Primitive society on the territory of the Middle Volga region
The history of mankind goes back over two million years. The longest period in it is the era primitive society. This era is divided into three periods: the Stone Age, Bronze and Iron Ages. Scientists divide the history of the Stone Age into three main periods: Paleolithic (Old Stone Age), Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) and Neolithic (New Stone Age). The first people on the territory of modern Tatarstan appeared in the Paleolithic era, that is, about 100-40 thousand years ago. At that time, a cold and dry climate prevailed. Vegetation was sparse, with the most common animals being deer, elk, bears, rhinoceroses and mammoths. They were hunted by primitive man.
The oldest hunters' camp was located on the banks of the Volga, "Krasnaya Glinka" not far from the villages of Bessonovo, Tetyushsky district. They lived in caves and huts and led a nomadic lifestyle, moving from place to place following herds of animals. During the Late Paleolithic period (40-12 thousand years ago), climate warming occurred. Risers of that time were discovered along the banks of the Volga and Kama, near the villages of Dolgaya Polyana, Syukeevo, Krasnovidovo, Izmeri and some others. During this period, the modern type of people finally emerged. A primitive tribal society arose. People lived in artificially constructed houses and led a sedentary lifestyle. People have gone far ahead in their development. At this time, primitive religion was born. This belief is in the origin of people from animals and plants (totemism), the existence of souls and spirits (animism), belief in magic, in the supernatural properties of objects.
Primitive art arose, images of animals made of clay, figurines, and rock paintings appeared. The ancient Stone Age was replaced by the Mesolithic (VIII - V millennium BC). Progressive changes in the life of human society are associated with it. The natural and geographical conditions of the region are approaching modern ones. The way of life of a person is changing, the role of fishing is increasing, stone processing technology is being improved, and new types of weapons are being invented. Several dozen settlements have been discovered on the territory of the middle Volga region. The territory of Tatarstan during the Neolithic of the New Stone Age (IV - first half of the 3rd millennium BC) became more populous. The man made another discovery: he learned to sculpt pottery. Clan groups unite into tribes. An archaeological culture developed, differing from neighboring cultures in the unique shape and strengthening of pottery and some chic stone tools. Tribes of the Volosovo archaeological culture lived on the territory of Tatarstan during the Chalcolithic era (second half of the 3rd - early 2nd millennium BC). The main occupations continued to be hunting, fishing and gathering. But gradually the Volosovites switched to agriculture and cattle breeding, and began to master metal. Representatives of the Bronze Age. The Volga region is considered to be the orderly tribes. Their settlements were discovered in the vicinity of Kazan. The Prikazan tribes lived in the 16th – 5th centuries. BC. Excavations show that the population knew construction crafts, warfare, agriculture, and cattle breeding.
People did not depend on hunting; they could have grain reserves; domestic animals provided meat, milk, wool and leather. The increase in living standards led to population growth. Up to 500 people lived in the settlements of the Prikazan tribes. Metallurgists and foundries who produce bronze products are distinguished. The role of exchange with neighboring tribes is increasing. Tribal clashes over territory occur more frequently. Under these conditions, the male metallurgist, cattle breeder and warrior begin to play a major role, and patriarchal families arise.
Great Migration of Peoples Huns
More than 1600 years ago, towards the end of the 15th century, the great migration of peoples began. The movement from east to west covered the entire Eurasian steppe zone. As a result, other ethical groups and associations arose, and the ethnographic map of early medieval Europe changed. The Great Migration of Peoples brought an end to the slave system of the ancient world. The era of feudal relations began. This change in the Attic exchange of the entire Old World began with the Huns. The Huns are the first historically known broad-speaking tribes, known since the 4th century. BC called the Xiongnu, who lived in central Asia and Northern China. Later they were divided into the southern Xiongnu, who remained from their land, and the northern ones, who went to the modern Kyrgyz-Kazakh steppes. Some remained there, and the other continued their journey to the west. These Huns crossed the Volga and reached the Crimea. The Huns left a noticeable mark on the history of the peoples of Eurasia, primarily the widely spoken ones, including the Tatars. Part of the Huns during their invasion of Europe in the 4th century. appeared in the Middle Volga, therefore, the Middle Volga region, early medieval Tatarstan from the era of the Great Migration of Peoples began to enter the ethnopolitical world.
It was created in 552. By 555 many peoples and tribes of Altai, southern Siberia, central and Middle. Asia found itself subjugated. The eastern border abutted the northern borders of the Chinese Empire, the western border reached the Crimea. There was early feudalism in Turkic. The basis of the economy is cattle breeding, agriculture, the development of production and trade led to money circulation. The highest achievement of culture was the appearance of writing. At the beginning of VII, it split into two parts: Western Turkic and Eastern Turkic. The Western Kaganate occupied Central Asian and more western lands. But soon an independent Khazar was formed on the Kama and North Caucasian steppes. The East had to defend itself even more from China due to its long common borders. The Kaganate defended its independence several times, but in 745. The Eastern Turkic Khaganate ceased to exist after its defeat in the battle with the army of the Uyghur Khan Mogon-Chura. The Uyghur Khaganate emerges - one of the Turkic states of the early Middle Ages (745-840). The Kazar Kagimat (650-965) was founded by the Turkic-speaking Khazars, who came to Eastern Europe as part of the Huns. At first, the Kaganate occupied the North Caucasian and Caspian steppes; over time, its dominance extended to the Northern Black Sea region to the Crimea, and in the north to Volga Bulgaria and the Russian principalities. The population of Khazaria, in addition to the Khazars, included the Bulgarians, Savirs, and Barsils, who were similar in language.
Volga Bulgaria. Golden Horde
His nephew Kubrat became the only khan of the state of Great Bulgaria (632-650), which ceased to exist after the death of Kubrat Khan. Part of the population went to the Danube, the other remained on their land. A third of the Bulgarians moved later, at the end of the 8th century. in the Middle Volga region. Before the arrival of the Bulgarians on Wednesday. Along the Volga, local Finno-Ugric and Zobulgarian Turkic-speaking tribes lived there. The Bulgarians came into local contact with them at the turn of the 9th – 10th centuries. created their new state - Volga Bulgaria.
She occupied lands in the center of Sr. Volga region, in the West. Trans-Kama and Volga region, and later, in the 12th century. - during the period of economic and political growth of Bulgaria - its territory expanded somewhat: in the north - to the Kazanka basin, and the borders in the south to the Yaik River, which were guarded by Bulgar guard detachments. The ethnic composition of the country was quite varied; the main population of Bulgaria was called the collective term “Bulgars”. The capital of this state, located at the confluence of the Volga and Kama, was also called “Bulgaram”. Bulgar and its neighboring Suvar became the object of attention of the Muslim East, and coinage began in these cities. A little later, cities appeared: Bilyar, Tukhchii, Kashan, Tortsk. The emergence of cities and the spread of urban culture in Volga Bulgaria was facilitated by the adoption of Islam, which occurred in 922. The basis of the economy of Volga Bulgaria was arable farming. Chernozem gave good harvest bread, which was even exported abroad. Cattle breeding, hunting, and fishing also played a role. Crafts reached a high level: metallurgy, leather processing, pottery, jewelry, etc. Construction and architecture, the construction of defensive fortifications, became widespread. Particular attention was paid to trade, both domestic and foreign. Bulgar was a famous center of international trade. Its own writing emerged. Turkic and ancient Tatar poetry was widespread, and the Bulgars also had scientists: historians, philosophers, lawyers, and doctors.
Volga Bulgaria ceased to exist as an independent state in 1236. after its conquest by Batu's army. Soon it became part of the Golden Horde as its northern ulus. The creators of the Golden Horde were a small number of the Mongol elite, its indigenous population were Turkic-speaking peoples: Kinchaks, Oguzes, Volga Bulgars, Madjars, etc., as well as Turkic-speaking Tatars; by the end of the 14th century, the main population of the Golden Horde was called Tatars. The basis of the economy was nomadic cattle breeding, arable farming, highly developed crafts, and foreign trade. The Golden Horde was a feudal state headed by a khan. She maintained a powerful, well-armed army. By the end of the 14th century. The fall of the Golden Horde began. Despite the attempts of Emir Idegei to restore its former power, it was in the 30s and 40s of the 15th century. broke up into separate Tatar khanates.
Khanate of Kazan
The Kazan Khanate was founded in 1445 by Mahmutek, the eldest son of the last legitimate Horde khan Ulu - Muhammad. The reign of Mahmutek and his son Ibrahim from 1445 to 1479. is successful in the formation and development of a new state. The Kazan Khanate occupied the lands of the middle Volga region from the river. Sura to the Ural Mountains, its southern limits reached along the Volga to the city of Sary-Tau, and to the north they passed along the upper reaches of the Kama and Vyatka. The main population were Tatars; the Khanate also included Bashkirs, Chuvash, Mari, and Udmurts. The economic system and basis of the economy were closely related to the way of life of the former Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde: agricultural culture, cattle breeding. The craft reached a very high level of development. The wealth of material culture provided the basis for the development of the spiritual world of society: literature, song creativity, and other types of folklore. The Kazan Khanate was a feudal state led by a khan. The army was mainly militia, collected during wars and campaigns. Until 1552, the Tatar army knew almost no defeats.
150 thousand Russian army with 150 cannons led by Tsar Ivan the Terrible on August 23, 1552. surrounded Kazan. After 40 days of siege and powerful explosions, the city was taken on October 2. The defenders of Kazan were killed, their wives and children were given over to the wars, Tatar blood flowed like a river. The Kazan Khanate ceased to exist.
Tatars within the Russian state
Moscow carried out punitive actions against the rebels. Throughout the years 1553, troops marched along the banks of the Volga, Kama, Vyatka, and Sviyaga and suppressed popular uprisings. The war covered the period 1552-1556. and was carried out with varying degrees of success. Russian troops surrounded the town of Chalym and took it by storm. Ali - Akram was killed, Mamysh - Berzy and other leaders of the uprising were taken to Moscow and executed. With the suppression of the uprising, the resistance of the peoples of the region did not stop. They flared up repeatedly until the end of the 16th century. With the conquest of Kazan, all state structures of the Kazan Khanate were liquidated. Ivan the Terrible organized his own administration of the region and created his own administration. The administration of the region was entrusted to two governors, Kazan and Sviyazhsk. In Kazan, the military horizon was abandoned; in addition to administrative and military power in the region, church power was also beginning to strengthen. The intensive construction of monasteries and fortresses - cities - begins. These events were aimed at the colonization of the former Kazan Khanate. Lands were confiscated from the nobility, the population was expelled from Kazan and other cities, Tatars were not allowed to settle along the banks of rivers. The forced Christianization of the Tatars and other peoples of the region began. Muslim temples, schools, madrassas, and written monuments were destroyed. These events led to numerous uprisings in 1572. Tatar and Mari population Wed. The Volga region was brutally suppressed as a result of military operations in 1574. However, the movement soon resumed again in the 80s, but again in 1584. was depressed, and in 1587. the remnants of the rebels are completely broken.
Kazan region in the 17th century.
In the 17th century The strengthening of the Russian state continues on the territory of Wed. Volga region. The penetration of Russians here and the development of its territories is increasing. In the 17th century trade relations between the Tatars and Wed began to revive. Asia, Iran, India, the Caucasus and Siberia. Over the period, the economy, agriculture, revival and development of culture were restored. The ensuing oppression from the Russian state only strengthened the idea of the struggle for freedom. The purpose of numerous armed uprisings in the 17th century is evidence of this. As a result of many years of armed struggle, the Tatar people defended not only their vital rights, but also the rights of other peoples of the Volga and Urals regions.
Tataria in the 18th century.
Period of the 18th century was marked by major reforms that affected the Kazan region. Territory of the region in 1708 became part of the newly organized Kazan province, thereby losing the last signs of independence. In 1775 The Kazan province became part of 13 districts. Economic development provinces in the 18th century. characterized by the development of the feudal mode of production. However, from the second half of the 18th century. Industry began to emerge. Industrial enterprises are appearing in the region. Among the industries, it is worth highlighting leather, soap and candle making, cloth making, copper smelting, and textile production. Great importance the economy that emerged in 1718 played a role in the economy of the region. Kazan Admiralty. The 18th century is characterized by a further intensification of attempts at national oppression. The Tatar population responded to such repressions with new uprisings (1718,1735,1739). However, they were all brutally suppressed. The desire of the Tatar people for freedom and national independence was especially strongly manifested in their participation in the peasant war under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev, who promised to return their independence. Despite the fact that the “Pugachevism” was defeated, it had a great influence on future politics Russian state regarding Muslims. Catherine II made some concessions. So, in 1773 a decree was issued that prohibited forced baptism, from 1776, it was decided to conduct trade throughout Russia, from 1784, the Murzas were equated with the Russian nobility, it was allowed to build mosques. The field of economic and spiritual activity opened up, mektebes and madrassas were opened. In 1758, the first gymnasium was opened in Kazan, and in 1789, the main public school. In the 18th century Kazan becomes an object of study by Russian scientists.
Kazan province in the first and second half of the 19th century
The basis of the region's economy in the first half of the 19th century. Agriculture continued to remain. During this period, the development of industry such as manufactories with hired workers continued. There were many industrial enterprises in the districts of the province. The quality of workshops in rural areas is increasing. Trade continued to occupy a large share in the region. National oppression in the 19th century. changed. The discovery of early XIX V. university, which became the center of advanced scientific and socio-political thought in Kazan. At the end of the 50s. the province numbered about 1.5 million people. More than 90% lived in rural areas. Kazan was one of the largest cities in Russia; more than 60 thousand people lived there.
At the end of the century, more than 10 thousand people worked in factories. The difficult working conditions of the workers created favorable conditions for the spread of revolutionary ideas among them. Students of Kazan University played a significant role in their dissemination. The abolition of serfdom served as a powerful stimulant for the development of productive forces and the rise of the country's economy, but also aggravated class struggle. Before them there were peasant unrest.
Kazan province at the beginning of the 20th century
The beginning of the 20th century was marked by the growth of the revolutionary movement in society. These movements seriously affected the Muslim regions of the country, primarily the Tatars, due to a number of objective reasons, who were the most receptive to similar ideas at that time. The overthrow of the autocracy was practically supported by all the people. In Kazan, as throughout the country, bodies of the Provisional Government and Soviets were created. For the first time, bodies of the national movement of the Tatars were created - “National Council”, - “Milli-Shuro”.
Tatarstan 1917-1992
The October Revolution, which brought the Bolsheviks to power, was relatively easy and successful throughout almost the entire territory of Russia. In Kazan from October 23, 1917 There were sluggish battles between revolutionary-minded soldiers and Red Guards and government troops. When news arrived in Kazan about the fall of the Provisional Government in the capital, the fighting ended in victory for the rebels. Soviet power was established. Among the Bolshevik leaders were M. Vakhitov, K. Grasis, N. Ershov and others. During the civil war, the territory of the republic twice became the site of fierce battles (1918, 1919), but the opponents of Bolshevism were defeated. New states were created on the ruins of the Russian Empire. The formation of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed on June 25, 1920. The republic was created by the CPC, a multinational state that was part of the RSFSR (Tatars - 49.5%, Russians - 41.2%, Chuvash - 5.9%, Mari - 0.8%). During the period 1920-1940. TASSR became an industrial-agrarian republic. Collectivization was carried out. New industrial enterprises have been created. A number of enterprises have been restored and reconstructed.
The war of 1941-1945 was a heavy burden. fell on the shoulders of the residents of Tatarstan. More than 560 thousand residents of the republic went to the battlefields, over 300 thousand did not return as women. The republic has become one of the largest centers for the production of modern military equipment. Aircraft built in Kazan were among the first to carry out raids on Berlin in the summer of 1941. The republic's enterprises produced shells and fuses, cartridges and bombs, mines, aviation and tank instruments, parachutes, communications equipment, shoes, food and much more to meet the needs of the front. In the most difficult war conditions, women, children, and the elderly are the main labor force Agriculture, gave the country millions of tons of grain. 50 hospitals were opened in Kazan and the cities of the republic, where they received medical care 340 thousand officers and soldiers. In 1943, in the southeast of the republic, in Shugurov, the first industrial oil was produced. Scientists and teachers, doctors, writers, artists, musicians, and agricultural specialists made their contribution to the victory. The real dawn of the oil refining industry occurred in the mid-50s. In the 70s, Tatarstan produced up to 100 million tons of oil annually. Where the main oil fields were located, new cities and towns grew - Almetyevsk, Leninogorsk, Jalil, etc. In the early 70s. On the banks of the Kama, the country's largest factories for the production of trucks, rubber, and tires are being created, and a hydroelectric power station is being built. New technologies are being actively introduced into agriculture. At the same time, the rapid development of industry and the intensification of agriculture constantly worsened the environmental situation: emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere increased, rivers, lakes, and even ground waters were polluted, and some plant species died. All this had a negative impact on the health of the population. This work includes public organizations. With their active influence, the construction of a gas station on Kama and a plant for protein preparations in Kazan is canceled.
Tatarstan: current situation
Since 1990, a new transition has begun in the modern history of Tatarstan - objections and development of statehood. In the 30s, Tatarstan actually lost all its rights and was only nominally called a republic. On August 30, 1990, the legislative body of Tatarstan proclaimed state sovereignty. The Declaration of Sovereignty became an act of realization of the inalienable right of the Tatar nation, the entire people of the republic, to self-determination. In accordance with the Declaration, the land, its subsoil, natural resources and other resources became the property of the people of the republic. Two languages - Tatar and Russian - were declared state. The Constitution and laws of the republic began to have supremacy throughout the entire territory of Tatarstan. The declaration also recorded the need to conclude an agreement with the Russian Federation. In November 1992 The Supreme Council adopted the Constitution of Tatarstan, which legally established the foundations of sovereignty. The republic was proclaimed a democratic legal state, expressing the will and interests of the entire multinational people of the republic, having their own citizenship and their own state symbols.
In August 1991 Official changes began between the delegations of Tatarstan and Russia, ending on February 15, 1994. signing of a bilateral political agreement. This agreement became the first interstate document in the last four hundred and forty years, defining relations between Moscow and Kazan. The Treaty is guided equally by the Constitution of Russia and the Constitution of Tatarstan. The agreement defined the powers of the federal center and the republic, secured the division of property, and proposed a mechanism for a new type of relations in the state. The treaty became an important event not only in the life of Tatarstan, but also in Russia, because it marked out for it the path of transition from a unitary form of state to a contractual federation.
GENERAL INFORMATION
Location: in the center of the Russian Federation, on the East European Plain, at the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers.
Square: 67,836.2 sq. km.
Capital: Kazan(1,231,878 people).
Population: population - 3,893,800 thousand people (2017), Tatars - 53.2%, Russians - 39.7%.
Administrative division : 43 municipal districts and 2 urban districts (Kazan and Naberezhnye Chelny).
The Republic of Tatarstan consists of districts and cities of republican significance, the list of which is established by the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan. Districts consist of cities of regional significance, urban-type settlements and rural settlements with their subordinate territories, which constitute the primary level in the system of administrative-territorial structure of the republic. Cities of republican significance may be geographically subdivided into districts within the city.
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1) Agryzsky |
16) Vysokogorsky |
31) Novosheshminsky |
Head of the Republic: President of the Republic of Tatarstan - Minnikhanov Rustam Nurgalievich
Government: Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan. Prime Minister of the Republic of Tatarstan -
Pesoshin Alexey Valerievich
Parliament: unicameral State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan. Chairman of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan - Mukhametshin Farid Khairulovich
STATE STRUCTURE
Since 1990, the republic has adopted three important documents: the Declaration of State Sovereignty, the Constitution and the Agreement on the Division of Competence and Mutual Delegation of Powers with the Russian Federation. All three documents together constitute not only the legal framework, but also the foundation for the political stability of society and the basis for economic reforms.
On April 19, 2002, the State Council of Tatarstan adopted a new edition of the Constitution of the republic. The Constitution proclaims that a person, his rights and freedoms are the highest value, and the duty of the Republic of Tatarstan is to recognize, respect and protect the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. The Constitution of Tatarstan enshrines such principles as universal suffrage, freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, the possibility of participation in political parties and organizations, etc.
Since June 2000, the institution of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Republic of Tatarstan has been functioning in the republic. In 2010, the position of Commissioner for Children's Rights was established in the Republic of Tatarstan.
The Constitution of Tatarstan establishes the separation of legislative, executive and judicial powers.
The head of state and highest official of the Republic of Tatarstan is the President. He heads the system of executive bodies of state power in the republic and directs the activities of the Cabinet of Ministers - the executive and administrative body of state power. The Cabinet of Ministers is responsible to the President. The candidacy of the Prime Minister is approved by the Parliament of Tatarstan at the proposal of the President.
The highest representative and legislative body The state power of the Republic of Tatarstan is the unicameral State Council (parliament).
Local government is independent within the limits of its powers. Local governments are not included in the system of state authorities.
Judicial power is exercised by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Tatarstan, federal courts of general jurisdiction, the Arbitration Court of the Republic of Tatarstan and justices of the peace. Legal proceedings and records management in courts are conducted in accordance with federal law.
SYMBOLISM
State flag of the Republic of Tatarstan
The state flag of the Republic of Tatarstan is a rectangular panel with horizontal stripes of green, white and red. The white stripe is 1/15 of the width of the flag and is located between equal width stripes of green (cobalt green light) and red (cadmium red light) colors. Green stripe at the top.
The ratio of the width of the flag to its length is 1:2.
The author of the State Flag of the Republic of Tatarstan is T.G. Khaziakhmetov.
State emblem of the Republic of Tatarstan
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The authors of the State Emblem of the Republic of Tatarstan are N.G. Khanzafarov (idea), R.Z. Fakhrutdinov (performance).
In the color image of the State Emblem of the Republic of Tatarstan, the sun is red (cadmium red light), the leopard, its wings and rosette on the shield are white, the frame is green (cobalt green light), the shield, the ornament on the frame and the inscription “Tatarstan” are golden.
The state emblem of the Republic of Tatarstan is an image of a winged leopard with a round shield on its side, with a raised right front paw against the background of a disk of the sun, placed in a frame of Tatar folk ornament, at the base of which is the inscription “Tatarstan”, the wings consist of seven feathers, a rosette on the shield consists of eight petals.
State anthem of the Republic of Tatarstan
http://tatarstan.ru/file/gimnrt.mp3
MAP OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN
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GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND CLIMATE
Tatarstan is located in the east of the East European Plain, at the confluence of two largest rivers - the Volga and Kama, Kazan is located at a distance of 797 km east of Moscow.
The total area of the republic is 6783.7 thousand hectares. The maximum length of the territory is 290 km from north to south and 460 km from west to east. Tatarstan has no borders with foreign countries.
The territory of Tatarstan is an elevated stepped plain, dissected by a dense network of river valleys. By the wide valleys of the Volga and Kama, the plain is divided into three parts: Pre-Volga region, Pre-Kama region and Trans-Kama region. The Volga region, with a maximum height of 276 m, occupies the northeastern part of the Volga Upland. The southern ends of the Mozhginskaya and Sarapulskaya uplands, separated by the valley of the Izh River, enter the Eastern Predkamie from the north. Highest altitudes reach 243 m here. The highest in Tatarstan (up to 381 m) is the Bugulma Upland in Eastern Trans-Kama. The lowest relief (mostly up to 200 m) is characteristic of Western Trans-Kama region.
17% of the territory of the republic is covered with forests, consisting of trees mainly of deciduous species (oak, linden, birch, aspen), conifers represented by pine and spruce. The territory of Tatarstan is home to 433 species of vertebrates, as well as several thousand species of invertebrate animals.
The territory of Tatarstan is characterized by a temperate continental type of mid-latitude climate, with warm summers and moderately cold winters. The warmest month is July with an average monthly air temperature across the territory of 18 - 20 °C, the coldest month is January with average monthly temperatures from -13 °C. The duration of the warm period (with a stable temperature above 0 °C) varies across the territory within 198-209 days, the cold period - 156-167 days. Precipitation is distributed relatively evenly throughout the territory, the annual amount being 460 - 540 mm.
Soils are different great variety- from gray forest and podzolic in the north and west to various types black soils in the south of the republic.
The Volga-Kama State Natural Biosphere Reserve and the Nizhnyaya Kama National Park are located on the territory of Tatarstan. The Volzhsko-Kama State Natural Biosphere Reserve is located on the territory of the Zelenodolsk and Laishevsky municipal districts of the Republic of Tatarstan. Two separate sections of the reserve - Saralovsky (4170 hectares) and Raifsky (5921 hectares) are separated from each other at a distance of about 100 km. National Park“Lower Kama” is located on the territory of two municipal districts of the Republic of Tatarstan: Elabuga and Tukaevsky. Within the park there are several land and water tourist routes through forests, as well as water routes along the waters of the reservoir, along the Kama and Kriush rivers.
POPULATION
3893.8 thousand people live in Tatarstan. The Republic of Tatarstan ranks eighth in Russia in terms of population after the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, Krasnodar region, Republic of Bashkortostan, Moscow, Sverdlovsk and Rostov regions. In the Volga Federal District, the republic is the second largest in population.
Compared to January 1, 2017, the population increased by 8.6 thousand people, or 0.2%. In Tatarstan, the share of the urban population as of January 1, 2018 was 76.8%. The capital of the republic, Kazan, leads in number of residents.
Tatarstan is one of the most multinational territories of Russia. According to the All-Russian Population Census of 2010, representatives of over 173 nationalities live in the territory of the republic, including 8 nationalities whose population exceeded 10 thousand people: Tatars, Russians, Chuvash, Udmurts, Mordovians, Mari, Ukrainians and Bashkirs. Among the peoples inhabiting Tatarstan, the predominant population is the Tatars (more than 2 million people or 53.2% of the total population of the republic). Russians are in second place - more than 1.5 million people. or 39.7%, in third place are the Chuvash (116.2 thousand people or 3.1%).
ECONOMY
Tatarstan is one of the most economically developed regions of Russia. The republic is located in the center of a large industrial region of the Russian Federation, at the intersection of the most important highways connecting the east and west, north and south of the country.
The Republic of Tatarstan has rich natural resources, a powerful and diversified industry, high intellectual potential and a qualified workforce.
The Republic of Tatarstan is traditionally among the leading regions of the Russian Federation in terms of main macroeconomic indicators. In terms of gross regional product, the republic ranks 6th among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, agriculture - 3rd place, volume of investment in fixed capital - 4th place, industrial production and construction - 5th place, housing commissioning - 8th place, turnover retail- 8th place.
The volume of the gross regional product of the Republic of Tatarstan in 2017, according to estimates, amounted to 2,115.5 billion rubles, or 102.8% in comparable prices to the level of 2016. The main contributions to economic growth were made by industrial production, agriculture and trade.
In the structure of the gross regional product of Tatarstan, the share of industry is 43.2%, construction - 9.0%, transport and communications - 6.5%, agriculture - 7.5%.
The industrial profile of the republic is determined by the petrochemical complex (oil production, production of synthetic rubber, tires, polyethylene and wide range oil refining products), large engineering enterprises producing competitive products (heavy trucks, helicopters, airplanes and aircraft engines, compressors and oil and gas pumping equipment, river and sea vessels, a range of commercial and passenger cars), as well as developed electrical and radio instrument making.
At the end of 2017, the industrial production index amounted to 101.8% compared to 2016, the volume of shipped products reached 2,254.2 billion rubles. In mining, the production index amounted to 101% compared to 2016, in manufacturing - 102.6%, in supply electrical energy, gas, steam; air conditioning - 99.9%, water supply; water disposal, organization of waste collection and disposal, pollution elimination activities - 103.9%.
The volume of agricultural products in 2017 increased by 5.2% in comparable prices compared to the level of 2016 and amounted to 256.1 billion rubles.
Retail trade turnover at the end of 2017 amounted to 843.9 billion rubles, or 102.8% in comparable prices compared to 2016.
The share of small and medium-sized businesses in Tatarstan's GRP is about 25%.
In 2017, the foreign trade turnover of the Republic of Tatarstan amounted to 16,899.7 million US dollars, including exports - 13,028.7 million US dollars, imports - 3,871 million US dollars.
Average monthly wage working at enterprises and organizations of the republic in 2017 increased by 6.2% compared to 2016 and amounted to 32,418.9 rubles. At the end of December 2017 in government institutions Employment services registered 11.8 thousand unemployed citizens, or 0.58% of the labor force.
A network of technology parks is actively developing in the Republic of Tatarstan. CJSC Innovation and Production Technopark “Idea”, industrial site KIP “Master”, IT park, technopolis “Khimgrad” are successfully operating.
A key role in the Kama cluster is assigned to the special economic zone of industrial production type “Alabuga”.
To date, 56 companies have been attracted to the special zone as residents, of which 23 residents conduct industrial and production activities, 16 of them with foreign participation (from the Republic of Turkey - 6, Germany - 4, USA - 3, Denmark - 1, France - 1, Finland - 1).
Today, Alabuga provides residents with such infrastructure opportunities as developed social infrastructure and ready-made production space for rent.
Is in a stage of intensive development unique project to create the city of Innopolis, in which all the necessary local government bodies have currently been formed. Today Innopolis is 1200 hectares of territory formed within the boundaries of an urban settlement. About 3 thousand people are in the city every day. There are 142 organizations and individual entrepreneurs registered in the city.
HISTORY, CULTURE, RELIGION
Story
The first state in the region was Volga Bulgaria, created at the turn of the 9th-10th centuries AD. Turkic tribes. In 922 Islam became the state religion. In 1236, Bulgaria became part of the empire of Genghis Khan, and then became part of the Golden Horde, as a result of the collapse of which a new state arose - the Kazan Khanate (1438). In 1552, the Kazan Khanate was annexed to the Russian state.
In 1920, the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed.
On August 30, 1990, the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Republic was adopted. In 1994, an Agreement was signed between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan on the delimitation of jurisdiction and mutual delegation of powers between government bodies of the Russian Federation and government bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan, and in 2007, an Agreement was signed on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between government bodies of the Russian Federation and government bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan, which became a kind of “successor” of the 1994 Treaty.
Culture
The republic is home to peoples with different historical backgrounds and cultural traditions. The combination of at least three types of cultural mutual influences (Turkic, Slavic-Russian and Finno-Ugric) determines the uniqueness of these places, the originality of cultural and historical values.
The fates of many outstanding cultural figures are connected with Tatarstan: singer Fyodor Chaliapin, writers Leo Tolstoy, Sergei Aksakov and Maxim Gorky, Vasily Aksenov, poets Evgeny Boratynsky, Gavriil Derzhavin, Marina Tsvetaeva and Nikita Zabolotsky, artists Ivan Shishkin and Nikolai Feshin. The classic of Tatar poetry Gabdulla Tukay, the poet-hero Musa Jalil, composers Farid Yarullin, Salikh Saidashev, Nazib Zhiganov, Sofia Gubaidulina and many others made up the glory of Tatar culture.
Religion
The traditional confessions for the republic are Islam and Orthodoxy. Tatars and Bashkirs (i.e., about half of the republic's population) profess Islam. Another part of the population: Russians, Chuvash, Mari, Udmurts, Mordovians are Christians who profess Orthodoxy. Catholicism, Protestantism, Judaism and other faiths are also represented in Tatarstan.
Maintaining a balance of interests of two major faiths and the equality of all religions before the law is the basis of interfaith harmony in the republic.
EDUCATION AND SCIENCE
Preschool, school and vocational education
As of January 1, 2014, there are 1,958 preschool educational organizations with 168.5 thousand places in operation in the Republic of Tatarstan. The coverage of preschool education for children aged 1 to 7 years in the republic is 71.8%. There are 1,431 schools with 361 thousand students.
Higher education
On the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, educational activities are currently carried out by 27 educational organizations higher education, including 17 state, 10 non-state. In addition, there are 49 branches of educational organizations of higher education, of which 27 are state and 22 are non-state. In total, 180 thousand people are trained in higher education programs in educational institutions of higher education located on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan.
The science
Tatarstan is rightfully considered one of the leading scientific centers in Russia. The Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan and the Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences operate in the capital of the republic, Kazan. The republic conducts fundamental and applied research in advanced areas of science. Scientific schools began to take shape in Kazan back in the 19th century. The most famous is the Kazan school of chemists, created under the leadership of N.N. Zinina, A.M. Butlerova, A.M. Zaitseva. The Kazan school of mathematicians also emerged in the 19th century. Its most prominent representative is N.I. Lobachevsky.
Innovation
Currently in Tatarstan there are: Russia's largest special economic zone of industrial production type "Alabuga", 4 industrial parks, the Khimgrad technopolis, 14 technology parks, an IT park. The area of nanotechnology is a priority for the Republic of Tatarstan.
SPORT
The Republic of Tatarstan is one of the sports leaders among the regions of the Russian Federation.
The widespread creation of conditions for sports and the construction of sports facilities in Tatarstan have become the basis for the formation of a healthy lifestyle among the general population.
To develop mass cultural work among the population, new forms of popularizing a healthy lifestyle are used. Spartakiads are held among students of the republic, among universities and colleges, civil servants and municipal employees, among pensioners and the disabled.
The following events are organized annually: the Spartakiad of students of the Republic of Tatarstan, the School Basketball League Championship among teams of educational institutions of the Republic of Tatarstan, the republican stages of the All-Russian sports competitions for schoolchildren “Presidential Competitions” and the All-Russian sports games for schoolchildren “Presidential sport games", All-Russian football tournament "Leather Ball".Every year, mass sports competitions are held in the republic - “Ski Track of Russia” and “Ski Track of Tatarstan”, “Cross of the Nation” and “Cross of Tatarstan”.
The development of the sports and urban infrastructure of Kazan, the capital of Tatarstan, the largest scientific, educational and student center in the country, was also facilitated by the fact that large international sports projects are being implemented in the republic.
The most significant event in sports life is the XXVII World Summer Universiade 2013.For the 2013 Universiade, 64 sports facilities were used, of which 30 were new construction facilities.The largest facilities built specifically for the competition: fUtball stadium "Kazan Arena" with 45 thousand seats,Castle Aquatic species sports, ATennis Academy,Martial Arts Palace "Ak Bars" and others.
The sports glory of Tatarstan is enhanced by the victories of such famous teams as Ak Bars, Rubin, UNICS, Zenit-Kazan, Sintez, KAMAZ-master, Dynamo-Kazan and others.
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
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1. Republic of Tatarstan
2. Geographical location
3. Cities of Tatarstan
5. Attractions
7. Official languages
8. Religion
1. Republic of Tatarstan
The Republic of Tatarstan is a subject of the Russian Federation. One of the most economically developed regions of Russia. The capital is the city of Kazan.
The Republic of Tatarstan is one of the largest regions of Russia in terms of population and economic potential. Thanks to its geographical location, rich history and unique natural resources, the republic is ideal for tourism, not only for Russian, but also for world tourism. Modern Tatarstan strives to take its rightful place in the world community. And there are all the necessary prerequisites for this.
2. Geographical location
Tatarstan has a very advantageous geographical position, which has a positive effect on the life and economy of the republic, since it is located in the very center of the Russian Federation at the intersection of major railway lines and highways for agriculture and a complete internal supply of all necessary food products: a flat area in forested and forest-steppe zone, temperate continental climate with an average January temperature of -14C, and July +19C, a sufficient amount water resources(the largest rivers are the Volga, Kama and two tributaries of the Kama - Belaya and Vyatka, and there are also reservoirs - Kuibyshevskoye and Nizhnekamskoye), 32% of the total area is occupied by fertile chernozem soils.
Among other things, Tatarstan is rich in minerals, the main one of which is oil. In addition to oil, associated gas, gypsum, peat, building stone, limestone and dolomite are extracted. Accordingly, the main industries are chemical and petrochemical, fuel, as well as mechanical engineering, electric power, and food.
As we can see, the republic’s economy is completely self-sufficient and even largely exports.
All these conditions cannot but have a positive impact on the development of tourism in Tatarstan. And if we remember the rich history of this area, then the uniqueness of this region of Russia becomes completely obvious.
3. Cities of Tatarstan
Tatarstan geographical climate economic
There are many more cities in Tatarstan that have important cultural, historical and economic significance not only for the republic, but for all of Russia as a whole. For example, Naberezhnye Chelny gained worldwide fame thanks to the KamAZ plant; Almetyevsk and Bugulma - largest centers oil industry Tatarstan; in the Chistopol region, the remains of the Golden Horde city of Dzhuketau (X-XI centuries) are preserved, and to the south of the modern city of Bulgar is the ancient capital of Volga-Kama Bulgaria (X-XIV centuries) - the ancient settlement of Bolgar.
The capital of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan, is one of 13 million-plus cities in Russia. Over its thousand-year history, Kazan has experienced many important events and changes, which naturally left their mark on the appearance of the city. More than 1,600 monuments of various types of art and historical periods have been identified in Kazan. The main one is the Kazan Kremlin - a unique complex of archaeological, historical and architectural monuments that arose and functioned from the foundation of the city to the present day. At the same time, Kazan is in no way inferior to other modern cities: in addition to all others, there are such types of entertainment as 2 water parks and one of the three IMAX cinemas in Russia with a giant screen, new modern hotels and entertainment centers.
No less interesting to tourists is the city of Bilyar, where the famous Bilyar settlement (10th century - 1236) is located, in which the remains of a large two-hall complex of a cathedral mosque are preserved. It was the economic, political and cultural center of Volga-Kama Bulgaria, one of the largest cities in Eastern Europe. Trade routes from Central Asia and Iran, Rus' and the Baltic states, the Caucasus and Byzantium, as well as from the North converged in Bilyar. There is another important attraction here - the Holy Key "Khujalar Tava" ("Mountain of Lords"): this is a pagan sanctuary, known since the 9th-10th centuries, which is revered by people of different nationalities and is a place of pilgrimage for pagans, Muslims and Christians.
A state historical, architectural and art museum-reserve has been created in Yelabuga, combining several interesting places to visit: the Museum-estate of the legendary Amazon, cavalry maiden N.A. Durova - participant in the Napoleonic wars, heroine of the Patriotic War of 1812, the first Russian female officer and one of the most talented writers of her time; Memorial House in Memory of M.I. Tsvetaeva, where she spent her last days, as well as the M.I. Literary Museum. Tsvetaeva, whose exhibition tells about the life and work of the poetess.
And in the house where the famous artist I.I. Shishkin spent his childhood and teenage years, houses the only museum in the world of the founder of the realistic landscape school. Near Elabuga, the remains of a fortified settlement on the banks of the Toima River - Elabuga (Chertovo) settlement - have been preserved. Initially, it was the ancestral refuge of one of the local tribes that lived in the area in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium AD. e.
Tatarstan has a lot to offer tourists: magnificent natural conditions, historical places, ancient architecture and at the same time modern hotels and entertainment centers, water parks, dolphinariums and ski and sports complexes, and much more.
The presence of a huge amount of unique resources and the rich history of Tatarstan made it possible to create the Republican tourist route “Pearl Necklace of Tatarstan”, which became the hallmark of Tatarstan tourism. The route consists of the Small and Big Rings.
A small ring with a radius of 60-80 km surrounds Kazan and passes through the territories of municipal districts adjacent to Kazan: Zelenodolsky, Verkhneuslonsky, Laishevsky, Pestrechinsky and Arsky. Each of these areas has its own uniqueness. For example, the Arsky region represents the ethnic core of the Tatar nation: here the life, traditions and customs of the Tatar people have been preserved almost in their original form. Laishevsky district is the birthplace of G.R. Derzhavin, on the contrary, is known for many monuments of Russian culture and is the center of the ancient folk festival “Karavon” (“round dance”) in the village of Russkoye Nikolskoye. The Verkhneuslonsky district, stretching along the Volga, has long been chosen by Kazan residents for recreation, especially now that the modern Kazan ski complex has been built here. In the Pestrechinsky district there are numerous villages of Kryashens (baptized Tatars), the village of Lenino-Kokushkino is especially popular among tourists. The Raifa Monastery and the miracle city of Sviyazhsk on Buyan Island from Pushkin’s fairy tale are tourist sites of international importance as centers of cultural, educational and pilgrimage tourism.
The large ring of the “Pearl Necklace of Tatarstan” unites such tourist centers as Kazan, Bolgar, Bilyarsk, Chistopol, Elabuga. Of great interest here are the state historical and architectural museum reserves of the Kazan Kremlin, Bolgari, Bilyarsk, Elabuga, excavations of the ancient settlements of Dzhuketau, Bilyar, Suvar, the historical core of the urban development of Kazan, Elabuga, as well as the unique natural territories of the Volga-Kama Reserve, Spassky Nature Reserve and Pure meadows.
A warm welcome, oriental abundance and a lot of unforgettable impressions await everyone who wants to relax on Tatar soil.
About 7 thousand objects of cultural value have been identified in the republic. Cultural and educational tourism exists as independent species and can serve in the form of excursion tourism as a complement to its other types: health, cruise, etc. It comes in various types historical monuments, memorial sites, museums, of which there are more than 120 in Tatarstan, and other display objects, which allows for the development of year-round cultural tourism, the “highlight” of which is the image of Kazan as “the meeting place of the West and the East.” In addition, the republic has more than 300 Muslim and Orthodox historical and cultural monuments that have survived to this day. These are churches and monasteries different religions: Orthodox churches, Catholic cathedrals, Muslim mosques, etc.
There are 82 ecotourism sites in the republic. They include nature reserves, national and natural parks, sanctuaries and natural monuments. State reserves include Volzhsko-Kama and Iske-Kazansky, parks include Nizhnyaya Kama National Park, Sviyazhsky Natural and Historical Park, Historical-Architectural and natural Park Long Glade.
Especially attracting the attention of outdoor enthusiasts is Blue Lake, which is located not far from Kazan. It is not large at all - 30 meters in diameter, about 17 meters deep. It is unusual in that at the bottom of this lake there is a powerful spring that supplies two cubic meters of water every minute. Therefore, the water is very clear, but cold. The lake is a state reserve, so vehicle access is closed. This place especially attracts lovers of night diving, because only there you can watch starry sky through the thickness of the water, and in the light of the lanterns the flow of water coming from the sources is clearly visible.
River cruises are the hallmark of Tatarstan tourism. River cruises on motor ships along the Volga and Kama with calls at Kazan and the cities of the republic are all-Russian routes. Cruise tourism is developing not only in Kazan, but also in other cities of the republic. Along with standard service packages, many ships operate a “floating boarding house” system, which offers wellness services (therapy, physical therapy, manual therapy, phototherapy, health care), as well as children's programs.
According to State Statistics Committee data for 2005, in the Republic of Tatarstan there are 242 accommodation facilities with 27,737 beds, incl. 96 hotels with 6,271 beds, 3 motels, 8 hostels for visitors, other accommodation facilities - 109. Total number of citizens accommodated - 638,224.
The recreation center includes a network of organizations of sanatorium-resort and health-improving institutions of the republic, which numbers 52 organizations with 9159 places, incl. 7 sanatoriums, 11 children's sanatoriums, 34 sanatoriums.
5. Attractions
Kazan Kremlin
One of illustrative examples State cultural policy in the field of preservation and popularization of heritage is the Kazan Kremlin. The uniqueness of the Kazan Kremlin was confirmed on November 30, 2000 at the session of the UNESCO intergovernmental committee in Australia by including it in the List of World Cultural and natural heritage.
Bauman Street
Pedestrian street in the central part of the city. Leads to the Kazan Kremlin. Ancient architecture coexists with the modern design of European city streets. The business center of Kazan and a concentration of entertainment and entertainment venues. The main attraction of the oldest Kazan street is the bell tower of the Church of the Epiphany (1756). In 1999, opposite the bell tower, a monument was erected to the great native of Kazan, Fyodor Chaliapin, who was baptized in the Church of the Epiphany.
In the center of one of the sections of the Volga-Kama State Reserve is located one of the pearls of Russian architecture of the 17th century - the Raifsky Bogoroditsky Monastery. The hermitage near Lake Raifa and the Sumka River was founded by the Chudov hieromonk Filaret. In 1928 the monastery was closed. It has been revived since 1992. There are 5 churches in the monastery. Miraculous Georgian Icon Mother of God is its main shrine.
Grand Island Sviyazhsk
The unique fortress city was founded by decree of Tsar Ivan the Terrible in 1551. As a unique integral historical and cultural territorial complex of the 16th-20th centuries, in 1990 Sviyazhsk was included in the new List of historical cities and populated areas of the Russian Federation; in 1996 it was included in the preliminary UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List in six categories: history, urban planning, architecture, icons and frescoes, archaeology, natural and man-made landscape. There are 21 registered monuments of federal significance on the island.
215 km from Kazan on the Kama River is located one of the most poetic and intelligent cities of Tatarstan - Yelabuga. N.A. lived and worked here. Durova, I.I. Shishkin, M.I. Tsvetaeva. A memorable place near Yelabuga - the "Devil's" settlement - the remains of a fortified settlement of tribes of the second half. I millennium AD 5 km from the city on the Toima River there is a world-famous monument of the 1st millennium BC, the Ananyinsky burial ground, which gave its name to the entire culture of the Iron Age.
140 km from Kazan on the left bank of the Volga, silhouettes of white stone ruins can be seen from afar. These are the remains of the Great Bulgars - one of the largest cities of the once strong state of Volga Bulgaria. Today, on this site there is the village of Bolgars and a vast settlement - an architectural monument of the 10th-15th centuries. This is the historical homeland of the Volga Tatars, known in the Muslim world as the “Northern Mecca” - a place of pilgrimage for believers.
150 km from Kazan is the capital of the ancient state of Volga Bulgaria - Bilyar. In the vicinity of Bilyar there is an extraordinary place, located in a picturesque forest at the foot of the Khuzhalar Tavy mountain. A spring of crystal clear water emerges from under the mountain, turned into a place of worship and called the “Holy Spring”. It is a spiritual center where the beliefs and customs of three religions coexist: paganism, Islam and Christianity.
It was erected in 1726 by the merchant Mikhlyaev in memory of Peter I’s visit to Kazan. The complex includes a bell tower and a cathedral building. The cathedral was built under the influence style direction, known as Moscow Baroque. The unusually rich architectural, sculptural and pictorial decor does not disrupt, but rather emphasizes, the structural design of the building. There is also a preserved, skillfully decorated wooden carved gilded iconostasis (first half of the 18th century).
The climate is temperate continental, different warm summer and moderately cold winters. Sometimes droughts occur. The average temperature in January (the coldest month) is ?16 °C, July (the warmest month) is +25 °C.
7. Official languages
According to the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Tatar and Russian languages are recognized as equal in rights throughout the entire territory of the Republic of Tatarstan.
8. Religion
More than a thousand religious associations are registered on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan. Two religions are most widespread in the Republic of Tatarstan: Islam and Orthodox Christianity.
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The history of Tatarstan (Republic of Tatarstan) is perhaps the best illustration of what the very spirit of Eurasia represents.
The first state - Volga Bulgaria - was formed at the end of the 9th - beginning of the 10th century. Here a slight digression from the history of Tatarstan itself is necessary: the context of this historical period is important. In 453, after the death of the Hun leader Attila, his empire collapsed. The ancient Bulgars, one of the Turkic tribes that fought in his army along with the Huns, formed in the 630s. State of Great Bulgaria. By the middle of the 7th century. it fell apart. The largest part of the Bulgars headed south, where they assimilated with the South Slavic tribes and created the state of Danube Bulgaria. In the middle of the 9th century. The Slavs gained more and more weight in it, and some of the Bulgars adopted Christianity. These are the ancestors of modern Bulgarians (to avoid confusion in historiography, the southern Bulgars, assimilated with the Slavs, are called Bulgarians, the northern ones - Bulgars). Another part of them, who submitted to the Khazars and were called “black Bulgars” in historical chronicles, is associated with modern Balkars and Karachais (“black-faced”). The third group headed to the Middle Volga region, where at the end of the 8th century. together with other Turkic tribes, at first also fell under the rule of the Khazars and assimilated with them. And then she moved further north, to the confluence of the Volga and the river. Here they began to build Volga Bulgaria with its capital, the city of Bulgar, switched to a sedentary lifestyle and began to engage in agriculture and cattle breeding, smelting and metal processing, pottery and jewelry, minted their own coin indicating the place of minting - “Bulgar al-Jadid” , that is, New Bulgar. Other cities arose, and among them Bulyar (Bilyar). Kazan at that time was a border fortress. The borders of the state in the north reached the interfluve of the Volga and Vyatka, and in the south - the Samara River. The population of Volga Bulgaria was a mixture of various Turkic, Finno-Ugric and Slavic tribes, with the dominance of the former. In 922, at the request of the ruler of Volga Bulgaria, Almas Khan, an embassy arrived from Baghdad and the state converted to Islam. Volga Bulgaria had external relations based on trade with various states, the most important were relations with Russia.
In 1236, the Mongol conquest of Eastern Europe begins. In 1238-1240s. Mongols conquer Rus'. In 1243, on the site of the Volga Bulgaria, the ulus of Jochi of the Golden Horde was formed. In the 14th century, during the heyday of the Golden Horde, the Old Bulgarian language, like the languages of other Turkic tribes, was absorbed by the languages of the Kipchak and Chagatai, preserving part of the vocabulary of the Finno-Ugric languages (Old Hungarian, Mari, Mordovian, Udmurt), as well as Arabic, Persian and Russian languages. The ethnic group speaking this new language has been around since the end of the 14th century. in historical chronicles they are referred to as Tatars. In the 15th century The Golden Horde splits into several states, one of them is the Kazan Khanate, which arose in 1438. In 1487, as a result of the campaign of Russian troops against Kazan, its ruler Ali Khan was overthrown, and his brother, Muhammad Emin, became a vassal of the prince Moscow Ivan III. In 1524, Safa-Girey became the Khan of Kazan, under which Kazan came under the rule of the Turkish Sultan. In 1551, by order of Ivan IV the Terrible, the Sviyazhsk fortress was built at the confluence of the Sviyaga and the Volga, and in 1552, the Terrible, at the head of an army of 150 thousand soldiers, conquered the city.
Beginning with the conquest of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, the relationship between the Russian and Tatar peoples was generally calm, but by no means simple.
It is not known exactly who is the author of the popular expression “Scratch a Russian and you will find a Tatar”; most likely this is a somewhat paraphrased thesis from A. de Custine’s essay “Russia 1839”: “After all, a little more than a hundred years ago they were real Tatars.” In these words, which have become a proverb, there is, in fact, nothing that infringes on the national dignity of Russians or Tatars. After all, what is meant is not genetics, but the interpenetration of cultures. Many Russian aristocrats were by birth Tatars, and others were Germans, and most of them were men of honor and duty, that is what is essential, not origin. L.N. Gumilyov classified the Tatars as “Caucasians of the East.” Modern historians deny the concept of Soviet historiography " Tatar-Mongol yoke" The progressive role of the Golden Horde in strengthening the Russian state has been proven; a huge number of Turkisms live in the Russian language, as well as Russianisms and borrowings from other languages in Tatar that came through the Russian language. It is also undeniable that before Peter I, Russia had little in common with Western Europe. Just as Tatarstan did not and does not resemble Mongolia, it has much more in common with states Central Asia. But even more so with historical Russia. Discussions on the topic of national Tatar identity and mentality sometimes reach great intensity, halftones are swept aside, but both Russia and Tatarstan, it seems, need to go through this stage of understanding their, no matter how you look at it, common past, which was interpreted very one-sidedly during the Soviet period. 
As part of Russia, the former Kazan Khanate began to be called first the Kazan Kingdom, then the Kazan Governorate, which was governed by a governor appointed directly by the Emperor of Russia. After the February Revolution of 1917, a project of a national state of Tatars and Bashkirs, the Idel-Ural State, arose, but its real embodiment was only the Zabulachnaya Republic in the Tatar part of Kazan, which existed from March 1 to March 28, 1918. In parallel, a project of the Tatar-Bashkir Republic was created in Moscow, remaining only on paper. On May 27, 1920, a decree was signed on the formation of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as part of the RSFSR - this is how the word “Tataria” (“Tatarstan”) came into official circulation for the first time in relation to this land. On August 30, 1990, the Supreme Council of the TASSR adopted a declaration on the state sovereignty of Tatarstan, transforming it into the “Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic - the Republic of Tatarstan”, and after the collapse of the USSR, from February 7, 1992, this name was shortened to the “Republic of Tatarstan”. March 31, 1992 Tatarstan refuses to sign the Federative Treaty. On November 30, 1992, a new Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan was adopted, declaring it a sovereign state. In December 1993, when an all-Russian referendum on the new Constitution of Russia was held, the Tatarstan authorities announced a boycott of it. However, some residents of the multinational republic, despite this, took part in the vote. The majority of them (74.84%) were in favor of adopting the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Since 2000, in accordance with amendments made to the Constitution of the republic, Tatarstan has become “an equal subject of the Russian Federation, defining Tatarstan as a subject of the Russian Federation.”
Today Tatarstan is one of the most economically successful regions of Russia and ranks 6th in terms of GRP. The republic's foreign trade turnover at the end of 2010 amounted to $16.9 billion (125.3% compared to 2009). The network of technology parks is actively developing. In 2005, the 1000th anniversary of Kazan was widely celebrated. They prepared very seriously for this date, and the capital of the republic has noticeably changed for the better. In 2013, the XXVII World Summer Universiade will be held in Kazan.
Form of government: presidential-parliamentary republic. Established on May 27, 1920 as the autonomous Tatar Socialist Soviet Republic.
Administrative division: 43 districts and 14 cities of republican significance.
Capital: Kazan, 1,161,308 people. (2012).
Languages: Russian, Tatar.
Ethnic composition: Tatars - 53.2% (including Kryashens), Russians - 39.7%, Chuvash - 3.1%, as well as Udmurts, Mordovians, Mari, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Azerbaijanis, Belarusians, Armenians, Jews and others (total Representatives of 115 nationalities live in Tatarstan) - 4%.
Religions: Islam (Sunni), Orthodoxy, small communities of Jews, Buddhists, Hare Krishnas.
Largest cities: Kazan, Naberezhnye Chelny, Zelenodolsk, Nizhnekamsk, Almetyevsk, Bugulma, Elabuga.
Largest rivers: Volga (177 km across the territory of the republic) and Kama (380 km).
Largest reservoirs: Kuibyshevskoe, Nizhnekamskoe, Zainskoe, Karabashskoe.
Most important airport: Kazan international airport.
Area: 67,847 km2.
Population: 3,802,285 people (2012).
Population density: 56 people/km 2 .
Highest point: Chatyr-tau (Tent Mountain) - 367 m.
Distance from Kazan to Moscow: 797 km.
Average January temperature:-13°C.
Average temperature in July:+19°С.
Average annual precipitation: 500 mm.
GRP: 1250 billion rubles. (2011).
GRP per capita: 245.2 thousand rubles. (2010).
6 economic zones (territorial production complexes (TPC)). On the territory of the Nizhne-Kama economic zone there is a special economic zone Alabuga (Elabuga), as well as the Nizhnekamsk petrochemical and Naberezhnye Chelny automotive clusters.
Minerals: reserves of oil, gas, coal, gypsum, limestone, dolomite, marl, gravel and clay. There are also deposits of oil shale, brown and hard coal, bitumen, phosphorites, bauxite, peat and copper.
Industry: oil production and natural gas, oil refining and petrochemical, chemical (production of polyethylene, pipes and pipeline parts from thermoplastics, synthetic rubber, car tires, film and magnetic tape, nitrogen and phosphate mineral fertilizers, inorganic chemical products), mechanical engineering and metalworking: production trucks(KAMAZ), ships, passenger airliners, helicopters, laser equipment, equipment for the oil and gas production and oil refining industries.
Hydropower (the largest hydroelectric power station is Nizhnekamsk). A significant part of the electricity is supplied to neighboring republics (Bashkiria, Chuvashia, Mari El).
Agriculture: growing grains, potatoes, vegetables, forage grasses, meat and dairy farming, horse breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming.
Service sector: trade, tourism.
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| Subject of the Russian Federation (AE level 1) | |||||
| Republic of Tatarstan | |||||
| Tatarstan Republics Tatarstan Republic |
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| Anthem of Tatarstan | |||||
| A country | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Included in | - Volga Federal District - Volga economic region |
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| Administrative center | |||||
| The president | Rustam Minnikhanov | ||||
| Prime Minister | Alexey Pesoshin | ||||
| Chairman State Council |
Farid Mukhametshin | ||||
GDP
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RUB 1,937.6 billion (2016) (8th)
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| official languages | Tatar, Russian | ||||
| Population | ↗ 3,894,284 people (2018) (8th place) | ||||
| Density | 57.40 people people/km² | ||||
| Square | 67,847 km² (44th place) | ||||
| Timezone | MSK | ||||
| ISO 3166-2 code | RU-TA | ||||
| OKATO code | 92 | ||||
| Code of the subject of the Russian Federation | 16 | ||||
| Internet domain | .tatar | ||||
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| Official site | |||||
| Audio, photo and video on Wikimedia Commons | |||||
Stamp "50 years of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic". USSR Post 1970
USSR postage stamp, 1980
Reverse of the commemorative coin of the Bank of Russia
Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan, Tataria; tat. Tatarstan Respublikası) - a subject of the Russian Federation, a republic (state) within it. It is part of the Volga Federal District and is part of the Volga Economic Region. Established on the basis of the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of May 27, 1920 as the Autonomous Tatar Socialist Soviet Republic.
According to paragraph 2 of Article 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan of 1992, the names “Republic of Tatarstan” and “Tatarstan” are equivalent.
Official languages: Tatar, Russian.
Tatarstan is located in the center of the East European Plain, at the confluence of two rivers - the Volga and Kama. is located east of at a distance of 800 km (by road) / 720 km (in a straight line).
The total area of Tatarstan is 67,836 km². The length of the territory of the republic is 290 km from north to south and 460 km from west to east.
The highest point of Tatarstan is the Chatyr-Tau hill.
The territory of the republic is a plain in the forest and forest-steppe zone with small hills on the right bank of the Volga and the southeast of the republic. 90% of the territory lies at an altitude of no more than 200 meters above sea level.
More than 18% of the territory of the republic is covered with deciduous species (oak, linden, birch, aspen), coniferous species are represented by pine, spruce and fir. The local fauna is represented by 430 species of vertebrates and invertebrates.
The climate is temperate continental, characterized by warm summers and moderately cold winters. The warmest month of the year is July (+19…+21 °C), the coldest is January (−13…−14 °C). The absolute minimum temperature is −44…−48 °C (in Kazan −46.8 °C in 1942). Maximum temperatures reach +37…+42 °C. The absolute annual amplitude reaches 80-90 °C.
Average precipitation is from 460 to 520 mm. The growing season is about 170 days.
Climatic differences within Tatarstan are small. The number of hours of sunshine during the year ranges from 1763 (Bugulma) to 2066 (Menzelinsk). The sunniest period is from April to August. The total solar radiation for the year is approximately 3900 MJ/sq.m.
The average annual temperature is approximately 2-3.1 °C.
A stable transition of the average daily temperature above 0 °C occurs at the beginning of April and at the end of October. The duration of the period with temperatures above 0 °C is 198-209 days, below 0 °C - 156-157 days.
The average annual precipitation is 460-540 mm. During the warm period (above 0 °C) 65-75% of the annual precipitation falls. The maximum precipitation occurs in July (51-65 mm), the minimum in February (21-27 mm). The Pre-Kama and Pre-Volga regions are most moistened by precipitation, the western Trans-Kama region is the least wet.
Snow cover forms after mid-November and melts in the first half of April. The duration of snow cover is 140-150 days a year, the average height is 35-45 cm.
The soils are very diverse - from gray forest and podzolic soils in the north and west to various types of chernozems in the south of the republic (32% of the area). On the territory of the region there are especially fertile powerful chernozems, and gray forest and leached chernozem soils predominate.
There are three soil regions on the territory of Tatarstan:
The main subsoil resource of the republic is oil. The Republic has 800 million tons of recoverable oil; The size of the predicted reserves is over 1 billion tons.
127 fields have been explored in Tatarstan, including more than 3,000 oil deposits. Here is the second largest deposit in Russia and one of the largest in the world - Romashkinskoye, located in the Leninogorsk region of Tatarstan. Among the large deposits, the Novoelkhovskoye and Sausbashskoye deposits, as well as the medium Bavlinskoye deposit, stand out. Along with oil, associated gas is produced - about 40 m³ per 1 ton of oil. Several minor deposits of natural gas and gas condensate are known.
108 coal deposits have been identified on the territory of Tatarstan. At the same time, only coal deposits associated with the South Tatar, Melekessky and North Tatar regions of the Kama coal basin can be used on an industrial scale. The depth of coal occurrence is from 900 to 1400 m.
Other minerals
In the depths of the republic there are also industrial reserves of limestone, dolomite, building sand, clay for the production of bricks, building stone, gypsum, sand and gravel mixture, peat, as well as promising reserves of oil bitumen, brown and hard coal, oil shale, zeolites, copper, bauxite . Highest value have zeolite-containing rocks (about half of the nonmetallic reserves of the republic), carbonate rocks (about 20%), clay rocks (also about 30%), sand-gravel mixture (7.7%), sands (5.4%), gypsum (1 .7%). 0.1% is occupied by phosphorites, iron oxide pigments and bitumen-containing rocks.
The largest rivers - the Volga (177 km across the territory of the republic) and the Kama (380 km), as well as two tributaries of the Kama - Vyatka (60 km) and Belaya (50 km), provide a total flow of 234 billion m³/year (97.5% of the total flow of all rivers). In addition to them, about 500 small rivers with a length of at least 10 km and numerous streams flow through the territory of the republic. Large reserves of water resources are concentrated in the two largest reservoirs - Kuibyshev and Nizhnekamsk. There are also more than 8 thousand small lakes and ponds in the republic.
The hydropower potential of rivers is realized on the river. Kama of the underutilized Nizhnekamsk hydroelectric power station generating about 1.8 billion kWh/year (according to the project - 2.7 billion kWh/year). The depths of the republic contain significant reserves of groundwater - from highly mineralized to slightly brackish and fresh.
The largest water bodies of Tatarstan are 4 reservoirs, providing the republic with water resources for various purposes.
There are 731 on the territory of the republic technical structure, 550 ponds, 115 treatment facilities, 11 protective dams.
The groundwater
As of 2005, 29 underground deposits have been explored in Tatarstan fresh water with reserves of approximately 1 million cubic meters/day, approximately a third of the reserves have been prepared for industrial development.
The reserves of mineral underground waters are also quite large. As of 2004, the total reserves of mineral groundwater are 3.293 thousand cubic meters per day.
On the territory of Tatarstan there are more than 150 specially protected natural areas with a total area of approximately 150 thousand hectares (2% of the total area of Tatarstan). The protected areas include:
In general, the ecological condition is satisfactory. The forest cover of Tatarstan is 16.2% (for the Russian Federation as a whole - 45.4%). The trend towards environmental deterioration began after 2000. By 2009, the condition of the atmospheric air had especially deteriorated.
Since 2000, it has been included in the Priority List of cities with the highest levels of air pollution. Cities were excluded from this list in 2007, but air pollution in these cities is characterized as high. 59.5% of the amount of pollutants emanating from all stationary sources of emissions was captured and neutralized, including solids - 92.3%, VOCs - 60%.
The largest sources of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere: OAO Tatneft - 79.8 thousand tons; PJSC "Nizhnekamskneftekhim", city - 39.8 thousand tons; JSC "Tatenergo" - 29.2 thousand tons.
In 2007, 5216.14 million m³ of water was used in recycling and re-sequential water supply systems, saving fresh water - 93%. Water losses during transportation amounted to 107.64 million m³ (about 14% of the total water intake in the republic). The volume of wastewater discharged into surface water bodies in 2007 amounted to 598.52 million m³, including 493.45 million m³ of contaminated wastewater (82%), there is no normatively treated wastewater.
In 2007, work on the construction of a drinking water treatment station was completed in Nizhnekamsk, for which 164.5 million rubles were spent; PJSC "Nizhnekamskneftekhim" - work continued on the reconstruction of sewer networks and structures (costs - 54.6 million rubles); OJSC Nizhnekamskshina - work on the reconstruction of sewer networks and structures (costs - 25.9 million rubles).
During 2007, 17 cases of environmental emergencies were recorded in the republic, including:
At the beginning of 2007, the republic's enterprises had 1.5 million tons of production and consumption waste on their balance sheets; During the year, 3.7 million tons of waste were generated, of which 54% was used and neutralized. Taking into account the transfer of waste for use, neutralization, burial, and disposal, at the end of 2007, 1.35 million tons of waste remained on the balance sheet of enterprises. On the territory of the republic there are the following places of organized waste disposal: solid waste landfills - 50 pcs. (48 comply with current standards) on an area of 321.9 hectares, authorized solid waste dumps in municipalities - 1322 pcs. on an area of 913.4 hectares, industrial waste landfills - 3 pcs. (all comply with current standards) on an area of 64.7 hectares.
The main sources of waste generation: OJSC KAMAZ - 991 thousand tons; OJSC "Zainsky Sugar" - 513 thousand tons; OJSC "Buinsky Sugar Plant" - 302 thousand tons.
The history of human settlements in this area dates back to the 8th century BC. e. Later, on the same territory there was a medieval state of the Volga Bulgars. In the 13th century, Bulgaria was conquered by the Mongols and, after the division of Genghis Khan's empire, was included in the Ulus of Jochi (Golden Horde).
At the beginning of the 15th century, Khan Ulu-Muhammad announced the creation of the Kazan Khanate after the collapse of the Golden Horde. The new state began to independently build relations with other countries, including the Moscow state. In the middle of the 16th century, during the reign of Ivan IV the Terrible, in 1552 Kazan was conquered by Moscow and included in the Moscow state.
As part of Russia, the Kazan Khanate was first called the Kazan Kingdom, after the reforms of Peter I - the Kazan Governorate (formed by the merger of the Astrakhan and Kazan kingdoms and the subsequent separation of other entities from it, with the reduction of the subject to the size of modern Tatarstan). The territory did not have self-government: the head of the province was the governor, appointed directly by the Emperor. Until 1920, the territory of the present Republic of Tatarstan was never officially or unofficially called either “Tataria” or “Tatarstan”. After the revolution, on the initiative of V.I. Lenin, on May 27, 1920, a decree was signed on the formation of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the territories of part of the Kazan and Ufa provinces as part of the RSFSR. Since August 30, 1990, the official name of the republic is the Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic (as well as the Republic of Tatarstan), and since February 7, 1992 - the Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan). On April 21, 1992, the renaming was approved by the Russian authorities.
The population of the republic, according to Rosstat, is 3 894 284 people (2018). Population density - 57,40 people/km (2018). Urban population - 76,79 % (2018).
Population density in the Republic of Tatarstan
Representatives of 115 nationalities live in the Republic of Tatarstan. The economically active population in the Republic of Tatarstan as of January 1, 2008 amounted to 1,790.1 thousand people, or 47.0% of the total population of the republic.
In 1999, Tatars accounted for 85% of the migration increase, Russians - 6.5%. Among the Tatars, the birth rate was 1.4 times higher than among Russians (in rural areas - 1.3 times, in cities - 1.5 times). At the same time, the mortality rate among Tatars is lower than among Russians (1.13 times), the natural increase in Tatars is higher than among Russians. Therefore, in 2000, the share of Tatars in the republic exceeded 50%. The Tatars have a higher birth rate than the Russians - 13.9 ppm and 9.8 ppm (1997), respectively. The proportion of young age groups among Tatars is also higher. Mortality among Tatars is lower than among Russians (9.9 ppm for Tatars and 11.2 for Russians). As a result, the natural increase in the Tatar population of the republic is higher (4.0%) than the Russian population (-1.4%). In 2005, the migration increase of Tatars compared to 2004 increased by 29.4%.
| Fertility (number of births per 1000 population) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 |
| 15,2 | ↗ 16,5 | ↘ 15,8 | ↗ 18,2 | ↘ 15,3 | ↘ 10,4 | ↘ 10,1 | ↘ 9,9 | ↘ 9,8 |
| 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
| ↘ 9,3 | ↗ 9,4 | ↗ 9,5 | ↗ 10,2 | → 10,2 | ↗ 10,3 | ↘ 9,8 | ↗ 9,9 | ↗ 10,9 |
| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | ||
| ↗ 11,8 | ↗ 12,4 | ↗ 12,9 | ↗ 13,4 | ↗ 14,5 | ↗ 14,8 | → 14,8 | ||
| Mortality rate (number of deaths per 1000 population) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 |
| 8,1 | ↗ 8,9 | ↗ 9,5 | ↗ 9,8 | ↗ 9,9 | ↗ 12,9 | ↘ 12,2 | ↗ 12,3 | ↘ 12,0 |
| 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
| ↗ 12,4 | ↗ 13,2 | ↗ 13,3 | ↗ 13,7 | ↗ 13,8 | ↘ 13,6 | ↗ 13,8 | ↘ 13,1 | ↘ 13,0 |
| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | ||
| ↗ 13,0 | ↘ 12,7 | ↗ 13,1 | ↘ 12,4 | ↘ 12,2 | ↘ 12,1 | ↗ 12,2 | ||
| Natural population growth (per 1000 population, the sign (-) means natural population decline) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 |
| 7,1 | ↗ 7,6 | ↘ 6,3 | ↗ 8,4 | ↘ 5,4 | ↘ -2,5 | ↗ -2,1 | ↘ -2,4 | ↗ -2,2 | ↘ -3,1 |
| 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
| ↘ -3,8 | → -3,8 | ↗ -3,5 | ↘ -3,6 | ↗ -3,3 | ↘ -4,0 | ↗ -3,2 | ↗ -2,1 | ↗ -1,2 | ↗ -0,3 |
| 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | |||||
| ↗ -0,2 | ↗ 1,0 | ↗ 2,3 | ↗ 2,7 | ↘ 2,6 | |||||
| Life expectancy at birth (number of years) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 |
| 70,9 | ↘ 70,6 | ↘ 69,8 | ↘ 68,0 | ↘ 66,7 | → 66,7 | ↗ 68,0 | ↗ 68,2 | ↗ 68,9 |
| 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
| ↘ 68,5 | ↘ 67,6 | ↘ 67,5 | → 67,5 | ↗ 67,6 | ↗ 67,7 | ↗ 68,0 | ↗ 69,0 | ↗ 69,4 |
| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | |||
| ↗ 70,1 | ↗ 70,8 | ↘ 70,4 | ↗ 71,3 | ↗ 71,8 | ↗ 72,1 | |||
National composition:
| People | 1920 thousand people |
1926 thousand people |
1939 thousand people |
1959 thousand people |
1970 thousand people |
1979 thousand people |
1989 thousand people |
2002 thousand people |
2010 thousand people |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tatars | 1306,2 (44,7 %) | 1263,4 (48,7 %) | 1421,5 (48,8 %) | 1345,2 (47,2 %) | 1536,4 (49,1 %) | 1641,6 (47,6 %) | 1765,4 (48,5 %) | 2000,1 (52,9 %) | 2012,6 (53,2 %) |
| including Kryashens | - | 99,0 (3,8 %) | - | - | - | - | - | 18,8 | 30,0 |
| Russians | 1205,3 (41,2 %) | 1118,8 (43,1 %) | 1250,7 (42,9 %) | 1252,4 (43,9 %) | 1328,7 (42,4 %) | 1516,0 (44,0 %) | 1575,4 (43,3 %) | 1492,6 (39,5 %) | 1501,4 (39,7 %) |
| Chuvash | 173,9 (5,9 %) | 127,3 (4,9 %) | 138,9 (4,8 %) | 143,6 (5,0 %) | 153,5 (4,9 %) | 147,1 (4,3 %) | 143,2 (3,7 %) | 126,5 (3,3 %) | 116,3 (3,1 %) |
| Udmurts | 19,0 | 23,9 | 25,9 | 22,7 | 24,5 | 25,3 | 24,8 | 24,2 | 23,5 |
| Mordva | 40,2 (1,4 %) | 35,1 (1,4 %) | 35,8 (1,2 %) | 32,9 (1,2 %) | 31,0 | 29,9 | 28,9 | 23,7 | 19,2 |
| Mari | 22,5 | 13,1 | 14,0 | 13,5 | 15,6 | 16,8 | 19,4 | 18,8 | 18,8 |
| Ukrainians | 3,2 | 3,1 | 13,1 | 16,1 | 16,9 | 28,6 | 32,8 | 24,2 | 18,2 |
| Bashkirs | 139,9 (4,8 %) | 1,8 | 0,9 | 2,1 | 2,9 | 9,3 | 19,1 | 14,9 | 13,7 |
| Azerbaijanis | 0 | 0,01 | 0,1 | 0,3 | 0,4 | 1,3 | 3,9 | 10,0 | 9,5 |
| Uzbeks | 0 | 0,01 | 0,2 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 1,2 | 2,7 | 4,9 | 8,9 |
| Armenians | 0,001 | 0,1 | 0,4 | 0,6 | 0,5 | 1,2 | 1,8 | 5,9 | 6,0 |
| Tajiks | 0 | 0 | 0,02 | 0 | 0,1 | 0,2 | 0,7 | 3,6 | 5,9 |
Nations with a population of more than 5 thousand people are listed.
| Area/ Urban district |
Tatars | Russians | Chuvash | Udmurts | Mordovians | Mari | Ukrainians | Bashkirs | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| numerical ness |
% | numerical ness |
% | numerical ness |
% | numerical ness |
% | numerical ness |
% | numerical ness |
% | numerical ness |
% | numerical ness |
% | |
| urban district Kazan |
542182 | 47,55 | 554517 | 48,63 | 8956 | 0,79 | 1410 | 0,12 | 996 | 0,09 | 3698 | 0,32 | 4808 | 0,42 | 1780 | 0,16 |
| urban district Naberezhnye Chelny |
242302 | 47,42 | 229270 | 44,87 | 9961 | 1,95 | 2017 | 0,39 | 1979 | 0,39 | 3408 | 0,67 | 6715 | 1,31 | 5904 | 1,16 |
| Agryzsky | 21284 | 58,12 | 9228 | 25,20 | 74 | 0,20 | 2358 | 6,44 | 25 | 0,07 | 2931 | 8,00 | 140 | 0,38 | 132 | 0,36 |
| Aznakaevsky | 55578 | 86,10 | 7206 | 11,16 | 339 | 0,53 | 20 | 0,03 | 193 | 0,30 | 101 | 0,16 | 193 | 0,30 | 249 | 0,39 |
| Aksubaevsky | 12398 | 38,55 | 5398 | 16,78 | 14149 | 43,99 | 20 | 0,06 | 22 | 0,07 | 16 | 0,05 | 43 | 0,13 | 14 | 0,04 |
| Aktanyshsky | 30989 | 96,93 | 209 | 0,65 | 11 | 0,03 | 7 | 0,02 | 2 | 0,01 | 526 | 1,65 | 6 | 0,02 | 108 | 0,34 |
| Alekseevsky | 7997 | 30,48 | 15365 | 58,56 | 1645 | 6,27 | 8 | 0,03 | 784 | 2,99 | 19 | 0,07 | 58 | 0,22 | 25 | 0,10 |
| Alkeevsky | 12829 | 64,17 | 3143 | 15,72 | 3829 | 19,15 | 4 | 0,02 | 8 | 0,04 | 10 | 0,05 | 14 | 0,07 | 7 | 0,04 |
| Almetyevsky | 108988 | 55,20 | 73229 | 37,09 | 5533 | 2,80 | 150 | 0,08 | 2749 | 1,39 | 142 | 0,07 | 851 | 0,43 | 709 | 0,36 |
| Apastovsky | 19659 | 90,90 | 1019 | 4,71 | 791 | 3,66 | 2 | 0,01 | 3 | 0,01 | 4 | 0,02 | 24 | 0,11 | 8 | 0,04 |
| Arsky | 47921 | 92,75 | 3065 | 5,93 | 30 | 0,06 | 39 | 0,08 | 6 | 0,01 | 286 | 0,55 | 33 | 0,06 | 21 | 0,04 |
| Atninsky | 13457 | 98,59 | 93 | 0,68 | 3 | 0,02 | 3 | 0,02 | - | - | 44 | 0,32 | - | - | 10 | 0,07 |
| Bavlinsky | 23414 | 64,55 | 7346 | 20,25 | 2060 | 5,68 | 2031 | 5,60 | 383 | 1,06 | 16 | 0,04 | 123 | 0,34 | 208 | 0,57 |
| Baltasinsky | 28780 | 84,96 | 588 | 1,74 | 8 | 0,02 | 4029 | 11,89 | 3 | 0,01 | 319 | 0,94 | 7 | 0,02 | 25 | 0,07 |
| Bugulminsky | 39499 | 35,46 | 63079 | 56,63 | 2750 | 2,47 | 126 | 0,11 | 2533 | 2,27 | 99 | 0,09 | 667 | 0,60 | 436 | 0,39 |
| Buinsky | 29970 | 65,94 | 6055 | 13,32 | 9063 | 19,94 | 8 | 0,02 | 76 | 0,17 | 13 | 0,03 | 41 | 0,09 | 28 | 0,06 |
| Verkhneuslonsky | 4148 | 24,93 | 10952 | 65,81 | 1032 | 6,20 | 15 | 0,09 | 27 | 0,16 | 37 | 0,22 | 49 | 0,29 | 11 | 0,07 |
| Vysokogorsky | 29041 | 67,23 | 13123 | 30,38 | 220 | 0,51 | 24 | 0,06 | 22 | 0,05 | 99 | 0,23 | 72 | 0,17 | 43 | 0,10 |
| Drozhzhanovsky | 14812 | 57,52 | 282 | 1,10 | 10594 | 41,14 | 3 | 0,01 | 8 | 0,03 | 2 | 0,01 | 4 | 0,02 | 6 | 0,02 |
| Elabuga | 34750 | 42,58 | 42233 | 51,75 | 824 | 1,01 | 692 | 0,85 | 187 | 0,23 | 958 | 1,17 | 402 | 0,49 | 517 | 0,63 |
| Zainsky | 33387 | 57,52 | 22738 | 39,17 | 800 | 1,38 | 43 | 0,07 | 53 | 0,09 | 78 | 0,13 | 223 | 0,38 | 124 | 0,21 |
| Zelenodolsky | 63981 | 40,38 | 89069 | 56,21 | 1931 | 1,22 | 104 | 0,07 | 145 | 0,09 | 880 | 0,56 | 547 | 0,35 | 154 | 0,10 |
| Kaybitsky | 10092 | 67,74 | 3902 | 26,19 | 789 | 5,30 | 4 | 0,03 | 4 | 0,03 | 12 | 0,08 | 6 | 0,04 | 9 | 0,06 |
| Kamsko-Ustinsky | 9143 | 54,09 | 7228 | 42,76 | 154 | 0,91 | 5 | 0,03 | 101 | 0,60 | 13 | 0,08 | 41 | 0,24 | 12 | 0,07 |
| Kukmorsky | 40907 | 78,64 | 2779 | 5,34 | 23 | 0,04 | 7278 | 13,99 | 2 | 0,00 | 754 | 1,45 | 40 | 0,08 | 43 | 0,08 |
| Laishevsky | 15355 | 42,05 | 20130 | 55,13 | 381 | 1,04 | 20 | 0,05 | 45 | 0,12 | 42 | 0,12 | 76 | 0,21 | 45 | 0,12 |
| Leninogorsky | 44696 | 51,48 | 32144 | 37,02 | 3924 | 4,52 | 45 | 0,05 | 4006 | 4,61 | 59 | 0,07 | 443 | 0,51 | 262 | 0,30 |
| Mamadyshsky | 34317 | 76,25 | 9035 | 20,08 | 44 | 0,10 | 565 | 1,26 | 8 | 0,02 | 621 | 1,38 | 36 | 0,08 | 44 | 0,10 |
| Mendeleevsky | 16033 | 52,78 | 10811 | 35,59 | 195 | 0,64 | 1332 | 4,38 | 31 | 0,10 | 1227 | 4,04 | 125 | 0,41 | 168 | 0,55 |
| Menzelinsky | 17646 | 60,10 | 10403 | 35,43 | 132 | 0,45 | 31 | 0,11 | 15 | 0,05 | 795 | 2,71 | 67 | 0,23 | 50 | 0,17 |
| Muslyumovsky | 19675 | 89,91 | 1388 | 6,34 | 10 | 0,05 | 6 | 0,03 | 5 | 0,02 | 598 | 2,73 | 12 | 0,05 | 38 | 0,17 |
| Nizhnekamsk | 136520 | 50,21 | 119402 | 43,91 | 6749 | 2,48 | 637 | 0,23 | 824 | 0,30 | 762 | 0,28 | 1544 | 0,57 | 1769 | 0,65 |
| Novosheshminsky | 6147 | 43,35 | 7219 | 50,91 | 593 | 4,18 | 7 | 0,05 | 10 | 0,07 | 9 | 0,06 | 18 | 0,13 | 12 | 0,08 |
| Nurlatsky | 31114 | 51,75 | 12979 | 21,59 | 15186 | 25,26 | 8 | 0,01 | 138 | 0,23 | 15 | 0,02 | 97 | 0,16 | 49 | 0,08 |
| Pestrechinsky | 16550 | 57,02 | 11666 | 40,20 | 113 | 0,39 | 26 | 0,09 | 17 | 0,06 | 17 | 0,06 | 81 | 0,28 | 28 | 0,10 |
| Rybno-Slobodsky | 21896 | 79,25 | 5470 | 19,80 | 38 | 0,14 | 17 | 0,06 | 5 | 0,02 | 12 | 0,04 | 25 | 0,09 | 20 | 0,07 |
| Sabinsky | 29606 | 95,39 | 996 | 3,21 | 18 | 0,06 | 219 | 0,71 | 2 | 0,01 | 12 | 0,04 | 23 | 0,07 | 44 | 0,14 |
| Sarmanovsky | 33320 | 90,84 | 2859 | 7,79 | 56 | 0,15 | 12 | 0,03 | 35 | 0,10 | 27 | 0,07 | 30 | 0,08 | 103 | 0,28 |
| Spassky | 6072 | 29,54 | 13889 | 67,57 | 338 | 1,64 | 7 | 0,03 | 38 | 0,18 | 6 | 0,03 | 40 | 0,19 | 10 | 0,05 |
| Tetyushsky | 8136 | 32,71 | 8874 | 35,67 | 5207 | 20,93 | 8 | 0,03 | 2399 | 9,64 | 21 | 0,08 | 41 | 0,16 | 30 | 0,12 |
| Tukaevsky | 25983 | 71,07 | 8869 | 24,26 | 540 | 1,48 | 67 | 0,18 | 45 | 0,12 | 118 | 0,32 | 175 | 0,48 | 206 | 0,56 |
| Tyulyachinsky | 12727 | 89,17 | 1440 | 10,09 | 6 | 0,04 | 4 | 0,03 | 2 | 0,01 | 10 | 0,07 | 9 | 0,06 | 4 | 0,03 |
| Cheremshansky | 11022 | 54,13 | 3624 | 17,80 | 4640 | 22,79 | 5 | 0,02 | 853 | 4,19 | 2 | 0,01 | 15 | 0,07 | 18 | 0,09 |
| Chistopolsky | 32134 | 40,08 | 44451 | 55,45 | 2405 | 3,00 | 17 | 0,02 | 322 | 0,40 | 13 | 0,02 | 168 | 0,21 | 51 | 0,06 |
| Yutazinsky | 16114 | 74,55 | 4604 | 21,30 | 108 | 0,50 | 21 | 0,10 | 45 | 0,21 | 17 | 0,08 | 109 | 0,50 | 192 | 0,89 |
| Tatarstan total: | 2012571 | 53,24 | 1501369 | 39,71 | 116252 | 3,08 | 23454 | 0,62 | 19156 | 0,51 | 18848 | 0,50 | 18241 | 0,48 | 13726 | 0,36 |
Tatarstan is 6th in terms of production volume and one of the most economically developed regions of Russia. In 2013, the republic's GRP amounted to 1.52 trillion rubles. The share of the Republic of Tatarstan in all-Russian production is (in%): polyethylene - 51.9; synthetic rubbers - 41.9; tires - 33.6; trucks - 30.5; synthetic detergents - 12.1; oil production - 6.6; cardboard - 4.5.
The agricultural sector plays an important role in the economy of the Republic of Tatarstan. The Republic is one of the three leaders among other regions of Russia in terms of agricultural production.
According to the Concept of Territorial Economic Policy of the Republic of Tatarstan, 6 economic zones (territorial production complexes (TPC)) are allocated on its territory. On the territory of the Nizhne-Kama economic zone there is a special economic zone of Alabuga, as well as the Nizhnekamsk petrochemical and Naberezhnye Chelny automotive clusters.
The geographical location of Tatarstan determines its key role in transport links between eastern and European parts Russia, as well as in communication with other countries. All types of transport are represented in Tatarstan. However, the weak side of the republic’s road network is its lack of connectivity due to the peculiarities of its geographical location: large rivers pose a serious obstacle to the organization of land transport links.
Car roads are represented by the main roads M7 (Volga) "Moscow - Kazan - Ufa", M7 "Elabuga - Perm", M5 (Ural) "Moscow - Samara - Chelyabinsk", P239 "Kazan - Orenburg", P241 "Kazan - Ulyanovsk", A295 " Kazan - Yoshkar-Ola", A151 "Cheboksary - Ulyanovsk", 16A-0003 "Nab. Chelny - Almetyevsk".
Railways are available in 22 districts, as well as in the urban districts of Kazan and Nab. Chelny. Basic railways in the republic these are the latitudinal lines Moscow – Kazan – Yekaterinburg and Moscow – Ulyanovsk – Ufa. The connecting role between them is played by the meridional lines Agryz - Bugulma and Zelenodolsk - Ulyanovsk.
Water transport available on the main rivers: Volga, Kama, Vyatka and Belaya. The republic occupies a central position between the basins of these four rivers.
Air Transport It is represented in the republic thanks to three operating airports: these are the international airports of federal significance "Kazan" and "Begishevo" (Nizhnekamsk / Nab. Chelny), as well as the regional airport Bugulma.
Metropolitan in Kazan has one line 15.8 km long and 10 stations.
Tram Used as passenger transport in Kazan, Nab. Chelny, Nizhnekamsk (including Krasny Klyuch village).
Trolleybus These systems operate in the cities of Kazan and Almetyevsk (including the town of Nizhnyaya Maktama).
Tatarstan is the largest center in Eastern Europe pipeline transport. The main pipeline routes originate from the Almetyevsko-Bugulma industrial hub and Nizhnekamsk to neighboring regions. The Druzhba oil pipeline transports Tatarstan oil to Europe.
According to Article 8 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, the state languages in the Republic of Tatarstan are equal to the Tatar and Russian languages.
Tatarstan, according to the Constitution, is a secular state.
Religious associations are separated from the state and are equal before the law.
There are 1,428 mosques and 319 churches registered on the territory of the republic. Two religions are most widespread in the Republic of Tatarstan: Islam and Orthodox Christianity.
Sunni Islam was adopted as the official religion in Volga Bulgaria in 922. And in 1313, Khan Uzbek made Islam the state religion of the Golden Horde. Currently, it is professed by a significant part of the Tatars. The leadership of Muslims is carried out by the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the Republic of Tatarstan. Judaism, Buddhism and Krishnaism are slightly widespread.
Christianity (Orthodoxy) appeared in the middle of the 16th century after the annexation of the Kazan Khanate to the Russian state as a result of the conquest by Ivan the Terrible. The followers of this religion are Russians, Chuvash, Mari, Mordovians, Udmurts and Kryashens. There are communities of other branches of Christianity: Old Believers, Catholics, Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutherans, Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, Evangelical Christians, Christians of the Evangelical faith and others.
Historical and geographical factors determined the location of Tatarstan at the junction of two major civilizations: eastern and western, which largely explains the diversity of its cultural wealth.
On the territory of the republic there are two world heritage monuments included by UNESCO in the List of World Cultural and Natural Heritage.
One of the clear examples of state cultural policy in the field of preservation and popularization of heritage is the Kazan Kremlin. Thus, during the celebration of the 1000th anniversary of Kazan, thousands of residents of the republic and guests from near and far abroad witnessed the greatness of the restored Annunciation Cathedral and the recently rebuilt Kul Sharif mosque, symbolizing the peaceful coexistence of the two main religions of the republic - Christian and Muslim.
The uniqueness of the Kazan Kremlin as an exceptional evidence of historical continuity and cultural diversity over a long period of time was confirmed on November 30, 2000 at the session of the UNESCO intergovernmental committee in Australia by its inclusion in the List of World Cultural and Natural Heritage. In September 2005, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan issued a decree on the creation of the Museum of Archeology on the territory of the State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve "Kazan Kremlin".
In 2014, Ancient Bolgar, the capital of the ancient Bulgarian Khanate (Volga Bulgaria), was also included in the List of World Cultural and Natural Heritage.
825 newspapers and magazines are published in Tatarstan, including regional newspapers in Russian, Tatar, Udmurt and Chuvash languages.
Main article: Tourism in Tatarstan
The Republic of Tatarstan is a region with high potential for tourism and recreation. Among the key factors determining its high competitiveness in the Russian and international tourism markets are a significant number of natural attractions, historical and cultural sites, as well as the development of sports tourism. There are 3 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Tatarstan - the Kazan Kremlin, the Bulgarian State Museum-Reserve and the Assumption Monastery on the island of Sviyazhsk.
The Republic of Tatarstan is one of the leaders among the regions of the Russian Federation in the field of tourism, showing steady positive dynamics in the main indicators of industry development. The annual growth rate of the tourist flow to the republic is on average 13.5%, the growth rate of the volume of sales of services in the field of tourism is 17.0%. A positive trend in the growth dynamics of the main indicators is noted according to the interim data for 2016.
The number of foreign citizens arriving in the Republic of Tatarstan increased by 6.7% compared to 2015 and amounted to 250,506 people.
The Republic of Tatarstan is considered one of the leaders among the regions of the Russian Federation in terms of the number of business entities in the tourism industry and tourism infrastructure facilities. At the end of 2016, 104 tour operators were registered in the Republic of Tatarstan, of which 32 were in the field of domestic tourism, 65 in the field of domestic and inbound tourism, 6 in the field of domestic, inbound and outbound tourism, and 1 in the field of domestic and outbound tourism.
As of January 1, 2017, there are 404 collective accommodation facilities (CRF) operating on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, of which 379 CRF are subject to classification (183 in Kazan, 196 in other municipalities of the Republic of Tatarstan). 334 collective accommodation facilities received a certificate of category assignment, which is 88.1% of the total number of operating ones.
In 2016, special attention was paid to the development of tourist centers of the Republic of Tatarstan - Kazan, Great Bolgar, the island city of Sviyazhsk, Elabuga, Chistopol, Tetyush. The growth of tourist flow in the main tourist centers of the republic compared to 2015 averaged 45.9%.
Currently, Tatarstan is developing rapidly sanatorium-resort holiday. There are 46 sanatorium and resort institutions operating on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan. The capacity of the facilities of the sanatorium and resort complex of Tatarstan is 8847 beds, more than 4300 specialists are employed in providing services to residents. In 2016, more than 160 thousand people rested in sanatoriums of the Republic of Tatarstan. 22 sanatorium and resort institutions of the Republic of Tatarstan are members of the Association of sanatorium and resort institutions "Sanatoriums of Tatarstan", including 11 sanatoriums of PJSC Tatneft.
In 2016, with the support of the State Committee of the Republic of Tatarstan for Tourism, to develop the tourism industry in the republic, the official tourism brand Visit Tatarstan was created, within which a special tourism resource began to function, where information on the main attractions and recreation in Tatarstan is available.
Main building of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan
Tatarstan is a region with powerful educational and scientific potential. The education sector employs 170,000 people. Secondary 9-year education is compulsory and free. In total, there are 2,434 secondary schools in the republic, where about 600,000 schoolchildren study. More than 90% of children who have received the educational minimum established by law continue their education at school for 2 years or in secondary specialized educational institutions.
Tatarstan is famous high level development of academic, university and industrial science. For more than 200 years it has been one of the leading scientific centers in Eastern Europe. World-famous schools of mathematicians, chemists, astronomers, physicists, orientalists, linguists and physiologists appeared here. The names of N. I. Lobachevsky, N. N. Zinin, A. M. Butlerov, A. E. Arbuzov, E. K. Zavoisky, V. V. Radlov, K. Fuks, Sh. Mardzhani and K. Nasyri were included in history of world science.
During the Great Patriotic War, Kazan scientific schools made a huge contribution to strengthening the country's defense capability, working closely with the USSR Academy of Sciences, which was evacuated to Kazan.
By decree of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan on September 30, 1991, the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan (AST) was established. Since the creation of ANT, there has been a constant process of replenishing its ranks and improving its organizational structure. Currently, the ANT unites 32 full members, 52 corresponding members and 10 honorary members. The Academy includes seven departments, uniting biologists, doctors, lawyers, mathematicians, physicists, power engineers, and chemists. The range of their research is very wide and is aimed at solving current scientific, technical, socio-economic, humanitarian and cultural problems facing the republic at the present stage of development. Many of the developments of the Academy's scientists are carried out at the level of the latest achievements of world science and technology and are recognized by the general scientific community. Most of the research is practical in nature.
It has become a good tradition to strengthen ties between the Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan and scientific institutions in Russia, the CIS countries and abroad. The Academy closely cooperates with the Russian Academy of Sciences (primarily through the Kazan Scientific Center), the academies of sciences of Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Bashkortostan, Chuvashia, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Tajikistan, research centers of Turkey, France and others countries with which 21 treaties and 5 agreements on scientific cooperation have been concluded. The Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan has established and annually awards the State Prize of the Republic of Tatarstan in science and technology, five named prizes (named after Sh. Mardzhani, X. Mushtari, G. Kamay, V. Engelhardt, A. Teregulov) and two international prizes: in physics - named E. K. Zavoisky (together with the Kazan Institute of Physics and Technology of the KSC RAS and KSU) and in chemistry - named after A. E. and B. A. Arbuzov (together with the Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry of the KSC RAS).
Kazan is one of the oldest educational centers in Russia. There are more than 30 higher educational institutions in Tatarstan (including 16 state ones), most of which are concentrated in Kazan. Four Kazan universities (Kazan State Financial and Economic Institute, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan State Technological University, Kazan State Technical University them. Tupolev) are among the 50 best universities in Russia.
In the republic, as of 2012, there are 997 schools with the Tatar language of instruction, 823 schools with the Russian language of instruction, and 387 mixed (Russian-Tatar and Tatar-Russian) schools. In terms of the number of students, Russian-language schools predominate - they have 133,758 students; Tatar-language schools have 76,142 students; mixed schools have 16,874. 46.13% of Tatar students study in the Tatar language. Also in the republic there are 118 schools with a Chuvash ethnocultural component (7193 students), 20 - Mari (803 students), 37 Udmurt (1677 students), 5 Mordovian (122 students), one school each with Bashkir (11 students), Jewish ( 270 students) and Turkish (98 students). There are 30 Sunday schools in which languages of 28 peoples are studied: Mari, Chuvash, Ukrainian, Udmurt, Bashkir, Mordovian, Azerbaijani, Armenian, Ossetian, Tajik, Assyrian, Afghan, Greek, etc. .
On July 21, 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin, at a meeting of the Council on Interethnic Relations, stated that forcing a person to learn a non-native language, regardless of the status of the language itself, is unacceptable, which caused numerous discussions in the educational sphere and among residents of many regions, including Tatarstan. Next, the President instructed the Prosecutor General of Russia, Yuri Chaika, to conduct a check on the voluntariness of studying national languages in schools by November 30. The result of the inspections was numerous warnings to school principals in Tatarstan demanding that the Tatar language be removed from the compulsory curriculum due to its absence in the federal standard. Tatarstan President Rustam Minnikhanov voiced his opinion on the problem, disagreeing with the fact that the state language of the republic could be voluntary.
On November 29, 2017, the parliament of Tatarstan, which previously advocated maintaining the equal status of the Russian and Tatar languages in the republic, including in the educational sphere, unanimously voted for the voluntary study of the Tatar language in schools. And Tatarstan prosecutor Ildus Nafikov, speaking with a report, noted that the Tatar language can only be taught on a voluntary basis with the written consent of parents for a maximum of two hours a week. As a result, the Tatar language was removed from the republic’s education system as a compulsory subject.
Many experts have expressed fears that the exclusion of the state languages of the republics from the compulsory school curriculum will put them on the brink of extinction. Opinions have been expressed that there are political motives in the actions of the federal center on the language issue.
Districts of Tatarstan
According to Section III of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, its territory includes administrative-territorial units: 43 districts, 14 cities of republican significance.
Within the framework of the municipal structure of the republic, 956 municipalities were formed within the boundaries of the administrative-territorial units of Tatarstan:
The largest populated area of Tatarstan is the capital city with a million population. In addition to it, there are also 21, 20 urban-type settlements and 897 rural councils in the Republic.
The most populated region of Tatarstan is Zelenodolsky (165,283 people with Zelenodolsk), the least populated is Yelabuga (85,596 people with Yelabuga).
Settlements with a population of more than 10 thousand people
Tatarstan is the only region of the Russian Federation that has more than one million-plus urban agglomeration - Kazan and polycentric Naberezhnye Chelny (Nizhne-Kama). The republic also has an almost half-million population of Almetyevsk (South Tatarstan) polycentric agglomeration.
In the Kazan agglomeration, the construction of satellite cities of the 155,000-population science city Innopolis and the 100,000-population Salavat Kuper has begun, and it is also planned to create satellite cities of the 40,000-population Smart City and 157,000-population Green Dol.
Like many other regions of the Russian Federation, Tatarstan has direct economic ties with many countries of the world, in some of which the republic has opened its foreign economic representative offices. In 2008, the volume of trade turnover between Tatarstan reached 3 billion dollars.
Cabinet of Ministers building
The fundamental law of the Republic is the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, adopted on November 30, 1992. According to the Constitution, Tatarstan is a democratic legal state. In the event of a contradiction between the federal law and the normative legal act of the Republic of Tatarstan, issued on the subjects of jurisdiction of the Republic of Tatarstan, the normative legal act of the Republic of Tatarstan shall apply.
The highest official in the Republic of Tatarstan is the President of Tatarstan. On June 12, 1991, Mintimer Sharipovich Shaimiev became the first President of the Republic of Tatarstan. On March 25, 2005, Mintimer Sharipovich Shaimiev was vested with the powers of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan for a new term by the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation. On January 22, 2010, Shaimiev asked the President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev not to consider his candidacy for a new presidential term after March 25, 2010. On March 25, 2010, Rustam Minnikhanov took office as President of the Republic of Tatarstan, and Shaimiev was appointed to the position of State Counselor of the Republic of Tatarstan.
The unicameral State Council (parliament), which consists of 100 deputies, is the highest representative, legislative and control body of state power. On March 26, 2004, Farid Mukhametshin was elected Chairman of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan.
The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic is the executive and administrative body of state power and is headed by the Prime Minister. On May 11, 2001, Rustam Minnikhanov was confirmed as Prime Minister of the Republic of Tatarstan for the second time. After Minnikhanov assumed the office of President, Ravil Muratov was appointed acting Prime Minister, and since April 22, 2010, Ildar Shafkatovich Khalikov has been Prime Minister.
The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan, within its competence:
The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan exercises control over the compliance of regulatory legal acts adopted by republican executive authorities (departmental regulatory legal acts), federal legislation, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, laws of the Republic of Tatarstan, legal acts President of the Republic of Tatarstan, Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan.
The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan issues resolutions and orders, ensures and verifies their implementation. Acts of a normative nature are issued in the form of resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan. Acts on operational and other current issues that are not of a normative nature are issued in the form of orders of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan. Resolutions and orders of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan are mandatory for execution in the Republic of Tatarstan. Resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan, with the exception of resolutions containing information constituting a state secret or information of a confidential nature, are subject to official publication. The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan has the right to accept appeals, statements and other acts that do not have a legal nature.
Judicial power in the republic is exercised by the Supreme Court of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Arbitration Court of the Republic of Tatarstan, district courts and magistrates.
The Prosecutor of the Republic of Tatarstan and the prosecutors subordinate to him exercise supervision over compliance with the laws. Since 2000, the prosecutor of the Republic of Tatarstan has been Kafil Fakhrazeevich Amirov, who resigned in September 2013. Since September 2013, the prosecutor of the Republic of Tatarstan has been Ildus Saidovich Nafikov.
Tatarstan
