Warm masonry mortar is a building mixture for cellular concrete products: foam concrete, aerated concrete, gas silicate, foam silicate and porous ceramic blocks.
Replacing a regular cement mixture with a “warm” one increases the thermal insulation of masonry by 17%.
The binder in this mixture is traditionally cement, and the fillers are pumice, perlite, and expanded clay sand.
The warm solution is also called “light” due to its weight and low density.
Replacing a regular cement mixture with a “warm” one increases the thermal insulation of masonry by 17%. This effect occurs due to different odds thermal conductivity. For a cement-sand mixture, this indicator is 0.9 W/m°C, and for a “thermal” mixture – 0.3 W/m°C.
Characteristics and main properties
It has long been known from school physics courses that air is a poor conductor of heat. Based on this, a logical conclusion suggests itself: in order for a building structure made of porous materials to retain heat well, the solution must contain “air-absorbing” substances. Most often, such fillers are perlite or expanded clay sand.
External wall structures are often made of lightweight materials with a high coefficient of thermal resistance. IN in this case As a binding material, a mixture of lower density than traditional cement-sand is required. The latter has a high density (up to 1800 kg/m3), resulting in additional heat loss due to “cold bridges”. If the density of the binder “dough” exceeds the density of the wall material for every 100 kg/m 3, then the heat loss of such a structure increases by 1%.
If the density of the binder “dough” exceeds the density of the wall material for every 100 kg/m3, then the heat loss of such a structure increases by 1%.
To this physical characteristic the binder mixture and the wall material were comparable, it is necessary to prepare a special “warm” solution, the density of which would be 500-800 kg/m 3 . This composition must have high ductility, crack resistance, good adhesion, moisture-holding abilities, and sufficient viability.
Strength building structure depends more on the wall material, and not on the brand of the composition. The brand of the latter, as a rule, must match technical characteristics bricks However, when using a mixture of one grade lower, the reduction in masonry strength drops by only 10-15%.
Minimum grades of mortars (from M10 to M50) are used for buildings of the 1st degree of durability, as well as for masonry of low-rise buildings made of highly porous materials, the strength of which is 3.5-5 MPa. Thus, for this type of building should be used binder mixtures with strength from 1 to 5 MPa.
Additional density reduction
The average density of the binder composition, as mentioned above, is reduced by the use of low-density fillers. However, a reduction in the density of the mixture can be achieved with the presence of a traditional filler - sand. When using turbulent mixers and air-entraining additives, the density can be reduced from 1600 to 900 kg/m 3, which corresponds to a strength of 0.3-4.9 MPa. This mixture corresponds to brands M4, M10, M25.
One way to reduce density building mixtures is to prepare the solution using special mixing equipment - a steam generator. A good effect can be achieved by porousization cement stone on turbulent mixers. This technology applicable only with the use of air-entraining additives.
Most effective method preparing a warm solution involves the simultaneous use of porous aggregates and air-entraining additives.
The choice of the type of porous aggregate depends on the composition of the raw material base, operating conditions, and the average density of the wall material. Traditional aggregates must have a density of 800 to 500 kg/m3 and have a strength of up to 10 MPa.
Preparing the mixture
Warm masonry mortar is more often used for the construction of external walls; for internal walls, a traditional cement-sand mixture is used. This composition can be prepared with your own hands or using a concrete mixer at low speed. To prepare this “construction dough” you can use ready-made mixtures, to which you just need to add water and mix. If you plan to prepare the binder composition yourself, then all the components are mixed dry, and then water is added.
The “warm” mixture is prepared in the following proportions: 1 part cement and 5 parts filler (expanded clay or perlite sand). The dry mixture is mixed, and then 1 part water to 4 parts dry mixture is added. The mixed solution should stand for 5 minutes, then it can be used for its intended purpose.
The prepared “dough” should have a medium-thick consistency. Unnecessarily liquid composition will fall into the voids of the blocks, thereby interfering with thermal insulation.
Construction work is best carried out in warm time of the year. The reason for such seasonal preferences is not only favorable weather for outdoor work, but also that at low temperatures the masonry mortar hardens very quickly. However, if you still have to work at air temperatures below 5°C, then special additives are added to the solution. But even such “anti-frost” impurities do not save the masonry from reducing its strength.
The heat-saving mixture ensures that the walls are laid more uniformly, despite the fact that the amount of mortar in it is only 4% of the entire area! Warm masonry mortar allows for maximum heat retention, reduces the weight of wall structures, and also reduces the consumption of building materials.
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Construction technologies are constantly updated. New materials appear, replacing old ones. Thus, relatively recently, large-format construction material, called warm ceramics or porous ceramic blocks. The blocks contain high quality clay, sawdust and water. These components are environmentally friendly, which means that products made from them comply with high requirements environmental safety. The blocks have a porous structure, which improves sound absorption and thermal insulation properties. These and other features of ceramic blocks have made them especially popular in the construction of single- and multi-storey buildings in many European countries. This article will talk about how to lay ceramic blocks, but first, we suggest you familiarize yourself in more detail with the advantages of this material.
Warm ceramics are used by both professionals and amateur craftsmen. For the sake of objectivity, the pros and cons of the material will be given below. So let's start with the benefits. This list includes:
Each material has both advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, it is worth mentioning the disadvantages of the material. The main disadvantage is considered to be low load bearing capacity and the strength of warm ceramics. Therefore, when building a house from ceramic blocks, it needs to be further strengthened. It will not be possible to screw racks, ladders and other heavy products to the walls.
Laying ceramic blocks cannot be done using the mortar used for laying ordinary red brick. In this case, special masonry thermal insulation solutions should be used. This is due to the difference in the thermal properties of these materials.
Note! If you make seams from ordinary cement-sand or lime-cement mortar, they will create cold bridges. Consequently, the thermal insulation properties of the walls will be significantly reduced.
The binder of the so-called warm solution is cement, and expanded clay sand, perlite or pumice are used as fillers. It is worth noting that the use of warm masonry mortar is advisable when laying external walls. For the construction of internal walls, ordinary mortar is used. It is prepared manually or in a concrete mixer at low speed.
Ready-made mixtures are available for sale, sold in dry form. All that is required from the builder to prepare the solution is to add water according to the instructions included with the mixture. The solution should be medium dense. It should not fill the voids of the blocks.
Note! Warm solution improves warmth technical indicators masonry by 17%.
When laying ceramic blocks, a so-called bed seam is used. It is important to maintain a certain balance. A very thin seam will not equalize the horizontal errors of the blocks, and a thick one will worsen the strength of the masonry. Optimal thickness seam – 12 mm. The solution is applied evenly.
Note! Load-bearing walls are subject to static load, so the masonry joint must be continuous. When building partitions, the masonry seam may be intermittent.
In the south of the country, external walls can be built from less thick blocks. When laying brick walls, you need to make not only horizontal, but also vertical joints. Ceramic blocks are connected to each other using tongue-and-groove technology, which eliminates the need to fill vertical joints with mortar. This not only helps save mortar, but also reduces construction time.
Before laying begins, a waterproofing solution is laid on the base, on which a waterproof material should be laid. In this case, the width of this material should exceed the thickness of the masonry by 2–3 cm.
Note! Reliable waterproofing between the base and the wall being built is a guarantee of the strength of the house.
After waterproofing the base, a bed or horizontal seam should be applied. It needs to be leveled. In this case, you should start at the highest point. Walls made of porous ceramic blocks are laid in warm, dry weather. The air temperature should be above +5℃. Unfinished walls should be covered with waterproof material at night and during rainfall.
Masonry starts from the corners. The first blocks are laid in the corners and connected to each other along the outside with a mooring cord. Subsequent blocks are inserted into one another along a cord. In this case, horizontal displacement of the masonry should not be allowed.
It happens that the block sizes are slightly different. In this case, they need to be cut down with a tabletop circular saw or a hand-held electric chain saw. When laying the first row, it is important to strictly observe the horizontal and angles. If there is a slight deviation from the horizontal, the blocks are tapped with a rubber hammer. The surface of each row is moistened with water before applying the solution and laying the next one. If on outside if mortar leaks into the wall, it should be collected. This can be done with a spatula.
The dressing of masonry and walls deserves special attention. The integrity of the structure depends on this. The shift of blocks in adjacent rows must be at least 0.4 of the block height. Dressing outer wall from the inside it is carried out with steel perforated anchors. They are laid in horizontal seams in odd rows.
So, now you are ready to build walls from porous ceramic blocks. For clarity, we have placed video materials at the end of this article. If you still have questions, ask our expert. He will kindly provide you with additional information.
The presented video material reveals the intricacies of ceramic block masonry:
Warm mortar (thermal insulating masonry mixture) contains a porous material - perlite. This composition allows you to get as close as possible to the thermal conductivity values of warm ceramics.
As a rule, the thermal conductivity coefficient of a warm masonry mixture is 0.2 W/m*K, and average density 1200 kg/m3. While the thermal conductivity of ceramic blocks is 0.16 W/m*K. Close values
When laying blocks on a regular sand-cement mixture, cold bridges are formed in the seam, which reduce the thermal efficiency of the wall and the building in general. That is, all costs for purchasing warm ceramics are reduced to zero, while heating and air conditioning costs increase. Mold may appear on the walls inside.
Using a warm mixture allows you to create a homogeneous masonry. With the most approximate thermal conductivity indicators. The composition of the warm mixture is optimally selected to obtain a plastic, light and durable masonry mortar with sufficient strength. Completely eliminates the appearance of cold bridges and ensures ideal vapor permeability of the masonry.
Manufacturers of large-format blocks BRAER, WIENERBERGER, Gzhelsky KZ, Stalingrad brick recommend using only warm masonry mixture for laying ceramic blocks. In this case, special attention is paid to the technical parameters of the mixture.
Such as:
Home heating costs can be reduced by using energy-saving materials. To reduce cold bridges between masonry joints, a so-called warm solution is used. Its thermal insulation properties are much higher than those of conventional cement-sand mortar. For comparison:
Due to the formation of a porous mass during solidification, the density decreases and the insulating ability of the material increases. Voids that prevent heat outflow are formed by using expanded clay materials in the dry mixture - perlite, expanded clay or vermiculite; pumice is also used. In field conditions, it is impossible to achieve uniform distribution of energy-saving filler, so a high-quality warm solution can only be produced in a factory setting with industrial equipment.
The greatest efficiency of using warm solutions is achieved when constructing the external walls of a building from large hollow blocks and porous bricks. Such masonry has approximately uniform thermal conductivity and there is no heat loss through individual areas. When combined with energy-saving window packages, home heating costs will be significantly lower than when building with conventional materials.
The general requirements for a warm mortar are the same as for a regular dry mixture for masonry: high adhesion, plasticity, good joint filling.
| Brand | Coef. Thermal conductivity W/m*K | Water consumption l/kg | Mobility of mortar mixture, cm | Mixture density, kg/m3 | Compressive strength MPa | Grit size, mm | Frost resistance | Bag weight, kg |
| Thermal insulating masonry mixture Perel TKS 2020 | 0,2 | 0,34-0,4 | 6-7 | < 1000 | > 5 | 0-4 | 50 | 20 |
| Thermal insulating masonry mixture Perel TKS 6020 | 0,18 | 0,25-0,27 | 6-7 | < 700 | > 5 | 0-4 | 50 | 20 |
| Thermal insulating masonry mixture Perel TKS 8020 | 0,16 | 0,6-0,65 | 6-7 | < 700 | > 5 | 0-4 | 50 | 17,5 |
| Thermal insulating masonry mixture Promix TKS 201 | 0,22 | 0,25-0,35 | 6-7 | < 1300 | 5 | 50 | 25 | |
| Thermal insulating masonry mixture Promix TKS 202 | 0,2 | 0,34-0,4 | 6-7 | < 1000 | 5 | 50 | 20 | |
| Thermal insulating masonry mixture Promix TKS 203 | 0,18 | 0,4-0,5 | 6-7 | < 700 | 5 | 50 | 17,5 | |
| Thermal insulating perlite masonry mixture HAGA ST TERMO ST LT-200 | 0,21 | 0,3-0,36 | 5 | 0-2,5 | 50 | 25 | ||
| Thermal insulating perlite masonry mixture HAGA ST TERMO ST LT-160 | 0,16 | 0,55-0,65 | 5 | 0-2,5 | 50 | 17,5 | ||
| Thermal insulating perlite masonry mixture HAGA ST TERMO ST LT-180 | 0,18 | 0,3-0,4 | 5 | 0-2,5 | 50 | 25 | ||
| Warm masonry mortar with perlite Quick-Mix LM-21P | 0,18 | 0,57-0,62 | 6-7 | < 700 | 5 | 0-4 | 50 | 17,5 |
| Masonry heat-insulating mixture for ceramic blocks C-267 " Warm seam" | 0,25 | 0,3-0,34 | 1100 | 7,5 | 0-2,5 | 75 | 22 | |
| Masonry thermal insulation mixture SMARTEK FIX T | 0,21 | 0,36-0,42 | 700-900 | 50 | 15 | |||
| Warm masonry mixture DE LUXE TEPLOSHOV | 0,23 | 0,45-0,5 | 5 | 0-3 | 35 | 20 | ||
| Thermal insulating masonry mixture TERMO STAPEL TS-0401 based on perlite | 0,17 | 0,64-0,68 | 900-1000 | 5 | 0-0,5 | 50 | 25 |
For walls made of materials with increased resistance to heat transfer, for example, porous ceramics or aerated concrete, it is necessary to use a lightweight masonry mortar with increased heat-saving properties.
In this case, a conventional solution of sand, cement, and lime will significantly reduce the heat transfer resistance of the finished masonry. So, for laying aerated concrete blocks 38 cm wide, the use of conventional mortar in horizontal joints 10-12 cm thick reduces its thermal conductivity coefficient by 25% compared to if a thin layer of glue (2 mm) was used, and by 20% if a heat-saving mortar was used . These are very large and unacceptable heat losses.
The properties of a solution are primarily affected by its density. For laying walls made of large-format blocks, it is recommended to use heat-insulating masonry mixtures with a volumetric weight of up to 1400 kg/m3. in dry condition.
Masonry with a thin layer of 2 mm glue in horizontal joints between blocks is warmer and stronger than masonry with mortar. But to use glue, the dimensions of the blocks must be very accurate; a vertical error of no more than 1 mm is allowed (block class 1). It is not always possible to purchase such blocks; not all manufacturers make them.
Also, careful laying of high-precision blocks allows you to get by with only a thin finishing putty of the walls on both sides, which ultimately makes finished wall cheaper, despite the fact that precision-made blocks are more expensive.
Blocks of a lower class, with an error of 3 mm, must be placed on a thick layer (8 - 12 mm) of heat-saving mortar. The vertical seams of blocks with tongue-and-groove shaped sidewalls are not filled with mortar. For additional blocks with smooth side surfaces, filling the vertical seams is mandatory.
Block masonry with unfilled vertical joints should be plastered on both sides to reduce air permeability.
To prepare warm masonry mortar, it is more convenient to use ready-made light dry mixtures famous manufacturers. Below are typical characteristics of a thermal insulating dry mixture for masonry blocks.
For comparison, the characteristics of conventional cement-lime mortar:
A seam filled with a heat-saving mortar transmits almost 5 times less heat than a seam with a regular mortar. Masonry with warm mortar will have a thermal conductivity coefficient that is 20 percent less than when using conventional mortar. This is a very significant heat saving.
When choosing a dry mixture, you need to take into account the price of the final product - how many rubles to pay per liter ready solution, and not per kilogram of mixture. From the same mass of dry mixture, but different brands, different amounts of solution can be prepared, since the density may be different.
The packaging should indicate how many liters of masonry mixture can be obtained from a kilogram or from the entire pack. 
Reducing the density of the solution and increasing its heat-saving properties is achieved by adding light fillers to ordinary cement, lime, and sand. More often they add:
Although ceramic blocks appeared in the field of house construction recently; during their existence they managed to acquire the status of a high-tech and promising material. The products have low thermal conductivity, which is ensured by their hollowness. Such structures were given the name " warm ceramics"However, like all wall materials, such products require laying on a mortar. For the latter, it is better to use a special warm mixture.
Due to the fact that ceramic blocks act as a heat-saving material, when laying them, it is necessary to use a warm solution to obtain a wall with low thermal conductivity. Porous fillers are a mandatory addition to the ingredients, including:
As for the main ingredients, among them we should highlight:
Cement acts as a binder, but polymer additives are necessary to accelerate the hardening of the mixture and increase its plasticity, water resistance and frost resistance. Warm solutions have a fairly wide range of uses.
In addition to the composition for laying ceramic blocks, the solution is used in the construction of houses from large-format products based on and Using the described solution, you will achieve the benefits mentioned above wall materials more pronounced.
If the masonry is done with high quality, it will be eliminated, which will increase the resistance to the heat transfer process by 30%. Lightweight fillers can reduce the pressure exerted by the materials at the base of the walls on the foundation. Savings can also be achieved by reducing the volume of mortar during laying. It has excellent moisture-retaining characteristics, so it can be used in fine-seam technology.
Warm mortar can be laid in seams that have high thermal conductivity, which reduces heat flows, extending out through the masonry. In addition, the described composition is also vapor permeable, so the house will maintain ideal humidity conditions for humans. Condensation will not form on the walls. All this eliminates the appearance of mold and mildew on surfaces.
If the walls were built using warm mortar, then the owners have an excellent opportunity to save on heating the house and its maintenance. The consumption of the composition in the case of using ceramic blocks is reduced by 1.75 times compared to a conventional cement-sand mixture. This is due to the low density of the former.
Typically, the described solution is used when laying external walls. But in the case of internal walls an analogue is used in the form sand-cement mixture. Warm masonry mortar can be prepared manually or using a concrete mixer if the volume is impressive. In this case, the appropriate equipment is rented, which allows you to increase the speed of work.
The construction mixture can be made from a ready-made dry composition; you just need to add water to it and mix well. If you purchased a standard 35 kg bag, then you can get 1 liter of the finished mixture from it. When you plan to purchase the ingredients separately, you should first mix the dry ingredients, to which water is then added.
Warm solution for ceramic blocks must be prepared in accordance with a certain proportion. It involves the use of 1 part cement and 5 parts expanded clay or perlite sand. But if you use a dry mixture, then 4 parts will need part of water. The water must be taken from the water supply, because there must be no mineral impurities in it. These can sometimes be found in pond water. A liquid with such a composition may negatively affect the balance of the solution’s ingredients.
The warm solution for ceramic blocks should have a medium consistency. If the solution turns out to be extremely liquid, it will fill the voids of the products, which will reduce their thermal insulation characteristics. Before use, the composition must be left for 5 minutes, during which time the corresponding chemical processes. If the solution turns out to be very thick, it will lose the ability to securely fasten, and the ceramic blocks will absorb a lot of moisture, and the solution will dry out before it has time to gain strength.
Speaking of the above, it can be noted: having prepared a liquid solution, you will be faced with an increase in its consumption, while losses will also increase due to the presence of voids in the blocks. When craftsmen use ready-made mixtures, this allows them to eliminate the need to moisten the products, because the solution has the ability to retain moisture for a long time.
You now know the proportions of the warm mortar, but it is also important to know when it is best to lay ceramic blocks. The best time This is a warm time for this, because low temperatures can cause the solution to set prematurely. Ultimately, this will contribute to a decrease in the quality of the masonry. If work is carried out at temperatures below -5 °C, then anti-frost additives should be added to the solution, but the masonry may not be so strong.
For the reason that perlite acts as one of the common binders in thermal insulation materials, preparation of the mixture may be accompanied by its replacement with sand. However, experts say that such a mixture should not be mixed in a concrete mixer for too long, because the perlite will begin to granulate and form into dense lumps.
In order to ultimately obtain a homogeneous mass, mixing must be stopped. If you are laying the walls of a private house, then you can add color to the mortar, this will increase the decorativeness of the masonry, and this ingredient will not have a negative effect.
If you want to use a solution for screeding a heated floor, which would have the properties of the composition described above, then you can use the “PERLITKA ST1” mixture. It is an environmentally friendly, frost-resistant, non-flammable material that eliminates the appearance of ants, cockroaches and rodents.
The composition adheres well to different types mineral surfaces. If there is a large volume of work to be carried out, then with the help of this mixture it is possible to reduce the load on the foundation. The composition has excellent sound and heat insulation qualities. No special skills are required during application.
This solution for a warm water floor has among the ingredients:
Bulk is 420 kg/m³. The compressive strength is 20 kg/cm². The shelf life of the solution after its preparation reaches 1 hour. Material consumption for each square meter equivalent to 4.2 kg. The thermal conductivity of the solution is no more than 0.11 W/m°K. Adhesion is 0.65 MPa; this value, however, may be higher. The moisture-holding capacity of the mixture is 96%. The composition can be used at temperatures not lower than +0 °C.
The above solution should be applied to a previously prepared surface. The base must be dry and strong, it must be cleaned of oil, dirt, dust, paint and wax residues. The peeled layers are removed. If the surface absorbs moisture well, then it must be treated with a primer emulsion and left for 4 hours.
The solution is prepared by pouring the composition into a container and pouring clean water room temperature. For 1 kg of mixture you will need approximately 0.85 liters of liquid. The composition is mixed with a mixer until a homogeneous consistency without clots and lumps is achieved. The solution is kept for 5 minutes and then mixed again. It can then be used for styling.
Some believe that using a solution with high thermal insulation characteristics is an unjustified expense when you can use the usual one. However, experts do not recommend making a compromise and not looking for mixtures among cheap analogues.
If you want to achieve savings when using a traditional mortar, then it must be made thicker and the ceramic blocks must be soaked in water before laying. Only this approach allows you to get a reliable and strong wall. At the same time, consumption will decrease, and the amount of moisture absorbed by ceramic blocks will also become less.
