A wooden house today is very popular among numerous developers. And this despite the fact that the cost of such buildings can far exceed the price of a house from modern materials, and comparison of advantages is not always on the side of wooden buildings. One of the disadvantages is that wooden houses give natural shrinkage, and this increases total time execution construction work. The fact is that some architectural structures can only be built on stable load-bearing supports, and facade walls made of timber change their size for about a year, this rule also applies to the roof.
The list of its structural elements depends on the type rafter system. What rafter systems are recommended to be used for wooden house?
Wooden houses are rarely large in size and number of floors. Another feature of such buildings is that they constantly slightly change linear parameters due to fluctuations in the moisture content of the lumber. As a result, increased reliability requirements are imposed on rafter systems; they must compensate for possible fluctuations.
The more complex the roof, the more additional elements it has, and this together reduces its strength and reliability. Conclusion – for wooden houses It is not recommended to choose complex multi-pitched roofs.
| Type of rafter system for a wooden house | Performance characteristics and technical parameters |
|---|---|
| It occurs very rarely and only in small-sized houses. The only noteworthy advantage is the simplicity of the design. But not everything is so simple. The area of a pitched roof is always much more area one of the slopes, and the angle of inclination is less. This means that the loads on the elements of the truss system of a pitched roof significantly exceed the loads on the slopes of a gable or hip roof. As a result, to make a rafter system you need to take stronger and more expensive lumber, but often this is not enough; to increase the strength of such a roof, you need to install additional stops or purlins. The more roof elements, the more complex it is, regardless of name and type, the only advantage disappears. |
| The most commonly used roof design option for wooden houses. In all respects, the traditional roof structure of wooden buildings occupies one of the leading positions. |
| The technical structure is somewhat more complicated than an ordinary gable. The advantage is that the size of the attic space increases. Often this design is used for attic spaces. |
| A complex roof structure, used on houses with large foundation areas. It has several varieties, but they are used only on exclusive individual complex projects. It is impossible to build such rafter systems on your own, you need to do accurate calculations and have a big one practical experience performing similar work. It is advisable to trust such roofs to professional construction companies. |
All types of roofs can be warm or cold. Let us consider in more detail which individual elements consists of the roof structure.
The roof of any house, regardless of its design features, must meet the requirements of building codes and regulations.
During the design of the structure, the existing snow and wind loads in the regions, the weight of roofing materials, diagrams of the distribution of forces among the nodes, etc. are taken into account. In this case, architects must use a safety factor; for the roofs of wooden houses it is set at least 1.4. This is due to the fact that not all materials can meet the calculated strength indicators, certain deviations from the technology are possible, etc. In addition, wooden houses have fluctuations in linear dimensions, the rafter structure must compensate for them by increasing stability.
The less the load on the foundation, the more reliable the structure. The roof on a wooden house must withstand dynamic and static forces and at the same time have a minimum weight. During the design calculation, it is determined best option sections of load-bearing elements. In order to reduce weight, the cross-section of the rafter legs can be reduced (it is they that mainly affect the weight of the structure) due to the installation of various stops and spacers. Reducing the weight of the roof structure simultaneously leads to a decrease in its estimated cost.
For the manufacture of the roof truss system, it is necessary to use lumber of at least first grade. Wood is a unique living material; it is impossible to find two boards of the same type with exactly the same technical parameters. Each has its own number and location of knots, defects natural development, minor cracks and dimensional deviations. The selection of boards and beams for the roof must be approached very carefully, and an inspection of the lumber must be done before using them. All rejected materials can be used for the construction of non-critical or unloaded structures of a wooden house.
There is a wide variety of standard rafter systems, but each master makes his own changes taking into account the specific features of the building and the availability of lumber assortment.
It is used as a supporting structure for the heels of the rafter legs, made from 100×100 mm timber. If there is no timber, then double boards 50 mm thick can be used for the Mauerlat. They are not used in log houses; the function of the mauerlat is performed by the upper crown. To increase stability it is fixed to lower crowns metal dowels. In frame wooden houses, this structural element of the rafter system is installed, it allows you to evenly distribute point loads along the entire perimeter load-bearing walls and prevents sagging of the fragile top band.
The main element of the roof structure, forms its geometry and appearance. The rafter legs bear all the loads, including the weight of the roofing coverings. Most often they are made from boards 50x150 mm; the pitch of the rafter legs is calculated individually or can be standard. The standard step is used in cases where it is planned to build a warm roof. This is done to simplify and speed up the installation process. roofing pie. The fact is that all insulation, regardless of the material of manufacture, has a width of 60 cm. The standard pitch of rafter legs is within 57–58 cm, which allows you to immediately install insulation in niches without preliminary adjustment of dimensions.
For rafters you need to choose only high-quality boards; if the length is not enough, then they can be extended.
Depending on the length of the rafters, the type of roofing system and the climatic zone of the building's location, options and installation locations for purlins, stops and braces are selected. The heels of the rafter legs can be fixed to the mauerlat or upper crown either rigidly or using special connections that allow reciprocating/forwarding movements during shrinkage and changes in the linear parameters of a wooden house.
They serve as a point of emphasis for long rafter legs and do not allow the rafter system to sag under the influence of various forces. They are very often used in attic roofs, due to which it is possible to significantly increase the height of residential premises.
The purlins are made of timber, the vertical legs rest against the supporting structures of the house. Depending on the installation location, they can be side or ridge.
Purlin - a wooden beam, with the purpose of supporting the rafters (preventing them from bending)
Special beams are installed specifically to support the rafter legs in the absence of a mauerlat. The puffs simultaneously serve ceiling beams ceilings They are made from timber 100×100 mm or boards 50×100 mm. They remove bursting loads from the walls of a wooden house and are recommended for use during major repairs of old buildings. Tightenings significantly increase the stability of the roof structure; the lower parts of the vertical supports can be additionally fixed to them.
Mounted in a vertical position, they take on bending loads on the rafters. The number and distance between posts is calculated individually for each roof structure. The elements are made of 100×100 mm timber; an oblique cut is made in the upper part so that the stop is across the entire surface. To prevent slipping, use special methods fixation or thrust boards are packed.
They can work independently or in pairs with racks, resting on the rafter legs at a right angle. The appropriateness of installing struts is determined by an experienced roofer. If you plan to use the attic space as an attic, then struts are not made - they significantly reduce the free space. They support relatively small loads and can be made from the same boards as rafter legs.
They connect two rafter legs into a single truss and counteract the bursting forces. Stretch bars work in tension, which makes it possible to use thin boards for them. The fact is that boards work much better in tension than in compression.
Longitudinal beam in the middle of the frame of a wooden house. It is recommended to install in cases where the design of the rafter system requires a run under the ridge. The element can be solid or extended; the material of manufacture is 100×100 mm timber. The bench must be located above load-bearing partitions wooden house, the lower parts of the vertical posts of the ridge girder rest against it.
OSB (oriented strand board)
The type depends on the roofing materials. Under soft coverings For wooden houses, only continuous sheathing is made from OSB boards or plywood; there are options for making continuous sheathing for their edged boards. But they are used very rarely - they are expensive, time-consuming and difficult.
For metal or piece roofing materials, the sheathing is made from unedged or edged boards and slats. The sheathing pitch is selected taking into account the technical parameters of the coatings.
This structural element of the rafter system is installed only for warm roofs with mineral wool insulation. The purpose of the counter-lattice is to provide effective natural ventilation of the under-roof space.
Mineral wool has a very negative attitude towards an increase in relative humidity, its thermal conductivity increases significantly, and the efficiency of insulation decreases significantly. In addition, prolonged contact of wet mineral wool with wooden structures of the rafter system causes putrefactive processes with all negative consequences. None of the most modern vapor barriers can completely eliminate the penetration of steam into cotton wool. Ventilation is required for removal, but it is impossible not to cover the insulation, the cold wind blows warm air, which also reduces heat saving performance. To solve the problem, a special wind protection is used, which allows moisture to evaporate and protect the mineral wool from the wind. Moisture must be constantly removed; this is why the counter-lattice is made. There are vents between windbreaks and roofing materials, a process natural ventilation effectively removes moisture evaporated from mineral wool.
Windproof membrane
Used to economically increase the length of rafter legs. Thin boards are nailed to thick boards; they do not carry significant loads. By lengthening the rafters it is possible to increase protection façade walls wooden house, adjust the parameters of the eaves overhang.
Only used for small houses. The peculiarity of such structures is that the rafter legs rest only on the upper crown or mauerlat, and in the ridge they rest against each other. The fact is that the house does not have internal load-bearing walls that allow the installation of reliable vertical supports or horizontal purlins. To prevent expansion, the rafters are secured with ties.
In some cases, ceiling beams can serve as a support. But this should be done very carefully and only if the strength of the beams allows them to withstand additional loads.
Scheme - rafters with sliding support and cuts
Practical advice. If there is an extreme need to make vertical supports with drawstrings, then they must be made from several thin boards fastened together, mounted on an edge. Such structures have significantly greater bending resistance than timber of the same width.
Mounted on large buildings, additional rigidity of the rafter system is provided by struts or horizontal purlins installed on the beam.
Connecting elements for rafter systems
Previously, structures were assembled using ordinary nails and staples, and individual elements were joined together to form a joint. This is quite labor-intensive work and requires practical skills. Nowadays it is rare to find craftsmen using old technologies; the industry produces big choice metal fasteners that simplify and facilitate the roof construction process.
Name of the connecting element Purpose Rafter leg holder Designed for attaching the rafter leg to the upper crown or mauerlat. Depending on the design features, it provides a rigid or floating connection. The floating connection allows the rafter legs to slide during the shrinkage of the house, and unforeseen stresses do not appear in the nodes of the rafter system; it retains all its original parameters. A rigid rafter leg holder is used in cases where the likelihood of shrinkage of a wooden house is minimal. Beam support The element makes it possible to connect two beams at right angles, without the need to make a half-tree connection. It must be remembered that all connections of this type significantly reduce load-bearing capacity elements. The more you saw them, the thinner the beam or board becomes, and accordingly, the cut off part does not work. Mounting angles They can be equilateral and versatile, ordinary and reinforced. The most commonly used fasteners for universal use. Can be used as independent elements or in addition to other fixation methods. Corner connector Fixes the position of two adjacent planes of the structure and works against tension.
In addition to these standard connecting elements, studs can be used to connect the upper part of the rafter legs. This connection has one degree of freedom, which makes it possible to compensate for fluctuations in the size of a wooden house.
Practical advice. If you correctly connect the load-bearing structures of the roof, then ordinary nails are in no way inferior in reliability modern elements. In addition, driving in several nails is much easier and faster than screwing 5-8 screws into each beam or board.
And one more nuance. The number of screws should be within reasonable limits. If there are a lot of them, then the strength of the lumber will noticeably decrease; they can split even with relatively little effort.
Prices for various types of fasteners for rafters
Rafter fasteners
Each wooden log house may have its own problems, we will give some tips on how to eliminate them.
How to align the plane of the rafter legs along the uneven crown of a log house
Such situations arise when building a house from ordinary, rather than rounded, logs. An ordinary log has different diameters along its length, which does not allow the plane of the upper crown to be perfectly horizontal. And all rafter legs must lie strictly in the same plane; this is an axiom for the construction of any roof. Alignment should be done in the following sequence:
- On the upper crown of the wall and on the ridge log, mark the installation locations of the rafters, taking into account their pitch. Make sure that the rafters are parallel to each other, constantly check the dimensions. Keep in mind that seats The top rim of the logs needs to be sawed off, after which it will not be possible to move them a few centimeters to correct errors when marking.
- Drive nails into the edges of the logs and stretch a thread between them. The thread must be pulled level, it indicates the plane of the rafters. The distance between the thread and the upper crown and ridge log should be as wide as possible, but not exceed the width of the rafter boards.
- Against each mark indicating the position of the rafter, measure the distance to the thread. Write it down in pencil directly on the logs.
- Remove the thread and measure the width of the first rafter board. Calculate the difference between the width of the board and the sag of the thread in a specific place, the difference is the depth of the cut in the log. The same steps should be repeated for each rafter. The cutting jaw will be different, but all the legs will be strictly in the same plane.
In order to quickly measure the cutting depth of the chain saw, make marks on the bar every centimeter. This will allow you to control the work simultaneously with sawing, rather than taking out the saw each time to take measurements.
How to fix a pediment
It has to be corrected by careless log house builders. If they do not secure the element properly, then over time it will definitely tilt in one direction or another. It is impossible to build a rafter system on such a house; the defect must be corrected.
- Nail the jib on top installed rafters, it must hold together at least 4–5 elements of the rafter system. This is necessary to ensure the necessary rigidity.
- Remove the jib that previously fixed the position of the pediment.
- Place a thick board on the back of the gable and large clamps press it against the rafter leg.
Work carefully, periodically tap the gable beams with the butt of an ax or a sledgehammer, so they will fall into place more easily. With practical experience, you can completely level the gables.
Video - Aligning rafters
Wooden houses, famous for their environmental friendliness and long service life, are popular in Russia. Lightweight but strong, durable wood coniferous species on the European territory of the country - traditional construction material, used for the construction of residential and commercial buildings. Now houses made of timber or logs have come back into fashion; they are being built everywhere as country houses, garden cottages or even city cottages. In order for a structure made from this wood to last for a long time, it is necessary to take into account the features of this material when creating a roof project, as well as choosing a roofing covering and related accessories. Today we will talk about the construction of the roof of a wooden house, about its characteristic features and special requirements that must be observed during the construction process.
The rafter system is a kind of roof frame that provides it with a rigid shape and high load-bearing capacity. It consists of vertical supports and horizontal ties, which in cross-section form the most stable geometric figure, a triangle. The roof frame of wooden houses is made from wood. For this purpose, timber or boards made of hardwood are used, treated with an antiseptic, as well as a fire-blocking compound. When designing a rafter system, the following parameters are determined:
Please note that a wooden roof is made only from dry wood, the humidity of which is not higher than 15%. When the humidity of the wood changes, the dimensions of the material change, therefore, when using damp boards, the structure can be significantly deformed during operation. Antiseptic treatment is performed to protect against the activity of mold and fungal microorganisms, which actively spread in a humid environment, leading to decay.
The roof structure of wooden houses is multi-layered, which is why it is called the capacious term “roofing pie”. The materials included in it complement and improve performance characteristics each other, making the roof resistant to moisture, temperature changes and durable. From the point of view of the composition of the roofing pie, the roof structure can be of 2 types:
Important! Warm roof for a wooden house - quite complex and expensive construction solution, which is used only in buildings with residential attics and heated upper floors. Cold-type roofs are used for bathhouses made of logs and timber, canopies, gazebos, seasonally used or unheated buildings.
Wood, with its high strength, is a fairly light building material, so the foundation for structures made of logs and timber, and even more so frame ones, is made shallow, strip, columnar or pile. In order not to burden the structure, roof covering for a wooden house you need to use something that is lightweight, low noise and non-flammable. Most often used:
Experienced craftsmen believe that the main factor in choosing the roofing material used to install a wooden roof is combustion resistance. Since the risk of fires in wooden buildings is quite high, it is better to use non-combustible materials to cover them ( ceramic tiles, slate, metal roofs).
Wood has been a building material used for the construction of residential buildings in Russia for many centuries, so the features of working with wood have been well studied. The unique properties of wooden structures are that they are made from natural raw materials, which allow air to pass through, “breathe”, and regulate humidity. In order for a wooden roof to be strong and durable, it is necessary:
Please note that the roof of a wooden house is subject to intense loads, so its construction requires a special project based on engineering calculations. To complete the work quickly and efficiently, you need to find experienced roofers who are familiar with the peculiarities of working with wood.
The structure of a wooden roof should last for many years, so it is important to take into account the characteristics of wood during construction work.
Wooden houses are very popular among buildings. The material from which they are made is environmentally friendly, strong, durable and attractive in appearance.
When constructing a structure, it is necessary to take into account the properties and characteristics of wood. If all components of a wooden roof are assembled correctly, then the roof and the entire structure will have a long service life.
In order for a wooden roof to be reliable, the rafter system must be correctly formed.
The structure is a roof frame, on which the rigid shape and load-bearing capacity of the roof depend.
The rafter frame consists of supports installed vertically and tie rods that are secured horizontally. In cross-section, the structure looks like a triangle.
To form a frame in wooden building It is important to use quality wood.
Boards or beams must be pre-treated with an antiseptic composition and a fire-fighting agent.
To design a rafter system, you need to know the following parameters:
If for production rafter frame wood is used, it must be dry.
The humidity level should not be higher than 15%, since wet wood changes parameters when drying, as a result of which the entire structure can change its shape and size.
Treatment with antiseptics - important stage when forming the rafter frame. The product protects the material from the negative effects of fungi and insects that actively multiply in a humid environment and damage structural components.
The rafter system is a rather complex design. Its appearance depends on the size and shape of the roof, but there are components that must be present.
The basis of the entire roof is the Mauerlat. Its function is to distribute the roof load evenly throughout the entire structure.
The appearance of the roof, its rigidity and angle of inclination are selected depending on the design of the rafter legs.
Another required unit is the run. It connects the rafters of the structure.
This element can be located at the top or side of the structure.
The rafters are connected by a tie that prevents them from moving apart, and the roof struts provide additional stability for them.
Frame wooden structure contains lying down. This element must be installed parallel to the ridge. It serves to support roofing struts and racks.
Beams or boards are used as sheathing, which are attached perpendicular to the rafters.
This unit takes on the main load of the roof. The sheathing must be continuous at the junction of the two slopes.
The walls of the building must be protected from rain and melting snow, so it is important to install a roof overhang.
The name “roofing pie” itself speaks about the appearance of the structure. A wooden roof consists of several layers.
The elements that make up the roof complement each other's functions. All layers together make the structure strong, durable, resistant to high and low temperatures.
A wooden roof structure can be cold or warm. Cold roof is a structure in which there is no thermal insulation of the slope.
The attic in the building is not heated, and the under-roof space is an air gap. It separates the lower floors of the building from the cold.
This arrangement of a wooden roof is simple and inexpensive, because it consists only of hydro- and vapor barriers and roofing.
Warm construction is used in modern construction. Thanks to the emergence of new materials, heated attics are almost always chosen this type roofing pie.
When heating the under-roof space air gap missing, causing heat to escape through the roofing.
To prevent this from happening, it is necessary to equip not only a hydro- and vapor barrier, but also lay a layer of insulation.
It minimizes heat loss and helps optimize the temperature regime in the room.
The type of roofing pie should be chosen depending on the purpose of the building. It is recommended to choose warm for houses where it is planned to make the attic residential or for buildings with upper floors that will be heated.
For buildings where people will spend time only in the summer, for bathhouses and gazebos, it is recommended to choose a cold type of roofing cake.
Wood is a fairly durable material. At the same time, it is very light and does not require the construction of complex structures.
The base for a wooden roof can be columnar, pile or strip. Experts recommend not making the base heavier and choosing lightweight, low-noise and non-flammable materials for the roofing.
Often chosen to form a roof metal elements. They are made of steel, coated with polymers or paint.
The structural elements are light weight and high strength. Disadvantages include increased noise and thermal conductivity.
Experts do not recommend using ondulin for covering wooden roofs. This material is made from cellulose and impregnated with bitumen.
Among the characteristics of ondulin there is low thermal conductivity. The coating is not resistant to ultraviolet radiation, so it will lose color after some time.
It is worth noting that the material is easily flammable, which can negatively affect the integrity of the wooden structure.
Wooden structures are sometimes covered with soft materials. They can be in roll form or sold individually.
Roll roofing has excellent waterproofing properties, but decorative characteristics This material is not up to par. Bituminous shingles can decorate the roof.
However, you should not choose to cover a wooden structure soft roof, as it is highly flammable.
When choosing a material for decorating wooden structures, you should be guided by the basic rule - the coating must have fire resistance.
A pitched roof has planes with a slope of more than 10%. Depending on the roof structure, roofs are divided into attic and non-attic.
Separate (attic) structures have additional space. Most often they are uninhabited.
Attic structures do not have such a room, so they are also called combined. The ceiling on the upper floor plays the role of a load-bearing element of the wooden roof.
The main elements of a pitched roof are the frame and the roof. The frame takes the main load of the roof along with precipitation, which is possible at any time of the year.
The roof not only protects the building from weather conditions, but also decorates the house. Thanks to slopes, precipitation does not linger on the surface, but slides or flows to the ground.
To determine during construction what slope to make, it is necessary to take into account some factors:
Sometimes there are pitched roofs. In such structures, the slope is made from one wall to another.
A single-pitch frame is installed on buildings that do not have permission to place a drainage system or drainpipes. Such roofs are often installed on garages or outbuildings.
In hip or half-hip buildings, a dormer window is provided.
Houses with such roofs are often built in holiday villages or rural areas.
To get additional living room, you should make a mansard or sloping roof.
The room will be located above the living space, so it can be used as a room or as a utility room.
IN modern buildings the frame can be made into a hipped hipped frame. In such roofs, all parts of the structure are connected at the top point.
Houses with such roofs are square or rectangular. If the structure is triangular, then a spire-shaped roof should be made. Such roofs are often made when forming architectural elements, bay windows.
Before you start building a wooden house, you should think about its design and select materials for forming the roof.
The roof is an essential part for every home. It is exposed to intense rainfall and wind. Therefore it is important to ensure high-quality installation and reliable fastenings. Lack of experience and knowledge in roofing installation will reduce the service life of the roofing, leading to leaks and other problems. To avoid this, you need to select a suitable roofing covering, component materials, parts and elements. Let's take a closer look at the types and structure of the roof of a wooden house.
Roofs vary in shape and material from which the roof covering is made. Roof types affect appearance country house and how long the structure will last. Today there are many forms of roofs, which need to be selected depending on the climate and type of structure. So, in areas with heavy rainfall, the roof should be steeper.
Suitable for verandas, terraces and guest houses pitched roof, the design of which involves a slope on only one side.
Gable roofing is the most common option. These types of roofs are suitable for country cottage, baths and country house. She endures a large number of precipitation, easy to install and looks aesthetically pleasing.
For the attic floor, special attic roofs are used, under which it is easy to equip a living space. At the same time, the level of slope of the slopes and the height of the roof can be adjusted to any size. Looks elegant and original hip roof with four slopes, two of which are made in the form of a trapezoid, the rest - in the form of triangles. IN attic It will be warm under such a roof, but this design is characterized by complex installation.
| Kinds | pros | Minuses | Application |
| Flat | Affordable and easy to install design; saving on materials, does not require a massive complex rafter system; provides additional usable area | Not suitable for regions with heavy precipitation, especially snow; requires the installation of internal drains and regular checking of the tightness and condition of the insulation | Country houses in regions with warm, dry climates, garages and utility rooms |
| Single-pitch | Budget and economical option; lightweight design and simple installation; Possibility of installing an attic, suitable for windy regions | Suitable only for dry climates with little rainfall or for simple buildings, houses for permanent residence require enhanced thermal and waterproofing | Garages and utility rooms, verandas and terraces, small baths And summer houses, large houses in regions with dry climates |
| Gable | Quick and economical installation, practicality and attractiveness, snow and water drain easily from such a roof, you can arrange an attic space under the roof | Needed reinforced design rafter system and additional load-bearing elements, complexity of arrangement dormer windows | Country houses, houses with an attic and cottages in a region with any climate |
| Hip (hatched) | Original design, easy installation of dormer windows; versatility, stability and reliability; you can arrange an attic; the attic warms up evenly and retains heat for a long time | Complexity of engineering calculations and installation; you cannot do the installation yourself without involving specialists; heavy weight increases the load on the structure and foundation | Country houses and cottages, buildings with an attic floor in a region with any climate |
For log house A hip or gable roof is better suited. But keep in mind that you need to take a responsible approach to the choice of roofing material. Today there are many options, including a natural wooden roof. This coating looks harmonious with a log house, is environmentally safe and reliable. Metal tiles and composite tiles remain relevant materials. These are durable, easy to install and inexpensive coatings.
Natural types of coating are most suitable for wooden houses, as they look harmonious and do not interfere with the environmental friendliness of the structure. These types of coverings include shingles or wooden roof or reeds.
Shingles are made from cedar and larch. Such a roof “breathes”, and during precipitation it swells a little and closes, which guarantees high-quality sealing. When drying, the wooden planks bend slightly, which facilitates quick drying and ventilation.
Reed roofing is an environmentally friendly and safe covering option that began to be used relatively recently. Specially grown water reeds are resistant to moisture, flexible and durable. Such a roof has stable shape and does not swell.
But modern owners of country houses still choose tile roofs. This is a common option due to the availability and durability of materials, ease and speed of installation. Tile coating is characterized by reliability and durability, high performance and attractive appearance. It is also suitable for compact country house, both for a spacious cottage and for a bathhouse. By the way, you will find many interesting projects of country houses made of logs at the link http://marisrub.ru/proekts/all-proekts.
Experts recommend choosing natural or composite tiles. The first type is distinguished by aesthetics, a long service life of up to 100 years, resistance to temperature changes and increased sound insulation. Composite roofing is a modern and high-tech covering made of several layers, the base of which is a durable steel sheet with an anti-corrosion coating. But the metal tiles, despite low price and attractiveness, use is not recommended. This design will last no more than 50 years.
The installation of a roof includes the selection of roofing and additional elements that best suit each other and the type of structure. For more information on what roofing components and elements are needed to install the roof, see. Installation of the roof after selecting materials involves the following steps:
The design of each roof consists of such important parts as the rafter system, sheathing and mauerlat. Mauerlat is the lower support for the rafters, which consists of bars and is located along the perimeter of the outer wall of the house. You will also need fastening elements, including strips and cornices, skates, etc. It is important to choose high-quality and durable fasteners, as they affect the reliability and rigidity of the roof structure.
The craftsmen of the MariSrub company will select the appropriate roofing covering, components and additional elements for your home. They will install a reliable truss structure, will lay high-quality vapor and waterproofing, install ventilation, drainage and safety elements. They will carry out a full range of works on arranging sheathing and finishing roofing.
When building any house, the type of wood that is made plays an important role. Moreover, nothing depends on what material the building is constructed from. Such elements are suitable for any type; as a result, it can have any shape, for example, it can be single-pitched, hip, attic, and so on - there are several options. In this article, we will look at what types of roof structures a wooden house can have, and discuss its main types and shapes, their pros and cons.
First of all, when building a residential building, the future shape of the frame is chosen.
The design of the roof truss system in a wooden house, the complexity of implementation, the material, and the operating loads depend on this indicator.
When choosing a form, the following factors must be considered:
In some cases, people want to build a roof that suits their personal preferences. In this case, an individual calculation of the loads on the frame is made, based on which a certain type of roof is selected.
The roof structure of a wooden house can be of two types: flat and pitched. The first type is installed at an angle of ten degrees. Anything higher will be considered pitched. In turn, these types can have different shapes, each of which affects the characteristics of the coating. The simplest are flat and gable types. Next, we will consider each of them in detail.
This is the simplest roof design for a wooden house.
It is a slope, the plane of which rests on the load-bearing walls of the building different heights. This design is also used for utility buildings.
Among positive aspects of this type it is worth highlighting the following:
Design flat roof wooden house makes it possible to use it in those areas of the country where loss of small quantity atmospheric precipitation. As a rule, such houses are built in the southern regions.
A flat roof is similar in design to the roof of a high-rise building.
The creation of such an element does not require large investments, since there is no need to build a massive rafter system. Such a system consists of the following elements:
A special feature of this type is the presence of two triangular slopes, which are located near the gables. These rectangular parts are called hips. The installation of a roof truss system in a wooden house is quite complex, so its installation requires special skills. A window is usually installed in the upper part.
This design is located between two other types of roofs: hip and gable. Compared to the previous type, it has the shape of a trapezoid. In the upper part, on the fronts, there are triangular slopes. Here you can also install a window or improve the appearance with half-hips.
This species resembles an ancient hut, which has a triangular shape. The elements are connected to each other at one upper point. The sides of the roof are equal on all sides, but there is no ridge. This design is usually used for rectangular or square houses. It withstands precipitation and strong gusts of wind well.
Distinctive features of this type are the presence of many indents, edges and ridges. It is developed specifically for a specific home. Installation of such a structure is quite complex and requires certain skills, so it is better to entrust the work to professionals.
In another way, this system is called a broken line. It is located at a certain angle, which is used when building an attic. Thanks to the kink, which is located at the angle of inclination, an additional room can be built in the attic. In addition, a window of any size can be installed in the roof.
This species is quite rare. It has the shape of a cone and does not contain any corners or indents.
This type is used as separate elements for small structures, for example, a gazebo. When installing a round roof on large building It takes a lot of time and effort, and the process is also quite expensive.
This type has the most complex design of all of the above, since it combines several types. It is installed on large buildings where there are gazebos, balconies, etc. It can install windows of both small and large sizes. Such arrangement of a wooden house is very expensive, and installation without specialists is impossible.
The main elements of any roof include: the rafter system, sheathing and mauerlat. There are also additional elements, such as racks, supports, crossbars, etc. They are fastening elements and are responsible for the strength of the entire structure as a whole. Let's look at each main element in detail.
It is a wooden beam that is used as the main fastening element for the rafter system. It is located near load-bearing walls on different sides. Corner mauerlats are connected to each other using wooden beams, brackets and bolts. The beams are installed at half the section.
The Mauerlat is mounted on the load-bearing walls of the house, or rather, on anchors. It is tied using clamps or ropes. Then waterproofing is performed. As a rule, it is made from layers of roofing felt, although other materials can be used.
The basis of any roof is the rafter system. All of her structural elements, size and shape are directly related to the future structure. Particular attention is paid correct location load-bearing walls and supports. Wooden beams can serve as them. various sizes and lengths Other material may also be used.
There are two layered and hanging. First type wooden system consists of support beams that can be installed not only on load-bearing walls, but also on partitions. Hanging structure is also located on load-bearing walls, but unlike the previous type, it does not rest on partitions. To distribute the loads between the supports, jumpers are made. They are fixed at the ends. Thus, the pressure is not absorbed separate part walls, and the structure as a whole.
To understand this issue, consider a simple gable roof. The structure of the roof of a wooden house, namely the rafter system, depends on the distance between the walls. The following options exist:
1. The distance between load-bearing walls is less than 6 meters. In this case, the rafter system will be installed on the Mauerlat over the entire area. This design is considered very durable, so it can withstand any roofing material.
2. The distance between load-bearing walls ranges from 6 to 8 meters. In this case, several rafter systems are connected to each other using a crossbar.
3. The distance between load-bearing walls ranges from 8 to 12 meters. This rafter system has its own characteristics. Wooden beams are installed on partitions, and one such element is sufficient. It happens that the distance is 16 meters. Then several such supports are installed.
If the house does not have internal load-bearing walls, and the distance is large, then it is better to use a hanging type of rafters. In this case, the structure will rest on the tie, and it, in turn, on the Mauerlat. The tightening must be continuous. If this is not possible, then a collapsible one will do.
At the beginning of the work, the rafters are always installed at the extreme points of the wall. The shape of the roof depends on them. The installation of intermediate rafters depends on the insulation material.
Lathing is an important connecting element in the roof.
If it is executed from soft material, then the sheathing is made continuous. It can serve as wood plywood. For more durable and massive roofing materials, choose lathing in increments of 50 cm. The strength and appearance of the roof depends on the type of roofing material.
The roof structure of a wooden house can be varied. There are many types of these materials. Among them are the following:
For small houses and outbuildings, as a rule, lightweight roofing is chosen, for example, ondulin, corrugated sheets and metal tiles. Installation of these materials does not take much time and effort. In addition, their low cost attracts everyone more people. Ondulin costs from 250 rubles per sheet, metal tiles - 300 rubles, corrugated sheets - 200 rubles. The market offers a wide selection of both foreign and domestic brands. Each of the materials has its own characteristics, appearance and characteristics.
For large multi-storey buildings, more powerful and heavier roofing materials are used, for example, ceramic tiles. Its cost on the market reaches 400 rubles per sheet, and you will still have to spend money on its installation. Such a roof can withstand any precipitation, loads, and increases sound insulation properties.
For ordinary buildings you can use budget materials, for example, roofing felt, the cost of which reaches 100 rubles per roll. Before production, insulation should be installed.
All elements of the roof of the house require special attention. First of all, pay attention to the condition of the wood, namely the following features:
When designing the roof of a wooden house, it is necessary to take into account such an indicator as shrinkage.
If you do not follow this characteristic, you will have to frequently repair the roof.
The rafter system also requires special treatment. When choosing it, you should consider the following rules:
If all points are carefully observed, the design will serve you for quite a long time.
After installation is completed, the roof of a wooden house is periodically checked for damage. If detected, they should be eliminated immediately. If this is not done, the situation will worsen, and you will have to spend even more money on roof repairs.
So, we looked at what types of roofs exist and what is the structure of the roof of a wooden house. Now you know what type of design can be implemented in practice.
