliseyskaya, 20 (TC Gulliver, 2nd floor) st. Lenina, 17A, 2nd floor, microdistrict 4, 25 Marx Avenue, 100, office 18 st. Lomonosov, 46 K. Marx Ave., 32 Lenin Ave. 37a st. Frunze, 1, building. 4, office 608 (TC "Millennium" 6th floor) st. Lenina, 39A, 3rd floor Krasina, 7 st. Salmyshskaya, 43a st. Chkalova, 55/1, TC "Paradis", 2nd floor st. Noyabrskaya, 46 Gagarin Ave., 42/1 st. Brestskaya, 4 st. Patsaev, 6 st. Kramatorska, 10b st. Sovetskaya, 93, shopping center Otrada st. Academician Satpaev, 73 st. Zheleznodorozhnaya, 6B Builders Avenue, 3A st. Vatutina, 62A st. Siberian, 30 st. Mira, 18 st. Yursha, 21 st. Dokuchaev, 38 st. Soviet, 42 st. Krasnaya, 10, 6th floor Boulevard of Internationalists, 8, 1st floor, 50 Let Oktyabrya Avenue, 23 Gagarina, 17, shopping center "Aurora", 3rd floor st. Lenina, 8a st. Mashtakova, 3a st. Leningradskaya, 11 md. Green Bor-1, 13 st. Lenina, 104/1 st. Kommunalnaya, 73A, shopping center "Ekvator", 2nd floor Embankment of the river Velikaya, 6, room. 11,14, 17B st. Oktyabrskaya, 3 (TRU "Spring", 4th floor) 1 microdistrict, 43 Krymskaya st., 5 Yubileiny avenue, 78 st. Novaya, 3, 2nd floor st. Nekrasova, 18, Library No. 4 Gagarin Avenue, 38/1 Truda Avenue, 12a st. 339 Rifle Division, 19 Semashko lane, 117V st. Patsaeva, 20 st. Petrashevsky, 36 st. Yelyana, 68 (Leventsovka) st. Taganrogskaya, 132/3 st. Lenina, 207a, 2nd floor (stop "Sport complex") Microdistrict, 4A st. Chkalova, 64 st. Vvedenskaya, 91 st. Novoselov, 51 st. Ostrovsky, 8 (3rd floor) st. Respubliki, 62, shopping center "Beehive", 3rd floor st. 5th clearing, 121 st. Stara Zagora, 164 Koroleva Avenue, 7, 2nd floor Kalininsky district, st. m. "Civil Avenue", st. Bryantseva, 7 k1 Art. m. "International", st. Budapestskaya, 8 k7 Ski lane, 4 k3 Primorsky prospect, 137, LCD "Golden Harbor" Kolpino, Ladozhsky boulevard, 1k1 st. Admiral Tributs, 8 Krasnoselskoye highway, 54k6 st. Shipbuilders, 16k2 (2nd floor) st. Sevastopolskaya, 19 st. 2nd Sadovaya, 23A (entrance to the city park) st. 50 years of October, 6 st. Sovetskaya, 2a, SEC "Burevestnik", 3rd floor. Heroes of Stalingrad avenue, 63, office 1 st. Marshal Biryuzova, 42 (office 16,17) st. Karla-Marksa, 21 (office 221) st. 1st Shock Army, 95 st. Voroshilova, 143B k3, office 20, BC "Sky Nursery" st. Tikhvinskaya, 8k2 st. Kyiv, 12a st. Rostovskaya, 14-16, office 1059 st. Pobedy, 276 (office 153) st. Rylenkova, 9a st. Gastello, 31 st. Pervomayskaya, 4, floor 2 st. Youth, 4 st. Kalinina, 6 st. Tchaikovsky, 7/1 microdistrict Dagomys, st. Gaidar, 20 st. Mira, 242 microdistrict Solnechny, 36, shopping center "Solnechny", 3rd floor st. Lenina, 15B, "Green Market", 2nd floor st. 50 years of the Komsomol, 4/2, 3rd floor st. K. Fedina, 6 ("TsUM Syzran", 3rd floor) st. Morozova, 104 st. Malkeeva, 2 st. Internatsionalnaya, 45B Taezhnaya st., 1a, "House of Trade", 3rd floor Tverskoy Ave., 2, office 1512 (Shopping Center Olympus, 5th floor) Kalinina Ave., 17, office 601 (Shopping Center Kalina Center, 6th floor) st. Mayakovsky, 33, office 36 (Vostochny shopping center, 2nd floor) st. Oktyabrskaya, 34 st. Zhukova, 52 st. Karl Marx, 60 st. Kyiv, 105B 1st lane Metallistov, 7 Office and business center, microdistrict V, 55, office 80 st. Klimova, 15, shopping center "Egida", office 14, 3rd floor Soviet district, st. Makarenko, 1A st. Shirotnaya, 83a st. Malygina, 14k3 Solnechny proezd, 26k1, 1st floor st. Yaroslavskaya, 15, 2nd floor Sverdlov, 12G st. Tobolskaya, 65a st. Przhevalskogo, 3, Trade House "Jubilee city", 7th floor Ulyanovsky Avenue, 10 st. Ryabikova, 22a, shopping center "Caravan", 2nd floor st. Vracha Mikhailova, 30A, TC "Crossroads", 3rd floor, Filatov Avenue, 9a (TC "SPHERE") 1 microdistrict, 5 5th microdistrict, Abulkhair Khan Avenue, 171 st. D. Nurpeisova, 12/1, building ATiSO, room. 113 st. Pioneer, 3 st. Vatutina, 26A st. K. Batyr, 87/2 st. Demyan Poor, 101A st. Lenina, 24 (room 215, 216) st. October Avenue, 144/2 st. Pilots, 9 (Zaton) st. George Mushnikov, 13, (rn Inors) st. Dagestanskaya, 14/1 (Dyoma) October avenue, 64/1 st. Mubaryakova, 12/2 st. Lenina, 99 st. Marshal Zhukov, 5/2 st. Komsomolskaya, 15 (entrance from the courtyard) st. Mira, 31 (entrance from the end) pos. Chesnokovka, st. Architectural, 1 st. Krasnovodskaya, 3 st. Pervomaiskaya, 81 st. Timanskaya, 13 st. Karl Marx, 2, BC "Leader", 2nd floor st. Builders, 14 st. Kuibyshev, 10a, 3rd floor Pushkina, 46 (main entrance, 3rd floor) st. Pavel Morozov, 113, residential complex "Sail" st. Pacific, 218B Kurkino, st. Sokolovo-Meshcherskaya, 29 Primorsky Boulevard, 32, office 56 st. Lenina, 48a st. Water supply, 20 st. Universitetskaya, 20/1 pr. Traktorostroiteley, 11, shopping center "Ovas", 4th floor st. Ak. Koroleva, 2, Baikonur shopping center, 3rd floor, st. Entuziastov, 31 Lenin Ave., 7b Pobedy Ave., 315a Lenina Avenue, 29 District Parkovy-1, st. Kharis Yusupova, 101 st. Bazhova, 91A, of. 305, (ChTZ district) Komsomolsky prospect, 48 st. Chekhov, 79k1 (LC "Chaika"), 1st floor, entrance from the yard, office No. 5 st. Podgorbunsky, 55 st. Lenina, 43 st. Sverdlov, 50 (ministry "Karusel", 2nd floor) st. Marshal Savitsky, 4, building 2 st. Abylai Khan, 73A, office 2 st. Mayakovsky, 43 st. Mekhanizatorov, 18 (RC "Dream") st. Gornaya, 8/2, room 101 Kryukov, 35 (North side) st. Soviet army, 16G, Trade House "Malov", 2nd floor, office 2 st. Petrovsky, 8/1, 3rd floor Pushkin, 23 st. Azina, 27 Lenin avenue, 32 Leningradsky avenue 64 (TC Artsakh) st. Mirnaya, 1-12

Source: Wikipedia

Alexander Selkirk - Scottish sailor who spent 4 years and 4 months (in 1704-1709) on the uninhabited island of Mas a Tierra (now Robinson Crusoe in the Juan Fernandez archipelago) in pacific ocean 640 kilometers from the coast of Chile. Served as a prototype of Robinson Crusoe - the literary hero of the novel by Daniel Defoe.

The 27-year-old boatswain of the Sankpore ship, which was part of the flotilla under the command of William Dampier, went to the shores in 1704 South America. Hot-tempered and wayward, he constantly came into conflict with the captain of the ship, Stradling. After another quarrel that took place near the island of Mas a Tierra, Selkirk demanded to be dropped off; the captain immediately granted his request. True, later the sailor asked the captain to cancel his order, but he was inexorable, and Selkirk was able to leave the island only after more than four years.

Alexander Selkirk had some things necessary for survival: an ax, a gun, a supply of gunpowder, etc. Suffering from loneliness, Selkirk got used to the island and gradually acquired the necessary survival skills. At first, his diet was meager - he ate shellfish, but over time he got used to it and found feral domestic goats on the island. Once upon a time, people lived here who brought these animals with them, but after they left the island, the goats became wild. He hunted them, thereby adding much-needed meat to his diet. Soon Selkirk tamed them and received milk from them. From vegetable crops, he found wild turnips, cabbages and black peppers, as well as some berries.

Rats were a danger to him, but fortunately for him, wild cats, previously brought by people, also lived on the island. In their company, he could sleep peacefully without fear of rodents.

Selkirk built himself two huts out of pimento officinalis. His gunpowder supplies ran low and he was forced to hunt goats without a gun. While pursuing them, he once became so carried away by his pursuit that he did not notice the cliff from which he fell and lay like that for some time, miraculously surviving.

In order not to forget English speech He constantly read the Bible aloud. Not to say that he was a pious person - that's how he heard a human voice. When his clothes began to wear out, he began to use goatskins for them. As the son of a tanner, Selkirk knew well how to dress skins. After his shoes wore out, he did not make himself new ones, because his feet, rough with calluses, allowed him to walk without shoes. He also found old barrel hoops and was able to make something like a knife out of them.

One day, two ships arrived on the island, which turned out to be Spanish, and England and Spain were enemies in those days. Selkirk could have been arrested or even killed, since he was a privateer, and he made the difficult decision for himself to hide from them.

Salvation came to him on February 1, 1709. It was the English ship the Duke, with Captain Woodes Rogers, who named Selkirk the governor of the island.

Since many parents stubbornly refuse to understand what the point of checking is, I give up and publish reading standards. At the same time, I ask you to carefully read not only the quantitative norm of words per minute, but also my explanations of how in table, and under her.

Reading speed standards 1-4 grade*)

*) The number of words may vary slightly depending on curriculum. Increased rates are given in parentheses.

◊ Grade 1: no grade is given, the student "did it" or "did not do it". In the first half of the year, the reading technique may not be carried out.

Other reading options grades 1-4

Criteria for grading reading technique:

Reading by syllables or the whole word,

The presence of errors in reading,

Number of words per minute

expressiveness,

Awareness.

can click to enlarge

As you can see, the number of words read is not decisive.

That is, parents need to understand what the concept of how reading speed, is only one of the criteria for determining the level reading techniques. Checked way of reading: the child reads syllable by syllable or the word is read by him smoothly, entirely. Must be checked reading awareness, in other words, whether the student understands what he has read or not. To do this, after reading, a question can be asked about the text, most often “What did you just read about?” and requires a simple answer ( detailed retelling not needed )

The expressiveness of reading, the presence of errors and / or stammers are also taken into account. Sometimes there is a return to re-reading the previous word, this indicates a lack of awareness and is considered a mistake.

It should also be taken into account that the standards for the speed (tempo) of reading may differ depending on the educational institution, the requirements for a gymnasium student will be higher, for a correctional class student - lower.

The frequency of checking reading technique in primary school, as a rule, 2 times a year: the end of the first half of the year and the end of the second half of the year. However, in some schools the reading level is checked at the end of each quarter or trimester.

The ability to read is one of the most important skills that contribute to the successful assimilation of knowledge. At the first stage of teaching reading technique, quite a lot of attention is paid. This is not surprising, because it is during this period that the pace of reading is formed. Especially carefully the reading technique is monitored in the 1st grade. During this period, reading is the object of assimilation.

According to psychologists, academic performance is influenced by more than 200 factors. But it turned out that the number one factor is the speed of reading. Indeed, a child who does not know how to read well experiences great difficulties in doing any kind of work, he is often not interested in the lessons, he is not assiduous, he does not want to visit the library, because reading books with a low reading technique is not so much a pleasure, how much flour
How to test reading skills?
The reading technique includes several elements, namely:

• reading comprehension (the child's understanding of what he read about);
• reading speed (characterized by the number of words read in a certain period of time);
• way of reading (the child reads in syllables or in whole words);
• expressiveness of reading (manifested in the use of pauses, finding the right intonation, correct placement of stress);
• correct reading (expressed in the fact that the student avoids, or vice versa, makes mistakes).

Thus, the speed of reading is only a separate component of the reading technique.
One of the questions that parents are interested in is: why check the reading technique of children? reading technique in primary school definitely needs to be checked. This should be done in order to monitor the dynamics of the formation of reading skills - this is the purpose of checking reading technique.

Norms of reading technique in primary grades according to GEF (approximately)

Reading technique in grade 1

In grade 1, reading technique is checked especially carefully.

1st half

Reading should be smooth syllabic, conscious and correct, with a clear pronunciation of syllables and words.

The pace of reading is 25-30 words per minute.

2 semester

The child reads whole words correctly, consciously. Words with a complex syllabic structure are read syllable by syllable.

The pace of reading is 30-40 words per minute.

Reading technique in grade 1 according to GEF

How to practice reading technique

You can develop reading skills with the help of special games.

Here are some of them:

Buzzing reading.

Daily reading in class, when all students read in an undertone for 5 minutes.

Reading before bed.

Repeated reading of the text. The essence of this exercise is as follows: students read the text at the same time, but each at their own pace. After a minute, the teacher stops the children, and they note the word to which they have read. Next, the teacher asks the children to read the text spelling. Then, re-reading the same passage involves orthoepic reading (as we say). And again, the guys note the word to which they have read and compare with the previous result.

Reading is the opposite. This method involves reading words not from left to right, but from right to left. Such reading is useful as it regularly trains the child in merging letters and reading words without strain.

Tops and roots. The children are invited to read the words, covering the upper or lower half of the letters with a long opaque ruler.

There are many words on the board. The children must find the word that the teacher will call.

Self-measuring reading. At the end of the lesson, leave a few minutes to self-measure reading and record the results in a special diary.

Reading upside down. Children are happy to read the text in the book, which they will hold upside down.