Initially, paving both paths and platforms on the site with your own hands seems difficult, and it seems that it will cause a lot of trouble even to an experienced master. But as they say, you just have to start and then “nature will tell you.” In any case, no one knows better than you your very desires and aspirations - and how, in fact, you want your yard or area as a whole to look. Therefore, trust this matter construction team, in our opinion, it’s not worth it - after all, you can easily make paths and platforms yourself if you have a firm idea and are tuned in to the end result.
To begin with, of course, it’s worth talking about the choice of material for constructing paths and platforms. And for those who are determined to save on expensive materials, we recommend reading the entry.
Stone coverings are durable and elegant. For paving, cut or chipped slabs, paving stones or pebbles (cobblestones) are used.
The most durable are granite, basalt, syenite and serpentinite. They do not absorb moisture, are durable, resistant to abrasion and frost. Softer sandstones and limestones absorb moisture more strongly. They are more difficult to keep clean, but are often used in landscaping.
Concrete coatings are less durable and less attractive, but are relatively cheap. There are concrete elements on sale (slabs, paving slabs, FEMs) different sizes, colors, shapes. FEMs can imitate stone slabs or old pavement. Elements with front surface, covered with crumbs, such as basalt or granite. To install a hard surface for paths, it is enough to use elements 4 cm thick.
If the coating is intended for not too intense car traffic, their thickness should be at least 6, and preferably 10 cm.
Ceramics. For paving, special clinker bricks are used. It is durable - has low water absorption, is resistant to abrasion, shock, exposure to atmospheric factors, and does not change color. Pavement clinker, as a rule, has a thickness of 4.5 cm (pedestrian pavement) and 5.3 cm (vehicle pavement). For coatings exposed to light loads, less dense and more porous building bricks are suitable. It absorbs moisture more strongly and deteriorates faster, but at the same time gives the landscape a specific “antique” character.
Crushed stone coverings look natural and combine well with plants and elements of garden architecture. Suitable not only for paths and playgrounds, but also for driveways to the house and garage. The condition for their wear resistance is the use of stones with sharp and irregular edges (gravel, crushed stone, pebbles), which wedge well. When laying the coating, it is very important to thoroughly compact all its layers. But even the best-made gravel coating deteriorates faster than others and requires constant maintenance - removing weeds, filling the depressions in the top layer (backfilling and carefully compacting the gravel). Wood coverings They look noble and go well with plants and various finishing materials. Wooden elements are used to make terraces, paths and areas in the garden. The elements cannot be stacked tightly together - under the influence of moisture they swell and can be pushed upward. The disadvantage of the coating is that wet wood becomes slippery (a corrugated surface can prevent slipping).
Items must be processed protective agent(best of all - under pressure). Otherwise, they may collapse within a few seasons. The most durable coatings are made from oak and exotic woods, such as teak. They are hard and resistant to atmospheric factors and do not require impregnation. They can be processed only so that they do not lose color over time.
The ground covering is especially suitable for gardens in natural style. It is easiest to do it yourself. A high-quality primer should contain 30% clay and 70% sand. If the soil is sandy, dried ground clay is added to it (you can buy it at a brick factory); if it is clayey, add sand. The components must be mixed with soil to a depth of 15 cm and compacted. In sandy-clayey soil, the shape of the path is cut out with a spade or mini-grader, and the surface is compacted. Cross section The road should be shaped like an arc with a slope of 1-2% from the center to the edges. The surface can be refined with a thin compacted layer of sand or ground stone. Dirt paths are less durable than paths made from other materials and require frequent maintenance.
Gravel walking path ( Figure 1 above ) Driveway for cars made of crushed stone ( Figure 1 - bottom )
Pedestrian path paved with small elements(Figure 2 above) Paved driveway for cars(Figure 2 – below)
Dimensions are given in centimeters in both pictures.
The method of installing the coating depends on its purpose, as well as on the type of soil. On permeable soils through which water seeps quickly, there is no need to lay a drainage layer under the path. On impermeable soils, drainage must be performed. For coverings intended for pedestrians, 10-20 cm of coarse gravel or crushed stone is sufficient. A more loaded surface on which cars will drive should have a base consisting of a gravel drainage layer (approximately 10 cm) and a load-bearing layer of crushed stone or gravel (10-20 cm).
This year we decided to devote the May holidays and 2 weeks of vacation to the construction of paths and platforms in the country - laying paving slabs. Several years ago we already made several areas in front of the house and now we decided to lay tiles on them and combine them with new paths into a single complex.
Paving slab areas near country house made a few years ago
First of all, we determined and measured the total area of the paths and estimated how much paving slabs, curbs and building materials. The total area was 65 m², of which 12 m² was relaying tiles on old areas and 53 m² was laying tiles on new paths and areas.
Then it was necessary to decide on what base we would lay the tiles. In general, there are several options for preparing the base and laying paving slabs. We considered only two:
We decided to use the simplest and least expensive option - laying the tiles on a sandy base with compaction using a vibrating plate. The order of laying materials to prepare the base was as follows:
3. Geotextiles;
5. Sand-cement mixture;
6. Paving slabs.
After this we started purchasing necessary materials and tools. We managed to place the brought tiles and curbs on the car area.
 |
 |
Tools:
Materials (based on laying paving slabs on an area of 53 m²):
 |
 |
1. Marking and excavation of soil to a depth of 25-30 cm with the preparation of grooves for installing curbs. |
 |
2. Installing curbs on sand and securing them with cement mortar. | |
| 3. Filling with sand in a layer of 3-5 cm. Leveling the sand. Spraying with water and tamping. | ||
 |
 |
4. Laying geotextiles. By the way, geotextiles not only prevent the growth of plants under paving slabs, but also increase bearing capacity soil. |
 |
 |
5. Backfilling and leveling sand with a layer of 10 cm. |
 |
6. Sprinkling with water and compacting the sand cushion using a vibrating plate. | |
| 7. Backfill with sand-cement mixture (1:3 cement and sand, respectively) in a layer of 2-3 cm. | ||
| 8. Leveling the sand-cement mixture and laying paving slabs. Spilling with water. | ||
 |
 |
9. Grouting joints with sand-cement mixture. By the way, one of the tasks of grouting the joints of paving slabs is to prevent plant seeds from getting between the tiles, which begin to grow well there if you don’t grout. |
 |
 |
10. Spilling with water. After which they take a break for 24 hours and do not load the laid tiles during this time. If necessary, re-grout the joints with a sand-cement mixture. |
 |
 |
11. Paths and platforms are ready for use. |
In front of the second porch of the house several years ago, we poured a concrete slab and laid rolled rubber on top of it. But over several years of operation, the rubber became worn out, and we decided to replace it with a more modern material - rubber tiles “Replit standard” 500 x 500 x 16 mm.
Rubber paving slabs
To prevent waste, the old rolled rubber was cut into several strips and laid on paths in the greenhouse.
|
1. Cleaning the surface from dirt and concrete dust. |
| 2. Treat the surface with a primer (primer). The primer used was polymer primer deep penetration Unis, a one-to-one solution of polyurethane mastic and turpentine was applied on top of it. | |
| 3. Preparation of polyurethane glue. Uremast polyurethane two-component mastic was used as glue. A bucket of 13 kg was more than enough for us. | |
 |
4. Applying a layer of polyurethane glue 3-5 mm thick with a spatula and laying rubber tiles. |
| 5. In the end, we ended up with a platform like this in front of the porch of the house. |
As a result of our entire project, we were able to make a whole complex of garden paths and platforms with total area 65 m², in just 2 weeks.
Moreover, everything is ready for use at the very beginning of the summer season, and now until late autumn you can fully experience the beauty of the new garden paths. And at the same time, check how well the paving slabs were laid and, if necessary, correct them.
It would seem that you don’t need a lot of intelligence to build landscape elements such as paths and platforms. Laying paths is not like building a house.
However, if you want them to serve you for more than one year, you need to take into account all the nuances in the construction of such elements.
Otherwise, all your energy and time may be wasted.
Basic requirements for these landscape elements:
Naturalness and harmony;
Strength and durability;
Easy to care for.
Paths and platforms should look natural, i.e. match with the style of the home.
To make them strong and durable, great attention should be paid to the choice of paving material.
Well, the ease of maintenance is also influenced by the properties of the material.
Types and purposes
There are 3 types of tracks:
Walking;
Auxiliary;
Transport.
First, you need to decide what task each specific track will perform. Will a car drive through it, or will it be intended for walking around the garden?
The purpose depends on how the base (underlying layer) will be constructed, the type of coating, as well as the width and height.
Track and pad options
Each parameter is influenced by several factors. For example, the width of a particular track (as well as the area) will depend on what function you define for it.
Width
The walking path should comfortably accommodate two people, i.e. the width should be 1-1.5 m. This also applies to the path that leads to the house.
A path of secondary importance (auxiliary) can be 80-100 cm wide. For example, a path connecting a house and a garage, utility room, or home and recreation area. And for auxiliary paths in the garden between the beds, a width of 50-60 cm is sufficient.
The width of transport and access roads, first of all, depends on the size of the transport that will pass along them. It can vary from 2 to 3.5 m.
The dimensions of transport sites also depend on the size of the transport itself and its quantity. For one car, a space of approximately 2.5 x 4.5 m is allocated.
Height
As for the height, we mean the height relative to the level of the lawn, there can be 2 options: above the level of the lawn or below. The calculation is made on the fact that the water that falls with precipitation must drain somewhere.
If you are going to arrange water drainage along paths, then they must be built below the level of the lawn. At the same time, the design heights and other coverings on the site must be strictly observed to prevent blocking the drainage.
Paths above the lawn level can only be installed if the area is well drained. Since they are built with a slight transverse slope, all the water will flow onto the adjacent lawn. And so that water does not stagnate on it, the soil must be moisture-absorbing.
Slope
The entire road and path network in the garden should be designed with a slight slope to avoid the formation of puddles during precipitation or melting snow.
In this case, the slope along the path can be 2-5%, and across it - only 1-2%. In addition, the direction of the slope can be different: from the central axis to the sides or from one edge to the other.
The direction depends on many factors, for example, whether the surface on the site is flat or has a general slope. In addition, to prevent water from accumulating in any one point of the garden, the entire area must be planned with a “slope”. Thus, the slope of the paths also depends on this layout.
Types of coverage
Today, modern materials make it possible to make paths and platforms not only durable, but also beautiful, and in some cases even especially decorative.
Depending on the type of material, there are 3 types of coating:
Solid;
Combined.
Curbs
Not all paths and areas require curbs. As a rule, edges of soft and combined coverings are reinforced with curbs. And for hard surfaces, strengthening the edges is not necessary.
For the border, use the same material or one that is in harmony with it in color and structure. Both low and high borders look good.
The curbs are laid in a groove located slightly below the level of the path, the bottom of which is covered with sand and then with concrete. The laying is carried out before paving begins.
And finally, some tips
To prevent the path from becoming overgrown with weeds, a film should be laid under the backfill or under the “trough”. Of course, weeds can get into the gaps between the slabs (with step-by-step paving). Therefore, as a preventive measure, the gaps are planted with moss, lawn grass, ground cover plants, bryozoans, or treated with Roundup.
If you are going to buy expensive covering material, then it is better to entrust the installation of paths and platforms to professionals, or at least read specialized literature. Paving technology has its own secrets, for example, how to properly create a foundation (trough) for paving. And even if you decide to make a simple path from wooden cuts, you will still need a base for it.
If a good, durable material is chosen for paving and all the subtleties of technology are observed when constructing the paths, then their service life without repair will be about 15-20 years.
Having finished building the house, you can begin landscaping work for beautification of the site. It’s worth starting with the structure of one of the most important elements, the “skeleton” of the surrounding space - pedestrian paths. With the correct direction of the tracks, you can focus on the necessary decorative elements, smooth sharp corners and, of course, make your movement around the garden convenient and comfortable, summer cottage or a mini park. The design of the paths, or more precisely, what they will be like, should be determined by the style that the owners want to give to their site.
If the landscape is created taking into account the wishes of the owner, then it will certainly convey the lifestyle and personal identity. The design of these guiding threads connecting the functional zones of the site should begin at the landscape design stage.
Return to contents
Special paths are made of decorative concrete.
- Wooden coverings, which include sidewalks made of boards, saw cuts, as well as platforms and decking. If you choose this option, do not forget that the materials must be treated with special compounds that will prevent moisture absorption and rotting.
When choosing any option, the most important thing is that the pedestrian zone is durable and safe, comfortable and harmoniously combined with the surrounding space. Having completed the design and having a drawing in hand at the appropriate scale, you can begin marking, for this you will need the following things.
Tools and materials for marking and work:
Tools for laying a path: a turbine with a stone disc, a level, a cord, a rule, a trowel, a rubber hammer, a brush, a shovel.
- Two long cords, each of them should be equal effective length paths.
- Pegs.
- Roulette.
- Drawing.
- Shovel.
- Level.
- Mallet.
- Wheelbarrow.
- Empty container.
After marking, dig a layer of turf along the entire length and width of the path. Or just take it off upper layer soil to a depth of approximately 15 cm. If the load on it is expected to be large, then this figure should be larger, for example, in order for it to withstand the weight passenger car, a depth of 20 cm will be required.
Base
To improve the foundation, after leveling the soil, geotextiles are laid on it. Then a layer of sand is poured on top of it, which is thoroughly compacted and moistened with ordinary water.
As an option, you can lay 3 layers of base: 2 layers of sand and between them crushed stone of a small fraction.
Formwork
For formwork you can use the most regular boards, the most important thing is that they withstand the pressure of the poured concrete mixture. Here you will need pegs again; you can use the same ones that were used for marking, if they are suitable in size and strength.
Here you need to take into account that when creating a strong and reliable path, a slope is required. It can be made “hump”, that is, from edge to edge or only in one direction. 1 cm per 1 m² is quite enough for a normal slope.
To increase the strength of the track, you need to divide it into sections, and then separate the track with expansion joints. This will increase its strength; cracking of the track with such precautions is very unlikely.
To divide the base into sections, you can use hard plastic or any suitable metal scraps. It’s also worth considering right away: will you leave the dividers in the path or will you remove them after finishing the work.
If removal is planned, then to simplify this process, it is better to lubricate the separators with automotive waste, silicone grease or other suitable material.
If you do not plan, then after laying and compacting the base, you can begin laying out finishing material. But to create a stronger and more reliable track, you need to do a few more steps.
Return to contents
Strengthening with reinforcement
The construction of concrete paths is also done with additional strengthening using reinforcement. To do this, it is not at all necessary to strengthen it with reinforcing bars or chain-link mesh; a wide variety of materials will do.
- It could be a wire, old water pipes, pieces of iron - in general, anything that is suitable in size and strength.
- When laying, it is important to ensure that the material for strengthening is not laid on the ground, but on support supports, which can be made independently from wire.
In addition, you need to lay the reinforcement approximately in the middle of the concrete slab, and not along its edges, otherwise your compaction work will be useless and you will not achieve the result you planned.
If you do not use reinforcement reinforcement, then in this case you will definitely need to increase the thickness of the slab. The construction of the path requires the use of a sufficient grade of cement, otherwise the load on it should be minimal.
Before pouring concrete, be sure to cover the bottom of the formwork with film so that the sand does not absorb all the moisture from it. This may reduce the quality of the concrete, and therefore the quality of the path as a whole.
professional educational institution
"Shebekinsky Agrotechnical Craft College"
PUBLIC LESSON
according to PM 02 "Conducting works on gardening and landscape construction"
Topic: "Application modern materials in the construction of paths and platforms with different types coatings"
Developed by: Muradova Olga Gennadievna,
teacher of special disciplines
unqualified category
Shebekino,
2016
Lesson Plan
Lesson topic:
Lesson type: learning new material
Functions, goals and objectives of the lesson A lesson is a direct form of communication between the teacher and the students of the group.
Open lesson on the topic ""performs the following functions:
educational
guide,
formative.
The essence of the educational function is that the lesson expands the range of students’ knowledge about the purpose of garden paths, modern technologies and materials used in their construction.
The guiding function allows students to use the acquired knowledge in real, Everyday life, in professional activities.
The formative function develops in students the skills of thinking about the information received and assessing what is happening, helps to understand the essence of the topic being studied, and teaches them to present their own opinion.
Lesson objectives:
- educational- identify the quality and level of mastery of knowledge and skills acquired in previous lessons on the topic: " Construction of garden paths",study modern materials for constructing garden paths, use the knowledge gained for their further application;
-educational - education of labor motives, involvement in active practical activities; nurturing a general culture, aesthetic perception of the world around us, nurturing a culture of educational work, self-education skills, and economical use of time.
-developing: be able to classify, identify connections, formulate conclusions; develop cognitive interest; develop the ability to explain the features of the construction technology of the upper road surface, taking into account the decorative qualities and technological features materials,develop the ability to think productively and creatively, apply acquired knowledge in everyday life and professional activities.
- methodological: providing practical assistance to teachers in the development and design of an open lesson.
Lesson objectives:
show, contribute to the formation of knowledge and skills of students.
expand the general and professional horizons of students.
Lesson format: collective
Technical equipment: PCs equipped with the software product:
- OS Windows XP
Microsoft Office PowerPoint;
projector;
demonstration screen;
sound speakers;
Educational and material support:
Didactic equipment: presentation "The use of modern materials in the construction of paths and platforms with different types of coatings", video film "Arranging paths in the garden: choosing material and design", " Landscape design, paving paths", textbook: Teodoronsky V.S. "Garden and park construction and management" - M., IC "Academy", 2012
Teaching method: heuristic,explanatory-illustrative
Integration: landscape gardening art, design of landscape gardening construction projects, ecological foundations of nature management, chemistry.
Number of hours - 1
Training and metodology complex
Working programm
Working thematic plan
Lesson Plan
As a result of the lesson, students should know:
During the classes
1. Organizational part - 2 min: - greeting guests and students
2. Updating previously studied material. Checking homework10 min.
3. Motivation for upcoming educational activities
3.1. Message of lesson topic - 1 min
Topic of today's lesson"The use of modern materials in the construction of paths and platforms with different types of coatings".
This is a combined lesson: we will consider the theoretical aspects of the topic; during the presentation you will learn a lot aboutthe use of modern materials in the construction of paths and platforms with different types of coatings,which began to be used to improve the quality of work performed, technology for constructing garden paths.
3.2. Setting lesson goals for students - 2 min
The purpose of our lesson is to studymodern materials for the construction of garden paths,purpose of garden paths, coating technology depending on the type and types of materials in accordance with the project.
Teacher:
In the previous lesson, we looked at the basic principles of constructing garden paths. Let's repeat them.
Questions for the audience on the previous topic:
Question 1: Tell us about the purpose of alleys and roads in parks, gardens, squares?
Answer - The purpose of alleys, roads in parks, gardens, squares is to provide convenient pedestrian connections of entrances with all functional areas, structures, devices and individual areas, to reveal the aesthetic advantages of green spaces and natural landscapes when moving.
Question 2: What shapes do garden paths take depending on the planning solution for the landscaping project?
Answer - Depending on thecreating a garden concept, its style, landscaping and landscaping projectIt depends what the garden paths will be like. Straight alleys laid along the shortest path connect garden objects and are suitable for regular gardens. They add solemnity to the site. For landscape style When organizing walking routes with viewpoints, winding paths would be appropriate.
Question 3: What percentage of the total balance of the park’s territory is allocated for roads, playgrounds, and alleys?
Answer- In the overall balance of the park's territory, 8-15% is allocated for roads and alleys, sites - 5-10%, outside the city - 2-4% and 1-2%, respectively. Their relative length is assumed to be 300-400 m/ha in the city, 50-100 m/ha outside the city. In sports parks these standards are increasing.
Question 4: What is the purpose of main and secondary pedestrian roads and alleys in gardens and parks?
Answer- The main pedestrian alleys and roads connect the main entrances to the most visited objects and connect functional areas with each other. The designed width is 5-50 m with a longitudinal slope of up to 40% and ensuring a throughput of up to 600 people/hour. Provision is made for the passage of intra-park transport.
Secondary pedestrian alleys and roads serve as intra-zonal connections, connect secondary entrances with objects of attraction, and distribute visitors throughout the territory. The designed width is 3-12 m with a longitudinal slope of up to 60% and pedestrian traffic with an intensity of up to 300 people/hour. Transport is possible.
Question 5: What width and what longitudinal slope should the designed pedestrian roads have?
Answer- The width of park alleys depends on the number of visitors and is taken as a multiple of 0.75 m - the width of one traffic lane.Additional pedestrian roads and trails leading to individual park facilities are designed with a width of 0.75-3 m with a longitudinal slope of up to 80% and low-intensity pedestrian traffic.
Bicycle paths for walking are designed to be 1.5-2.5 m wide with a longitudinal slope of no more than 50%, and a transverse slope of 15-25%.
Roads for walking on horseback, in carriages and sleighs are designed with a width of 2.5-6.5 m, a longitudinal slope of up to 60% and an improved ground surface.
Parking lots are designed at the rate of 2-3 parking spaces per 100 one-time park visitors in the first phase and 5-7 for the estimated period. Forest parks have 2-4 and 7-10 parking spaces, respectively. Parking lots are divided into sectors by green spaces.
3. Presentation of the lesson topic.
Creating an atmosphere of trust
Teacher:
Well done! Now open your workbooks and write down the topic of the lesson: "The use of modern materials in the construction of paths and platforms with different types of coatings."(Explanation new topic accompanied by a presentation - 15 minutes) (Slide No. 1)
Students write down the technological regulations for constructing paths with different types of coatings in a notebook.After viewing the presentation, you will answer questions based on your grades for the lesson.
Teacher:
- amazes with its diversity. Today you can use the most various elements to give the landscape originality, attractiveness and comfort. It is the paths that allow you to set a certain tone for the entire garden design and divide it into separate functional zones. Making them with your own hands is not so difficult; you can even use such simple materials like sea or river pebbles different shades. ( Slide №2)
Purpose of garden paths ( Slide № 3,4)
are the main element of the garden composition; they create perspective, close the visual perception of the site, this is not only a way to move around the garden, but also an opportunity to properly divide the space into separate zones, set a certain tone for the entire garden design, and give the landscape more attractiveness and originality. You can make such paths on the site from any materials; they all differ in their own characteristics. Let's look at how to make garden paths made of stone, concrete and even pebbles.
Paths made of gravel and sand are comfortable and aesthetically pleasing. Today you can purchase special coarse sand in various shades, which will give your garden an unusually attractive appearance. Gravel and sand paths are also convenient because they do not create dust when walking, but their surface will have to be periodically leveled using ordinary garden rakes. To prevent the material from crumbling, it is necessary to install a border made of brick, stone or concrete along the perimeter of the paths.
It is better to use a clay mixture with sand as the base for the path, which is laid on a layer of gravel of small and medium fractions.
Construction of a cobblestone path. ( Slide №6)
Such schemes are among the most durable and reliable. The construction of garden paths from natural cobblestones is extremely simple; you only need to prepare the base and then lay the cobblestones. This can be done in a certain order, creating unusual mosaics, or in a chaotic order, if the overall landscape design allows it.
The base for the path is made as follows:
after marking, the layer of turf is removed to the required depth, taking into account the thickness of the stone and bedding;
a layer of crushed stone is laid on the bottom, after which a cushion is made of a mixture of clay and sand, which allows you to securely hold the cobblestone in place, creating a strong, durable base;
the stone must be paved in accordance with the chosen type of pattern, but in any case such a path will look elegant and stylish.
Trackmade of natural stone looks very attractive and stylish. Large and small slabs of hewn granite and marble, paving stones and even pebbles of different shades can be used for this. The process of laying such a stone path can be carried out various methods:
Scheme for laying a stone path. ( Slide №8,9,10,11,12)
Large and massive slabs of stone are laid on a sand bed, previously leveled and compacted. The gaps between the slabs can be filled with sand or left unfilled. It all depends on what appearance is required. Today, dacha paths that are as close to nature as possible are popular. To do this, after marking, it is necessary to remove a layer of turf of such depth that the stone slabs have. Sand is poured onto the bottom of the base; after laying, the slabs should be buried approximately halfway into the soil. The appearance of such a path is very attractive; the slabs seem to be scattered among bright green grass or yellow sand.
The second option is suitable for creating a path made of natural pebbles. IN in this case The stone is held together with concrete mortar. The result is unusual, original paths, often reminiscent of stone streams meandering among garden plants. You can lay out platforms in the same way, using pebbles of various bright colors.
After installation, such areas can resemble colorful panels with images of animals and plants or luxurious oriental carpets.
Everything depends only on the imagination of the master himself.
One of the options for constructing a path at the dacha is to use concrete slabs. There are many options here; such slabs can have various sizes and shape, manufactured using different technologies.
The simplest option is to use large monolithic reinforced concrete slabs. But such a path is not very attractive; it can be used for a utility area in a dacha, near the entrance.
Scheme of constructing a path made of concrete slabs: 1 – options for the size of factory-made slabs; 2 – profile of a path made of concrete slabs with a small gap: a – sand with a layer of 10–12 mm; b – concrete slab.
Setting up a garden path with attractive concrete tiles ( Slide № 14,15)
Constructing a garden path using attractive concrete tiles is more in demand. Such tiles can externally imitate the surface of natural paving stones, bricks and stones, but you can make original and beautiful products, thanks to which the path will become a real highlight of the entire landscape design.You can make tiles using silicone or wooden molds and concrete solution.
Production process:
You need to prepare molds for the tiles, which you can either buy at a hardware store or make yourself from silicone or wood.
For concrete mortar you need to take sand, cement, concrete dyes (the tiles will become very bright and beautiful).
All components are mixed, after which the forms are filled with concrete mass. Future products should be left to dry in a room reliably protected from the sun and precipitation.
After the tiles have dried, they are removed from the molds and left to fully gain strength (about three to four weeks).
While the tiles for paving the path are drying, you need to mark the work area and remove the fertile layer of soil.
The tiles are laid as follows: first, a layer of purified sand is poured, moistened with water and compacted. After this, the tiles are laid out as necessary; after paving, all the cracks are filled with sand, which can be painted with pigments. The path is ready!
When paving, you must ensure that the surface is strictly horizontal,
Garden paths can take the most different kind, it is not necessary to use paving stones for this either concrete tiles. There are very unusual way creating garden paths that resemble bright oriental carpets, but are made from ordinary pebbles. To make such paths you do not need to have any special skills or experience, you just need to come up with a pattern and prepare the simplest materials.
The first thing we need to do is take ordinary pebbles. The design of such garden forms can be different, ranging from the simplest two- or three-color paths with a geometric pattern to complex areas reminiscent of luxurious carpets. For preparation, you can take small or large pebbles; their color can be different; today paths with contrasting shades are popular. Screening must be thorough, since the accuracy of the drawing depends on it.
So, to work on us you will need:
The pebbles themselves of the chosen color in the calculated quantity, you can take ceramic shards for decoration, for example, from a broken flower pot, old tiles remaining after finishing the bathroom or kitchen.
Consumables for preparing the base. To mix concrete mortar, you can use a ratio of 1:4. For mixing, purified sand and cement are taken.
Boards for assembling a template for a path in the country. The width of such a board should be 30 cm, and the height - 5 cm. Such a frame will be attached using ordinary nails.
Tools for work:
shovel;
bucket;
Master OK;
rigid mesh, metal reinforced mesh, the dimensions of which should be approximately one cm smaller than the future size of the template for the track.
It is necessary to begin work on creating a path in the country by marking the territory. The simplest option is to create a straight path, for which it will be much easier for a novice master to create a template. If you want to make more complex shapes, we advise you to first practice on a small path, so that you can then confidently make large and beautiful ones. So, marking is the installation of wooden pegs along the edges of the future path, between which a regular rope will be stretched.
Stages of laying a pebble path.( Slide № 19)
After this, remove the layer fertile soil. This must be done because grass growing through the pebbles can ruin the design. indistinguishable and not very attractive. After the soil has been removed, two or three layers of sifted sand should be poured onto the bottom. After laying, each layer is compacted and leveled; it will serve as a reliable foundation before applying the concrete solution.
It is recommended to fill in the sand itself after the template from the board has been assembled. This will not only make the filling of the solution better, but also preserve the exact contours of the path in the country house. The formwork itself is disassembled after the solution has set, after which the concrete will continue to dry. But let's return to the process of making our garden path.
After sand you should start cooking cement mortar, but you have to do it in small portions, since laying out stone is a long process. If you pour the entire mass at once, the concrete will harden before all the pebbles are laid out. It is recommended to start from one end of the track, although it all depends on the chosen pattern. For example, for patterns in the form of a carpet, it is best to start from the center, and when laying out any complex images, it is necessary to first lay out templates on the surface of the mortar, and then sequentially lay out the stone pattern on them in separate colors.
According to the first method, a template of colored stone is first laid out, which is then simply covered with prepared concrete mortar. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the pebbles do not move from their place when puttying, and that the pattern itself does not become deformed. Metal reinforced mesh is not always used; the pebbles themselves are placed on the edge.
The second method is that the solution is first laid out in small parts, be sure to use a metal wire mesh. After the concrete mass is poured into the template, you must immediately begin laying out the stone pattern so that the cement does not have time to set. The pebble is also placed on its edge; its direction should correspond to the direction of the pattern. Then it is compacted with a rubber hammer.
After the pebbles are laid out, you need to start filling the seams between the stones. Any excess that gets onto the surface of the colored pebbles should then be thoroughly cleaned off using a prepared metal brush.
The wooden form for the path is removed after a day. It is recommended to protect the garden path with film while the concrete hardens.
Construction of garden paths made of wood ( Slide № 21)
Wood coverings are picturesque, but short-lived, quickly become dirty and cannot be cleaned. It can be recommended for rarely visited areas of green space or for decorative purposes. Wooden coverings are common in cities located in forested areas, where industrial wood waste is used for these purposes. They use round timber of hardwood that does not rot (usually coniferous), cut into cylinders of equal height 12-16 cm with a diameter of 10-50 cm, from which the mosaic covering is assembled. A geometric pattern can be obtained using square, rectangular, hexagonal checkers. The seams are filled with vegetable soil and sand.
preparing the base of a wooden garden path:
1) soil is selected to a depth of 10 cm and instead of it, crushed stone is first poured, and then sand. The latter is compacted well. Such a pillow is necessary to quickly remove moisture from under wooden flooring
3) When the base is ready, planks are laid on it, and it is better to combine different scraps to create the required pattern from them. By the way, garden paths made from a cut of a tree trunk look quite good.
Combined tracks - h an analogy for creating masterpieces for gardens and parks ( Slide № 22,23)
4. Checking understanding of the leading ideas of the lesson - 10 min
Reflection:
Teacher:
- I ask you to answer some questions.
Question 1: What types of road surfaces are there?
Answer: Coverings can be solid, panel and tiled.
Question 2: Give a classification of continuous coatings
Answer: Continuous coverings are divided into soil, crushed stone or gravel and asphalt.
Question 3: What improved soil surfaces are used in the construction of garden alleys and roads?
Answer: In the practice of constructing garden alleys and roads, cement-soil, lime-soil and sand-gravel are used.
Question 4: What types of paths do you know?
Answer: There are two types of paths: transport and walking.
Question 5: WhichWhat are the requirements for the top covering of alleys and roads?
Answer: Covering alleys and roadsmust be durable, resistant to atmospheric influences and loads, ensure drainage of surface, storm, and melt water and be convenient to use. The surface is intended for pedestrians, so it should be smooth, but not slippery.
Question: What determines the width of the tracks?
Answer: The width of the tracks depends on their purpose. The path leading to the house is from 1 meter to 1.5 meters wide. Two adults should separate on it without interfering with each other. For paths of secondary importance, for example from a house to a garage, or from a house to a recreation area, a width of 80 centimeters to 1 meter is sufficient, step by step paths and the paths between the beds in the garden are approximately 50-60 centimeters wide.
Question: What is harmony in your opinion? landscape compositions?
Answer: Quite a lotan important role in creating harmonious landscape compositions is played by decorative characteristics coatings that are chosen based on the purpose of the site, landscape features and architectural and planning solutions of the territory.
Question: What is it based on? existing classification top road surfaces?
Answer: The existing classification of coatings is based on the nature of the application and the material.
Question: What requirements must the type of road surface meet?
Answer: The type of coating must meet the intended purpose, sanitary, hygienic, aesthetic and economic requirements.
Question: Tell us about the advantages and disadvantages of crushed stone coverings?
Answer: Crushed stone is more durable. The crushed stone is covered with a layer of fine sifted chips (brick, granite, tuff) and rolled with rollers. The resulting bright colored coatings go well with greenery, but in windy conditions hot weather dusty, when wet they become soaked and carried away by streams of water, especially on slopes, and become overgrown with grass.
Correction of student answers
5. Giving marks according to the criteria. 3 min.
6. Closing remarks from the teacher
6.1. Summing up the lesson1 min.
Lesson results: theoreticalknowledge of the design of the road and path network (RTN) for their application in practical activities for a privately owned site, in accordance with planning conditions.
