THE PHOTO SHOW A HEALTHY PLANT
Zamioculcas doesn't just have roots - it has tubers. If they rot, then on the surface the plant “unfolds” in all directions, with wet, dark, soft places at the base. It is necessary to remove everything from the pot along with the soil, lay it out on paper (newspaper) and let it dry. Rummage in this soil, maybe there are surviving tubers or partially surviving ones. The plant will have to be cut if it rots in any case. You will need two pots, soil for succulents or universal soil. Select all the tubers from the ground and dry them for a couple of days in a warm, dark place. Cut the stems (leaves) at an angle with a sharp, disinfected knife. Remove half of the lower leaves. Place in water. Everything must be sterile. If you are not sure of sterility, then “powder” the sections with crushed activated or charcoal, and into the water. They take root quickly in the “warmth and light”. Examine the dried tubers carefully to see if they are rotting - cut them off like potatoes; be sure to treat the sections, as I wrote above, with charcoal powder. Dry for a couple of days and bury in one of the clean small pots (plastic) about halfway up the height of the pot. Place in a warm place. After a week, water. The next watering will be when it dries out. upper layer up to half - this may take approximately 10-12 days at a temperature of +25. Then water again and so on until germination. In the spring, all the tubers will definitely be sprouted.
When the cuttings take root in water, carefully plant them all together in one pot without harming the roots (this way they grow better and are easier to care for - there will be no excess moisture). Fill with crumbly soil, do not tamp down the soil, then water, let the excess water drain and then tamp down the soil lightly. Place the pot in a warm place opposite the window, 1-2-3 meters away, but not on the windowsill (this is not a plant that can live on the windowsill), better on the floor in the corner of the room. Do not take pots that are much larger than the roots; Zamioculcas needs close-sized containers. But don’t take a small pot either, because... Don’t forget that these little white roots will soon grow tubers the size of cherries.
I don’t know what else to write, I could write a whole article on this subject, you better ask if anything is not clear. Good luck!
pull out of the pot.
Remove rot, plant in new soil, even sand
Zamioculcas takes root both as a “twig” and as a “leaf”; you can take cuttings if there is a problem with the roots
change the soil, replant!
change the soil! Read on the Internet how to properly care for such a plant and what kind of care and climate it needs! Good luck!
Look for rot and remove anything suspicious. The soil can be taken for succulent plants.
Zamioculcas does not like moisture and cold at the same time and immediately begins to rot. Urgently cut off a few stems and place them in water. They will take root, plant them again. I had the same parsley. This is mine after new rooting
Change the soil, water less often
It is necessary to remove the earthen lump from the pot, inspect the roots, remove rot, sprinkle the cuttings with cinnamon or ground activated carbon, and replant them in new soil. Take a pot that is not wide, but deep (the roots go deep), there must be a large layer of drainage at the bottom, use the soil for cacti. After transplantation, do not water, carefully water for a month. In the future, water only after the earthen clod has dried completely, since the plant stores water in the tubers, so it can remain without watering for a long time.
Replant in fresh soil and water only after the soil has dried out.
This decorative flower originally from Africa. On its meter-long leaves-stems there are paired dark green leaves that are leathery to the touch. With proper care, the flower has enviable immunity and therefore rarely gets sick. But in people who do not have experience in cultivating plants, it can hurt:
Zamioculcas is not a whimsical plant, and the main thing for the gardener is not to harm it with excessive attention.
Sometimes with a newly brought flower you can introduce a fungal disease into your collection. Experienced flower growers It is recommended to quarantine newcomers for 2 weeks, and then it will be clear whether he is infected or not.
A fungal disease that attacks the leaves and stems of a plant. Black and brown spots appear on them and grow over time.
Most often, this fungus appears in greenhouse conditions. when the room is warm and humid.
This disease is not difficult to survive cold weather and therefore, in order to completely get rid of it, the plant must be treated with fungicides:
Powdery mildew appears in warm time years plus, increased watering.
It is easy to notice by the coating on the plant, it looks like flour.
When the disease occurs, the affected leaf blades become covered with a powdery coating and die off after a while. Therefore, treatment begins with:
The manifestation of the disease is a sooty black coating on the plant. Appears due to the sticky secretions of such pests:
First of all, you need to get rid of harmful insects, and only then get rid of the sooty fungus itself. Zamioculcas can be washed with laundry soap after treatment. If this does not help, then treat with phytosporin.
Burns to leaf blades cannot be treated.
The affected leaf remains damaged.
It’s just that in the summer, when the sun’s rays behave noticeably more aggressively, the zamioculcas is removed from the south window and moved to north window or if it is not there, then deeper into the room.
To get rid of rotting places on a flower, you need to remove it from the soil, get rid of all affected areas and treat it with appropriate fungicides. The pot is doused with boiling water, and new soil is purchased. When cultivating this flower further, you must carefully monitor its watering and not overwater it.
Important! You need to periodically inspect your pets for pests, otherwise the plant may not be saved. Because in initial stage the lesion is easier to treat than when the entire flower is completely affected.
Sometimes, due to improper maintenance, various diseases appear. The trunk darkens in spots or the leaf blades turn yellow. This is a consequence of two main mistakes: the gardener dries out his flower, using too infrequent watering, or the flower is flooded, often using too cold water.
If this slight yellowing is not more than 5% of the total leaf mass, then this is natural aging of the leaves.
It’s worse if the entire meter-long branch turns yellow at once. This indicates improper care or pest infestation. Therefore, it is necessary to reconsider the irrigation regime and water quality.
If everything is in order, the flower is inspected for the presence of pests and if they are found, they immediately begin to treat it with the necessary drugs.
Leaf blades can wither due to natural aging, and this only happens to the lower leaf blades.
If the entire branch dries out, then this is mechanical damage or errors in the watering and lighting regime.
If this occurs with the simultaneous appearance of black spots, then this is a sure sign of root rotting from overwatering the plant and watering with cold water.
Important! Follow watering rules.
Sticky leaf blades appear the moment the flower is struck harmful insects. Since stickiness is a product of their vital activity. Feeding on the sap of the plant, they secrete a sticky mass, and sooty fungus often appears, since its spores easily stick to such foliage.
Important! Therefore, when such leaf plates are detected, it is necessary to urgently find the pest and begin treating the flower.
If the watering regime is improperly organized, Zamioculcas may experience problems with the root mass.
If the root system of a plant that is adapted to live in the desert dries out, this means that the grower has not watered the plant for six months. Because the root system of Zamioculcas is capable of accumulating in its potatoes the water necessary to nourish its own bush. Therefore, it is necessary to organize a watering regime. If the roots die immediately, they can be grown again.
This is the same bay of the plant. He urgently needs a transplant with the simultaneous removal of all rotting parts.
In this case, the land must be purchased, since garden soil is too rich for this flower.
Land for desert cacti will suit him. After processing and planting in new soil, watering begins 15 days later. In this case, the water should be warm and settled. Zamioculcas fertilization begins a month after planting.
If these are not rotting roots, since the watering regime was followed, then most likely these are just adult (old) roots of Zamioculcas. If they have white growing tips, then these are healthy roots.
Spots on the root system indicate that the flower is given too frequent watering. In this case, cold water is used. To correct this situation water warm water and at least 2 times less often than the previous regime.
Harmful insects come either from contaminated soil or brought from the store with another purchased flower. Therefore, the new recruit is usually quarantined 2 weeks away from the main array of flowers in the house.
If a pest is found on yellowing foliage, the flower is removed further from other plants and treatment begins.
Important! If a pest is noticed in time, you can get rid of it quite quickly, so it is recommended to inspect the flower from time to time for their presence.
Leaf plates can become deformed due to the appearance of mealybugs on them.
This harmful insect lives and breeds on the leaves of Zamioculcas. It is easy to detect because, feeding on the sap of the plant, it secretes a sticky white cotton wool.
Its harmful effect on the plant is not only that they feed on its sap, but also its excretion on sheet plates block the access of oxygen and the affected leaves do not participate in photosynthesis.
To get rid of the scale insect, wash the flower with 72% laundry soap, and if this does not help, treat it with one of these preparations, diluting them according to the instructions indicated on the package:
The fact that thrips have appeared on the plant will indicate white coating on leaves and twisted shoots.
The flower must be placed at a safe distance from other indoor plants and its treatment must be started using the following preparations:
Important! When processing plants, you must adhere to safety rules so as not to cause poisoning to children and pets.
This pest is easy to detect on the green mass of the plant - it is small, up to 1 mm long. red spider that forms a web with outside leaf plate.
It is removed mechanically by wiping the leaf plates with a cotton swab soaked in alcohol.
IN hard to reach places use an ear stick to remove cobwebs. Then they are treated with Aktara or Aktellik. The action must be repeated twice with an interval of 5-6 days. This is the time during which the tick larvae begin to hatch from the eggs.
If it is not possible to treat chemically, then you can use folk remedy and treat the plant bush with green soap purchased at the pharmacy. The treatment is carried out until the pest disappears.
This pest is easy to see on the leaves of the flower as it reaches a length of up to 4 mm. and he Brown.
The shell is easily removed with a fingernail, but underneath there are many larvae that feed on the sap of the plant. And then black spots appear on the leaves and they dry out.
Before processing a plant, you must first remove all shells mechanically and then proceed to chemical processing. The shells are removed manually, since the chemicals do not fully penetrate under them, and the surviving larvae will build a new shell for themselves and begin to reproduce again. Preparations that can rid a flower of this pest:
In this case, we take out everything that is left of the flower and clean it to a healthy place. We grow a new flower from the remains. If there is at least some root growth, we plant it immediately in new soil; if there are only leaves left, we put them in water to grow roots.
Deformation of the leaves indicates that the flower is affected by harmful insects. In this case, the zamioculcas must be carefully examined and, having found them, get rid of the pests with a suitable preparation.
This is the easiest case of what can happen to Zamioculcas. Since the root system in this case is completely healthy, the frostbitten leaves are cut off at the root, and after some time the roots begin to produce new healthy leaves.
Zamioculcas can be treated with the following drugs:
From a variety of drugs, only one is selected and the plant is treated with it according to the instructions.
The plant is removed from the pot, rotten areas are completely removed and clean cuts are sprinkled with wood ash or cinnamon.
Wash all green parts of the plant with dust soap purchased at the pharmacy.
Wipe the leaves with an alcohol solution, and then wash the flower with laundry soap.
With improper care, errors occur, and in order for the plant not to die, you must try to correct them in time.
| Care error | Correction Method |
| Reduced room temperature and simultaneous flooding of plants | If there are young shoots, then don’t worry, just transfer them to warm room and adjust watering. If the flower does not grow, then it is removed from the soil and the roots are treated from rotting places. |
| High air humidity. | Droplets of water appear along the edges of the leaves; the plant seems to be crying. All aroids react this way to a prolonged rainy period; you don’t have to do anything special. |
| Pot too big. | The plant does not increase its green mass, since it needs to reduce the container in which it grows. |
When it gets very cold indoors, the flower begins to turn yellow its leaves. If this does not happen en masse, then there is nothing to worry about. If the central heating radiators make the house too hot and dry, then you need to spray the flower with a spray bottle.
This comes from overwatering. The plant is oversaturated with moisture and the stems bend under its weight. Seeing this, it is urgent to reduce watering.
In Zamioculcas shoot growth is very slow and therefore two shoots per year is the norm. The main requirement for active growth is a tight pot plus fertilizing with a high nitrogen content.
A common reason for this is also overwatering. Since some of the roots have been lost, the remaining ones cannot feed the leaves and therefore, from lack of nutrition, the stems begin to wrinkle.
When thinking about the watering regime, we must remember that this is a desert plant and it does not need a swamp at all. Therefore, provided that the flower grows in a cramped pot, water it no more than once a week in summer, and once a month in winter.
After resuscitation has taken place, the roots remain in the air for 2 hours in order for all the wounds on the tubers to heal. After which they land in a new correct soil, and zamioculcas begin to be watered a month later.
First of all, all new plants are quarantined for two weeks. This time will give us confidence that the plant does not contain various types of pests and diseases. After this, the flower needs a transplant.
The container is 3 cm larger than the previous one and the soil intended for cultivating desert cacti. After the flower is transplanted, do not water it for up to 3-4 weeks. This will help it adapt to the new container and not rot.
Find out more about Zamioculcas diseases from the video below:
When cultivating zamioculcas, you must adhere to the rules of simple care. All its troubles arise due to frequent watering and incorrectly chosen location. At correct mode By watering, this bush will show all its beauty, growing beautiful branches and leaves.
For normal development and the growth of the exotic Zamioculcas does not need as much as it seems at first glance. But if you got yourself this pet, you need to keep an eye on it. Emerging changes in appearance needs to be corrected immediately. Care, although not picky, is still necessary. Let's look at some of the important issues in this case. Zamioculcas what to do if?
Curled and discolored zamioculcas leaves indicate the presence of pests. It could be aphids or spider mites. A magnifying glass will help you identify the culprit. On the underside of the leaves there will be small multi-colored grains, reminiscent of animated grains. For destruction, you can use fitoverm.
When a plant freezes, the main thing is to preserve the root system. In this case, the plant is able to recover on its own, forming new leaves. Old dead parts of the plant need to be pruned. The zircon solution will help the plant adapt and get out of stress.
When the leaves turn yellow, does the plant still produce young shoots? This means everything is fine. This is a natural biological process of renewal. Young leaves, being more active, take from the soil everything they need. nutrients, leaving almost nothing to the more mature leaves. In this case, it is worth paying attention to the presence dark spots on the leaves. Dry spots are no reason to worry; the plant is fine. It does not require any additional care or external intervention.
But frequent and abundant watering can lead to yellowing of the plant. Reducing the volume of fluid may not always be a solution to the problem. Often you have to take the plant out of the pot to examine it for rotting areas of the root system. They are removed by sprinkling the cut areas with crushed coal, treated with special substances that prevent the development of rot, and transplanted into a new substrate.
Shift temperature regime Zamioculcas does not tolerate being in the room very well.
The plant may react to this by turning yellow and falling leaves. Indoor views more heat-loving plants than their wild relatives. They can respond to absolutely any vibrations, be it a breath of wind from an open window, a running fan, or any heating device. In winter, when the indoor temperature rises, it is recommended to humidify the air.
The reason for this condition is, again, excessive watering of the plant. He urgently needs to be transplanted. Soil for replanting must be purchased at a specialized store; ordinary soil from the street will not help restore the plant. Such store-bought substrates are rich in all the microelements necessary for the rapid recovery of the plant. A sharp knife will help cut off all the rotten elements of the rhizome; the remaining healthy part in the cut areas is treated with special solutions. Only after this the plant is ready for transplantation. The zamioculcas should stand in peace and quiet for a day after transplantation. No fertilizers or other means are allowed. After time has passed, you can begin to water carefully. Organic fertilizers will be useful in a week, you must continue to apply them for 1 month no more than 1 time per week.
Excessive watering can lead to the fact that oxygen cannot flow to the plant, soil drainage will become impossible, water will not be able to flow freely into the roots of the plant, and excess water will not be able to seep out freely. The roots will begin to rot, water and minerals will not be able to flow to the plant, which will lead to a weakening of the stem.
Don't wait for the moisture to evaporate. The roots of the plant will have time to rot before this happens, so it is necessary to understand whether the rotting process has begun and, as early as possible, take measures to treat and transplant the plant to another location.
The growth of Zamioculcas during its life is very slow. This feature is characteristic of this plant. The growth process can almost be stopped if you do not create comfortable plants for the plant. The main factors for active growth are the size of the pot in which the plant grows and the substances that make up the soil. Plants like small pots and fertilizers, which must include nitrogen, potassium and magnesium.
Most likely the roots were damaged due to excessive watering of the plant. Some of them cannot function fully, and the remaining “working” parts of the root system do not have time to supply the entire plant with water. To restore the functioning of the root, zamioculcas must be removed from the old soil, cleaned of all dead parts, dried, sprinkled with crushed coal and transplanted into soil with big amount sand. The pots should not be large; only tubers should be placed in them.
A likely cause may be limited access to lighting. The plant does not tolerate bright sunlight, but scattered streams of light have a beneficial effect on it.
The reason for this may be wide range temperature indicators, drafts and abundant watering of zamioculcas. By eliminating the presence of such factors, changing the watering regime and temperature changes, you can get rid of this problem.
The presence of dark spots may also indicate pest damage to the plant.
This phenomenon can be observed as a result natural process aging, but in this case, I will only fall lower leaves. If the plant loses its foliage everywhere, then errors can be identified here improper care. Mechanical damage can also contribute to leaf loss.
Zamioculcas or the so-called dollar tree is a plant from the araceae family and is related to monstera and dieffenbachia. In the last decade, Zamioculcas has become very popular. A beautiful elegant plant with its succulent bright green shoots and dense leaves decorates not only apartments and houses, but also formal office spaces.
A distinctive feature of the plant is its unpretentiousness; it feels good even in conditions of low light and infrequent watering. Zamioculcas is not dangerous from drafts; it easily adapts to being moved, for example, from a room to a balcony or to a garden. However, amateur gardeners notice such an unpleasant phenomenon - sometimes the leaves of Zamioculcas turn yellow. Let's try to find out why the leaves of Zamioculcas turn yellow?
If the leaves of a zamioculcas flower turn yellow, this does not always mean that the plant is sick. Although the flower grows slowly, during the growing season new young leaves appear, and old leaves gradually turn yellow and die. So it is quite normal for some leaves of a plant to turn yellow, and at the same time new shoots appear. In this case, you need to wait until the yellowed leaves are completely dry, then they can be removed painlessly for the zamioculcas.
It is much worse if the leaves turn yellow, but there are no new shoots. Here it is necessary to find out why Zamioculcas turns yellow? Often this phenomenon indicates that the plant is not being cared for correctly.
The most common reason why zamioculcas leaves turn yellow is waterlogging of the soil, which causes rotting of the root system. Somewhat less often, the plant reacts in this way to dry soil in the pots. Essentially, the flower accumulates life-giving moisture in tubers, which allows it to endure water shortages for a long time due to internal reserves. Sometimes indoor plant dries and turns yellow insufficient humidity indoor air.
What to do if zamioculcas leaves turn yellow depends on the cause of the negative changes in the plant. If a flower suffers from improper watering, watering zamioculcas is necessary, taking into account the condition of the soil. If the soil in the pot is wet, and even more so if there is water in the pan, watering is not required. At the same time, the soil should not be allowed to dry out or crack. If the depressed state of the plant is caused by dry air, you need to move indoor flower away from radiators and other heating devices, choosing a cooler place for its growth. Also, do not forget that zamioculcas needs periodic spraying from a spray bottle with settled water at room temperature.
Zamioculcas may suffer from damage from flower pests - spider mites, scale insects or aphids.
The pest can be destroyed by spraying and wiping the leaves with water or ready-made insecticides.
To combat aphids, you can also use a soap-tobacco solution with the addition of sulfate at the rate of 1 g per 1 liter of solution. Even with severe symptoms of a flower disease, do not rush to throw it away. After freeing the roots and tubers of the plant, inspect them carefully. If the root part of the plant is healthy and still elastic, wash it with a pale pink solution of potassium permanganate, let it dry and plant it in new ground. Most likely, Zamioculcas will produce new shoots.
The indoor flower Zamioculcas is popularly called the “dollar tree.” Growing this plant at home is believed to increase family income and help accumulate dollars. With proper care, the dollar tree grows up to one meter in height and is distinguished by fleshy thick petioles on which beautiful, green, glossy, leathery leaves grow. If the leaves on zamioculcas turn yellow, this indicates that mistakes were made in care or the plant is grown in unfavorable conditions for it. We will describe all the reasons for yellowing leaves and how to eliminate them in this article. You can learn about all the features of caring for a dollar tree from our article “How to care for Zamioculcas at home?”
If dollar tree The leaves turn yellow, there may be several reasons for this:
Let's look at each reason in more detail.
Zamioculcas leaves turn yellow? First of all, remember how long this indoor flower has been growing in your house. Adult plants renew their leaves from time to time and during this process the old leaves on them turn yellow and dry out. This is a natural process and in this case there is no need to worry. Soon the flower will begin to grow young shoots with new beautiful, green leaves.
If the leaves on young shoots turn yellow or zamioculcas turns yellow completely, you should pay attention to how you care for it:
Harmful insects rarely settle on Zamioculcas, since it has leathery and durable leaf plates that are almost impossible to bite through in order to feed on their juice. However, dry air in the house and contaminated soil can cause the following pests to appear on the plant:
All these pests feed on the sap of the plant, which is why the leaves on Zamioculcas turn yellow, dry out and fall off.
Among the diseases on the plant, there can only be various rots of stems and roots. The causes of diseases can be the same mistakes in care and contaminated soil. When the roots, tubers and stems of Zamioculcas rot, the leaves turn yellow, dry out and fall off.
We figured out why Zamioculcas turns yellow. Having found out the cause of the disease, you can easily eliminate it and save your favorite houseplant. Moreover, the dollar tree is perfectly restored, for which all parts of the plant can be used.
Let's figure out what to do and how to save zamioculcas if its leaves turn yellow and dry:
But how to save zamiolculcas if the leaves on it turn yellow because pests have settled on them? If pests are found on the leaves, you can save the dollar tree in the following ways:
If your flower has stem or root rot, you can save it using the following procedure:
Now you know why zamioculcas turns yellow, what to do and how to save the dollar tree. Follow all the rules for caring for your pet, and it will delight you with its beautiful green, shiny leaves.
This plant has become popular for its unpretentiousness and unusual appearance. And they’ve even already thought of it popular name- Dollar Tree.
Indeed, he is very similar to " Money Tree" Although, in all its characteristics it is much larger and more massive. And since in our country the currency used to be valued more than rubles, which means more valuable cash should attract a plant larger than Crassula. This is how the responsibilities of these two plants were divided with the appearance of this unpretentious exotic in our homes: Crassula, that is, the “Money Tree” - increases family income, attracting rubles; and Zamioculcas, that is, the “Dollar Tree”, helps to earn and accumulate dollars.
Zamioculcas. © Alle Eintrage
Zamioculcas (Zamioculcas) - a monotypic genus of plants of the Aroid family (subfamily Aroideae, tribe Zamioculcadeae), represented by a single species - Zamioculcas zamifolia (Zamioculcas zamiifolia) is native to tropical Africa.
The homeland of Zamioculcas is the desert expanses of Africa, where it grows along with other succulents - plants capable of storing moisture in fleshy stems, leaves and roots, which these plants use during periods of drought.
Zamioculcas has a large underground tuber, rather large leathery leaves covered with a waxy coating. The leaves of Zamioculcas are pinnate, erect, located on thick, fleshy petioles. All parts of this plant are adapted to create water reserves in case of prolonged drought. Flowering of the dollar tree is quite rare, especially in room conditions. The Zamioculcas flower resembles a spadix containing light, small, inconspicuous flowers. The cob itself is formed in the lower part of the plant and is covered with a green blanket, so it is hardly noticeable. Zamioculcas grows slowly, but mature plant grows up to one meter tall, so is more suitable for large premises, although as a single plant it will decorate any interior.
Zamioculcas. © Elisabeth's Way
Temperature: Moderate, in winter preferably 16..18 °C, but not lower than 12°C.
Lighting: Bright place with diffused light. In summer he prefers accommodation on fresh air- on the balcony, in the garden, etc. In winter, you will have to move the zamioculcas closer to the window.
Watering: Moderate from spring to autumn, but no water should remain on the tray, watering is rare in winter, the soil should dry well before the next watering. Zamioculcas tolerates some dryness more easily than stagnant water in the soil - this can lead to rotting of the roots and the formation of stem rot.
Fertilizer: From April to August, fertilizing is carried out every two weeks, since Zamioculcas quickly consumes nutrients. You can use fertilizers for cacti and succulents.
Air humidity: Zamioculcas does not require spraying the leaves, but sometimes it is necessary to wash it so that the plant does not become dusty and does not lose its attractiveness. In summer, outdoor rainfall is sufficient.
Transfer: Every year in the spring. The soil should be quite nutritious. For young plants - 1 part turf soil, 1 part leaf soil, 1 part peat soil and 1 part sand. You can add a little well-rotted humus soil. Old Zamioculcas specimens are replanted every two years in the spring. The pot for zamioculcas should be commensurate with the root system. Good drainage is a must.
Reproduction: By dividing the bush, leaves, cuttings. It is better to dry the leaf a little before planting. It is advisable to root cuttings or leaves with soil heating and the use of phytohormones for better root formation. Rooting can take up to 2 months.
Zamioculcas
Zamioculcas has been cultivated in our country relatively recently as a houseplant. This plant is very suitable for our apartments, where central heating creates dry air in the apartments close to deserts. In addition, the indoor plant Zamioculcas is very unpretentious. You can forget to water it, it tolerates bright sun and slight shading well, enough wide range temperatures (from +12 °C degrees in winter, to +30 °C and above in summer). Zamioculcas does not need to be sprayed, although spraying does not cause any harm to Zamioculcas. The answer to the question: “How to care for Zamioculcas?” simple - zamioculcas loves warmth, bright light, and very moderate watering. It does not like dampness, especially at low temperatures, so zamioculcas should be watered in the summer as the earthen clod dries completely, and in the winter no more than 1-2 times a month.
The best place in an apartment for Zamioculcas is the window sill of a south window, but it will not wither away on the north side either. True, with this arrangement, the leaves of the plant will be somewhat smaller, and in this case it should be watered much less often. In summer, it is good to take the Zamioculcas flower out onto the balcony.
The dollar tree also has no special requirements for soil. The soil in the pot can be anything except clay (you can use a ready-made soil mixture for cacti), but good drainage is required.
Zamioculcas grows slowly, so there is no need to replant it often, but still, when the entire space of the pot is filled with roots, replanting into a larger volume is very desirable for zamioculcas. When replanting, pay attention - the tubers do not need to be deepened into the ground. They should be slightly visible on the surface.
You need to feed zamiakulkas with fertilizers for cacti and succulents very carefully, only once a month during the growing season. It is better not to feed at all than to overfeed. During the dormant period in winter there is no need to feed at all.
Zamioculcas. © David Szalay
It is not possible to find Zamioculcas seeds in our latitudes, therefore, for Zamioculcas, reproduction in our area is possible only by vegetative means. All parts of the plant can be used to produce a new plant.
The easiest way is to divide an adult plant. In this case, the plant is removed from the pot, the rhizome is divided, dried, then each part is planted in a separate container.
The second method is to separate a complex leaf-“branch” with a bud. The separated part is first dried and then planted in a permanent pot, while the tuber bud must be deepened into the ground only to the base of the leaf. Next is the usual care.
Finally, the longest way is propagation by a single leaf blade. The leaf separated from the plant is dried for a couple of days, then planted in a small pot, in a light sandy soil, deepening by 1/3, water and cover with a jar, ventilate regularly. The process of forming tuber roots is very long and you have to wait about six months for new leaves.
Zamioculcas zamiifolia, synonym - Zamioculcas loddigesii.
Homeland of the species - East Africa. From the tuberous rhizome, the plant develops leaves 40-60 cm long, which - which is very rare for representatives of the aroid family - are divided into 8-12 separate pinnate leaves. The leaf axis (rachis) is thick, juicy and serves the plant to store moisture. The feathers are leathery and dense. The entire leaf resembles the leaf of plants from the genus Zamia, found on the American continent, which is reflected in the name of the plant.
In dry times, Zamioculcas can shed top part leaf with feathery lobes, which protects against excessive evaporation, while the lower part of the petiole serves as a reservoir for water and remains on the plant. Zamioculcas also stores its water supply in a powerful underground root. Over time, the plant can stretch and reach a height of 1 m.
Zamioculcas variegated. © Suz & Tell
Zamioculcas gets sick and is rarely affected by pests. This is a very hardy plant, but it can also be “driven” by inept care. The biggest mistake is overwatering. In this case, the roots begin to rot. If such a disaster occurs, you need to remove the plant from the pot, separate the rotten parts of the plant, and sprinkle the remaining part with crushed coal, dry it and replant it in new soil, and henceforth water the flower very sparingly.
If the leaves of a dollar tree turn yellow, this does not mean that the flower is sick. Zamioculcas, although slowly, grows, new leaves appear, and old ones turn yellow and die, while dark spots may appear on the stems.
If the leaves turn yellow, but new shoots are growing and the dark spots are dry, everything is in order, the plant is healthy. Yellowing leaves should be removed only after they have completely dried.
If the zamioculcas turns yellow and new shoots do not grow, then there are reasons for concern. Yellowing of leaves can be caused by sudden changes in temperature, drafts, insufficient watering and pest damage.
Zamioculcas. © titanium22
Zamioculcas can be affected by spider mites, scale insects, and aphids.
Spider mite– a very small red “spider”. Appears on the underside of leaves and envelops them in thin white cobwebs. It is destroyed by spraying and washing the leaves, especially on the underside, with water, weak tobacco infusion, pollination (in the fresh air, outside rooms) with ground sulfur, or the plant is treated with ready-made systemic insecticides.
Shchitovka, or shield aphid, gets its name from the waxy shield that covers the body of the adult pest. At first, when young, the scale insect is hardly noticeable, but it multiplies quickly, covering the stems and leaves with dark spots. Adults are motionless and sit under shields, from under which larvae crawl out and spread throughout the plant. At this time, they are destroyed by spraying with a soap-tobacco solution, to which you can add a little kerosene or denatured alcohol. Adult pests along with their scutes are removed with a damp swab, but you still need to treat the entire plant with an insecticide or soap solution to remove the larvae.
Aphid– a small insect can be green, gray or black in color. It settles on the underside of the leaf and feeds on plant sap, which leads to the leaves drying out and curling. Reproduces quickly. It is destroyed by ready-made preparations that are sold in stores or by solutions of nicotine sulfate in water and soap in a ratio of 1 g. nicotine - sulfate per 1 liter of soapy water.
After treatment, the dollar tree should be washed thoroughly after 24 hours, covering the soil with polyethylene. If necessary, repeat the treatment.
In any case, if the zamioculcas turns yellow and flower diseases are obvious, even if the entire above-ground part of the plant has disappeared, do not rush to throw it away. Remove the zamioculcas from the pot, inspect the roots and tubers, if they have not lost their elasticity and look healthy, wash them with a weak solution of manganese, dry them and plant them in new soil, start watering. It is quite possible that Zamioculcas, like in its homeland, when during drought the entire above-ground part of the plant disappears, when favorable conditions from the surviving tubers it will produce new shoots. Zamioculcas is hardy and persistent, like a real man.
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What to do if Zamioculcas leaves turn yellow and pests appear?
In the previous article:
Zamioculcas is one of the few plants that is rarely affected by pests or disease. And yet sometimes it happens to him. The main thing is not to miss this moment, so as not to completely lose the precious plant.
It is noteworthy that the hardy Zamioculcas can be “driven” not only by pests, but also by the person himself, who will harm it with his inept care.
It would be a big mistake to overwater the plant. This leads to the plant's roots beginning to rot. If you suspect that this is precisely the problem, remove the Zamioculcas from the pot, cut off the rotten parts, cover the “wounds” and living areas with crushed coal, dry them slightly and plant them in new soil. After this, try to water the plant in moderation.
Why do Zamioculcas leaves turn yellow?
If you notice that the leaves of Zamioculcas are turning yellow, you will probably think that the plant is sick. But this may not be the case. The fact is that Zamioculcas grows, albeit very slowly. As new leaves form, the old ones begin to dry out, turn yellow and die completely. In this case, the stems of the plant may acquire dark spots, which is also not a symptom of the disease, unless, of course, new shoots are growing and the spots that appear are dry. Yellow leaves I recommend picking only after they are completely dry.
If Zamioculcas turns yellow, but new shoots do not grow, then you need to take urgent measures. Yellow leaves may be the result of sudden temperature changes, pest damage, insufficient watering or exposure to drafts. You need to find out exactly why Zamioculcas turns yellow in your case, and then take appropriate measures to eliminate the causes of yellowing.
Pest infestation
The main enemies of Zamioculcas from the insect world are scale insects, spider mites and aphids.
1. Scale insect (shield aphid)- an insect with a characteristic waxy shield, from which the corresponding name comes. The scale insect is practically invisible at a young age, but as it multiplies, it will occupy the leaves and stems, appearing as dark spots. It is noteworthy that adult scale insects practically do not move. They sit under the scutes and produce larvae that crawl out and infest the remaining areas of the affected plant. They can be destroyed with a solution of soap and tobacco, with the addition of denatured alcohol or kerosene in small quantities. As for adult pests, they need to be removed from the surface with a damp swab, not forgetting to grab the shields. After removal, you will need to additionally treat the zamioculkis with a soap solution or insecticide.
2. Spider mites is a miniature red spider that envelops the lower part of the leaves with thin webs. It can be destroyed by washing or spraying the underside of the leaves with plain water, tobacco infusion, pollination with ground sulfur or systemic insecticides. In the last two cases, I strongly recommend pollination outside the room, in the fresh air.
3. Aphids- a small insect of black, gray or green color, which most often settles at the bottom of the leaf. Aphids feed on plant sap, causing Zamioculkis leaves to curl and dry out. The insect is characterized by rapid reproduction. You can destroy it with ready-made aphid compounds, or with a nicotine solution (1 gram of nicotine, 1 gram of sulfate, 1 liter of soapy water).
Zamioculcas relatively recently, only 10–15 years ago, became known to Russian flower growers. But during this time he gained wide popularity. The dollar tree, also called Zamioculcas, is very famous good health and undemanding character. It is recommended to grow it for beginners or lazy gardeners. However, even the most unassuming plant can wither and begin to lose yellowing leaves if you constantly violate the rules of care. Therefore, you need to know how not to make Zamioculcas sick and what to do if he does get sick.
Zamioculcas is a native of Africa. But unlike the capricious tropical plants, this creature is by no means gentle. IN wildlife Zamioculcas is used to tolerating drought and extreme heat. He adapted perfectly to this extreme. The tuberous root accumulates moisture, which, if necessary, maintains the viability of the plant. Thick leaf bases serve the same purpose. The petioles (axes or rachis) of pinnate leaves grow directly from the tuber. They reach a meter in length; there is a compact form no more than 60 cm high. Dense leathery leaf segments (they are also called feathers) are located on the rachis. They are covered with a wax film and consume moisture very sparingly.
At home, Zamioculcas, popularly called the dollar tree, is as ascetic as its wild relative. This plant does not require excessive care. Give the African native a moderately warm (in winter not lower than +15 degrees) and sunny place in your home. He will feel good near a south-facing window. In the north, Zamioculcas will also grow, but much more slowly. And this plant is already developing slowly, the growth of 2-3 leaves per year (not to be confused with feathers) is normal development.
In order for the plant to be beautiful and healthy, you should not neglect the very simple rules for keeping zamioculcas.
To make Zamioculcas grow greenery faster, do not plant it in a spacious pot. The larger the container of the flower, the larger the root tuber and the more modest the leaves. The soil for this semi-succulent plant needs to be porous and poor. Suitable soil for cacti or universal soil, heavily diluted with coarse sand. Vermiculite, perlite and sphagnum moss are not to the liking of this flower, Zamioculcas experts say. But he will appreciate high-quality drainage: holes in the pot and a layer of expanded clay at the bottom.
In the summer, please your zamioculcas with a holiday in the fresh air, put it on the balcony or in the garden. The African feels great on a hot afternoon in the sun. There is no need to specially humidify the air for it. Of the water procedures to help the flower breathe, leave only wiping the foliage from dust and occasionally - warm shower. When bathing, be sure to cover the soil with waterproof material to avoid over-wetting it. It is important not to be too zealous with watering; Zamioculcas will even be happy if you sometimes forget to give it water. Wait until the soil is completely dry, wait another 3-4 days and only then water. But know the limits with moderation: with prolonged drought, the leaves will begin to fall. True, it’s not difficult to correct the situation: if the root is alive, just add water.
It is convenient to check whether watering is needed using a thin wooden skewer. It must be carefully inserted at the edge of the pot to the very bottom, then turned around its axis and pulled out. If wet soil sticks to the skewer, it is too early to water.
But overmoistening the soil is a sure path to serious problems and diseases: especially severe when excess moisture is combined with low temperature and lack of lighting. This combination can ruin main part plants - the root, not to mention the yellowing and blackening branches.
| Symptom | Feature of the plant | Care error | Disease | Pest |
| Zamioculcas leaves turn yellow | If there is young growth, there is nothing to worry about. Over time, the old leaves die off. Delete them | Low temperature or waterlogged soil | Root rot | |
| Drops of water appear along the edges of the leaf blades (zamioculcas “cries”). | For aroid plants, which include Zamioculcas, this is the norm. This is how the plant reacts to rainy weather: when the surface of the leaves cannot cope with evaporation, then special ducts open - hydriators | Reaction to high humidity air or soil flooding. | ||
| The plant does not produce new shoots and grows slowly | Zamioculcas grows 2–3 leaves per year - this is the norm | Lack of light. The pot is too spacious, the plant grows a tuber. | Deficiency of microelements: nitrogen, fluorine, copper, molybdenum, boron, chlorine, iodine. | |
| There are dark, softened areas on the tuber and roots | Low temperature and waterlogged soil. Heavy soil | Root (tuber) rot | ||
| There are dark spots on the petioles | Dark green spots appear on the petioles of mature leaves | Unhealthy wet spotting - a consequence of low temperature, excessive watering | Various types of rot or spotting, damage by viruses or bacteria | Defeat by scale insects |
| The petioles are wrinkled, the feathers are drying out | Insufficient watering if the petioles are hard and dry | Root rot if tissues are soft | ||
| The petioles are thin, droop and fall off | Nutrient deficiency | |||
| The edges of the leaves dry out and curl | Dried soil. The air is too dry due to the proximity of heating devices. Sunburn | If a white web is visible, it is a mite infestation | ||
| Leaves lose color, become lighter, turn pale, white spots are noticeable | Chlorosis is a disruption of the process of photosynthesis. Infectious chlorosis is caused by viruses and fungi | Carriers of chlorosis - aphids and mites | ||
| Zamioculcas sheds leaf segments | Reaction to transplant stress cold water | Nutrient deficiency | Colony on the plant small insects- aphid infestation | |
| Hard brown scutes on the leaves, the plant loses its vigor | Defeat by scale insects | |||
| New shoots dry out, the plant has stopped growing | Drafts, watering with cold water | Root rot | ||
| Zamioculcas has become reddish or orange in color | Reaction to changes in lighting. Lightening or redness is caused by too much light | Yellow or brown color - possible rot, bacterial or viral disease | ||
| The bases of the leaves thicken | This is a natural phenomenon; moisture accumulates in the thickenings of the petioles | |||
| The plant dries out. Zamioculcas tuber became empty | Fomoz, or dry rot | |||
| Zamioculcas fell apart, the leaves turned black | Waterlogging of the soil, not enough light | Root rot. Fungal disease - niello | ||
| Sticky drops and whitish, cotton-like lumps appeared on the leaves. The leaves are withering | Mealybug | |||
| Brown wet coating on the petioles, they soften and die | Waterlogging of the soil in combination with low temperatures | If the tissues are softened, this is stem rot, which is caused by a fungus | ||
| The leaves are stretched, the number of leaf blades is reduced, they become paler | Lack of lighting | There is not enough fluorine, and possibly other elements | ||
| The plant is not developing well. Whitish small insects are visible in the soil | If the insects are jumping, they are fools. If black or gray midges are flying around, and pests in the soil resemble worms, these are fungus gnats |
Most common reason ailments of zamioculcas - waterlogging of the soil. Because of this, the plant is affected different kinds rotten. But there are also diseases associated with mechanical injuries and metabolism. They weaken the immune system. And as a result, the same rot appears.
Zamioculcas injuries: a broken branch, frostbite, scratches and tears are not terrible in themselves, but can lead to serious illnesses, becoming a gateway to infections. If the wounds are not treated, the plant may become infected. Be sure to disinfect the injured area. You can sprinkle with activated carbon, sulfur powder, cinnamon (it is a good antiseptic), grease with brilliant green and dry. As the wound heals, it will become covered with a layer of dry, dead cells and then heal.
If you accidentally break off a healthy Zamioculcas leaf, you can root it. Cut it off higher up break it and put it in water. Soon roots with a small tuber will form. After this, plant the plant in a small pot with light soil.
These diseases are not infectious, but associated with care errors. The most common are chlorosis, etiolation (light deficiency), deficiency or excess of macro- and microelements.
Mineral feeding will solve the problem of lack of nutrients. Select a complex for the plant that will contain deficient elements. Typically, Zamioculcas is suitable for fertilizers for cacti and succulents.
The Zamioculcas tuber, its thick petioles, is a storehouse for nutrients and moisture. In such a favorable environment, harmful microorganisms happily multiply: fungi, bacteria and viruses. Zamioculcas tuber is a tasty food and convenient shelter for them. Sometimes the florist himself, due to inexperience, helps uninvited guests settle in a pot with a plant. Overmoistening of the soil and air, especially in winter, non-compliance with temperature conditions, contaminated soil - all this contributes to the spread different types rot, the most dangerous disease of Zamioculcas.
| Type of rot | Symptoms | Treatment | Prevention |
| Dry rot, or fomoz. Kovarna asymptomatic | At first the plant turns slightly pale, then dries out from the inside. The disease is fleeting. | The disease is discovered too late, when it is already useless to take any measures. A plant infected with dry rot inevitably dies. | To prevent phomosis, periodically spray or water zamioculcas with a solution of systemic fungicides, for example, Maxim. |
| Rot of stems (leaves) is caused by severe clay soil, which does not provide air and water permeability, excessive watering at low temperatures, injuries, and the disease is caused by an attached bacterial infection | A damp brown coating appears on the petioles of Zamioculcas, the tissues soften and die | This is the most common cause of death of a flower; you can try to save it by digging up the tuber and removing the affected parts, sprinkling the cuts with crushed coal. The entire plant, both above-ground and underground parts, is treated systemic fungicide(Oxychom, Fundazol) and planted in a new pot, completely replacing the substrate. If the process has gone too far, the affected tuber is thrown away, the remaining parts of the leaves are used for propagation | Heal all injuries on the plant, follow the care regimen, be sure to quarantine new acquisitions |
| Root rot (tuber) occurs at low temperatures, systematic waterlogging of the soil and stagnation of water | Zamioculcas affected by root rot, if no action is taken, turns yellow, withers and dies. The cause of the disease can only be seen by removing the plant from the pot. | If the rot has affected a small part of the tuber:
If the putrefactive process has affected almost the entire tuber, it will have to be thrown away , try to root healthy leaves | Follow the main rule of watering zamioculcas: moderation and moderation again. Maintain normal temperature |
Blackworm is a disease caused by a fungus that eats the secretions of aphids or mealybugs. The leaves are covered with a black, sooty coating; it is not too dangerous for the plant, but it prevents it from breathing and isolates it from light. Because of this, leaf growth slows down and the plant weakens. Remove plaque with a damp cloth. Then wash the entire plant. Prevention of mobs - timely control of insect pests.
Zamioculcas, like other succulents, can develop spotting of different origins. They are caused by fungi, viruses, and bacteria. Plants with weakened immune systems are susceptible to this disease. Stains may appear due to cold drafts, temperature changes or high humidity.
A sign of brown spot is the formation of dry depressed brown spots on the petioles and leaf blades. They may increase in size or remain unchanged. If the disease progresses, measures must be taken. They fight spotting using the same methods as rot. Cut out damaged leaves, treat the sections with charcoal and cinnamon, and spray zamioculcas with fungicide.
Rust is a type of spotting. The plant becomes covered with crusts or streaks of rusty color. One of the reasons is care errors: burns, injuries from droplets of cold water falling on the leaf, a sharp drop in temperature. The fungus invades the injured area and provokes the appearance of rust in other places. It is not recommended to remove crusts and rust stains. In their places, the tissue scars unsightly. Treatment with a fungicide helps control the growth of spotting.
Sometimes “self-healing” occurs: the mushrooms do not tolerate the combination of dry air and light, and when Zamioculcas is placed in a very bright, dry place, the spots stop growing.
Brownish dry spots appear on the leaves or stems - this is brown spotting Root (tuber) rot - the most common disease of zamioculcas Stem rot is caused by a bacterial infection, and the disease is provoked by excess moisture Rust is a consequence of care errors A plant infected with dry rot (phomosis) dies Chern - a fungal disease that appears on plants infected with pests. When chlorosis, the process of photosynthesis is disrupted, the leaves become covered with white and yellowish spots
Zamioculcas enjoys the fame of an indestructible plant. But this is an exaggeration. If you do not pay attention to the distress signals that the flower sends, and calmly watch how it withers, death is inevitable. However, a florist who is attentive and sensitive to the mood of the plant will be able to literally pull the poor thing out of the other world.
The plant has begun to turn yellow, but the cuttings are drying out and not withering. And you definitely didn’t overwater the soil of your sick pet. Is the lump of soil dry and falling away from the walls of the pot? This means that Zamioculcas is suffering from drought. It began to consume reserves of moisture and nutrition from the tuber and the base of the leaves. Make sure of this by removing the plant from the pot. The tuber must be free of rot. In this case, remove the yellowed leaves, return the zamioculcas to the pot and water it using the immersion method: pour water into a large container and dip the plant with the pot there. After this, let the soil dry. And only after that, start regular watering, preferably in a tray. Do not overdo it so as not to flood the plant.
You took the zamioculcas out of the pot, exposed root system and saw that the tubers had rotted completely. Don't give up, try to save the plant by rooting the leaves. Do not use yellowed parts for cuttings, only green and elastic ones. They can be rooted in a substrate with a large amount of sand or in water to which activated carbon has been added.
For the normal development and growth of the exotic Zamioculcas, not as much is needed as it seems at first glance. But if you got yourself this pet, you need to keep an eye on it. Any changes in appearance must be corrected immediately. , although he is not picky, he is still necessary. Let's look at some of the important issues in this case. Zamioculcas what to do if?
Curled and discolored zamioculcas leaves indicate the presence of pests. It could be aphids or spider mites. A magnifying glass will help you identify the culprit. On the underside of the leaves there will be small multi-colored grains, reminiscent of animated grains. For destruction, you can use fitoverm.
When a plant freezes, the main thing is to preserve the root system. In this case, the plant is able to recover on its own, forming new leaves. Old dead parts of the plant need to be pruned. The zircon solution will help the plant adapt and get out of stress.
When the leaves turn yellow, does the plant still produce young shoots? This means everything is fine. This is a natural biological process of renewal. Young leaves, being more active, take all the necessary nutrients from the soil, leaving almost nothing for more mature leaves. In this case, you should pay attention to the presence of dark spots on the leaves. Dry spots are no reason to worry; the plant is fine. It does not require any additional care or external intervention.
But frequent and abundant watering can lead to yellowing of the plant. Reducing the volume of fluid may not always be a solution to the problem. Often you have to take the plant out of the pot to examine it for rotting areas of the root system. They are removed by sprinkling the cut areas with crushed coal, treated with special substances that prevent the development of rot, and transplanted into a new substrate.
Zamioculcas tolerates changes in temperature in the room very poorly.
The plant may react to this by turning yellow and falling leaves. Indoor species are more heat-loving plants than their wild relatives. They can react to absolutely any vibrations, be it a breath of wind from an open window, a running fan or any heating device. In winter, when the indoor temperature rises, it is recommended to humidify the air.
The reason for this condition is, again, excessive watering of the plant. He urgently needs to be transplanted. Soil for replanting must be purchased at a specialized store; ordinary soil from the street will not help restore the plant. Such store-bought substrates are rich in all the microelements necessary for the rapid recovery of the plant. A sharp knife will help cut off all the rotten elements of the rhizome; the remaining healthy part in the cut areas is treated with special solutions. Only after this the plant is ready for transplantation. The zamioculcas should stand in peace and quiet for a day after transplantation. No fertilizers or other means are allowed. After time has passed, you can begin to water carefully. Organic fertilizers will be useful in a week; you must continue to apply them for 1 month, no more than once a week.
Excessive watering can lead to the fact that oxygen cannot flow to the plant, soil drainage will become impossible, water will not be able to flow freely into the roots of the plant, and excess water will not be able to seep out freely. The roots will begin to rot, water and minerals will not be able to flow to the plant, which will lead to a weakening of the stem.
Don't wait for the moisture to evaporate. The roots of the plant will have time to rot before this happens, so it is necessary to understand whether the rotting process has begun and, as early as possible, take measures to treat and transplant the plant to another location.
The growth of Zamioculcas during its life is very slow. This feature is characteristic of this plant. The growth process can almost be stopped if you do not create comfortable plants for the plant. The main factors for active growth are the size of the pot in which the plant grows and the substances that make up the soil. Plants like small pots and fertilizers, which must include nitrogen, potassium and magnesium.
Most likely the roots were damaged due to excessive watering of the plant. Some of them cannot function fully, and the remaining “working” parts of the root system do not have time to supply the entire plant with water. To restore the functioning of the root, zamioculcas must be removed from the old soil, cleaned of all dead parts, dried, sprinkled with crushed coal and replanted in soil with a large amount of sand. The pots should not be large; only tubers should be placed in them.
A likely cause may be limited access to lighting. The plant does not tolerate bright sunlight, but scattered streams of light have a beneficial effect on it.
The reason for this may be a wide range of temperature indicators, drafts and abundant watering of zamioculcas. By eliminating the presence of such factors, changing the watering regime and temperature changes, you can get rid of this problem.
The presence of dark spots may also indicate pest damage to the plant.
This phenomenon can be observed as a result of the natural aging process, but, in this case, only the lower leaves will fall off. If the plant loses its foliage everywhere, then errors in improper care can be identified. Mechanical damage can also contribute to leaf loss.
