1. Give an assessment of the natural resources of the West Siberian Plain.
The natural resources of the plain are very diverse. In terms of oil and gas reserves, Western Siberia is among the world leaders. 60% of Russia's total peat reserves are concentrated on its territory, and the richest salt deposits are located. Great wealth Western Siberia- its water resources. In addition to surface water - rivers and lakes - huge reservoirs of groundwater have been found. Great economic importance biological resources tundra and forest-tundra - this seemingly life-poor zone. It produces a significant amount of fur and game, and there is a lot of fish in its rivers and lakes. In addition, the tundra is the main breeding area for reindeer. The taiga of Western Siberia has long been famous for its fur and timber production.
2. By reference materials textbook, prepare reports on the development of the plain territory.
The first acquaintance of Russians with Western Siberia probably took place in the 11th century, when the Novgorodians visited the lower reaches of the Ob. The campaign of Ermak (1581-1584) opens the brilliant period of the Great Russians geographical discoveries in Siberia and the development of its territory.
However, the scientific study of the country’s nature began only in the 18th century, when detachments were sent here first from the Great Northern, and then academic expeditions. In the 19th century Russian scientists and engineers are studying the conditions of navigation on the Ob, Yenisei and the Kara Sea, the geological and geographical features of the route of the Siberian Railway that was then being designed, and salt deposits in the steppe zone. A significant contribution to the knowledge of the Western Siberian taiga and steppes was made by the research of soil-botanical expeditions of the Resettlement Administration, undertaken in 1908-1914. in order to study the conditions of agricultural development of areas allocated for the resettlement of peasants from European Russia.
The study of the nature and natural resources of Western Siberia acquired a completely different scope after the Great October Revolution. In the research that was necessary for the development of productive forces, it was no longer individual specialists or small detachments that took part, but hundreds of large complex expeditions and many scientific institutes created in various cities Western Siberia. Detailed and comprehensive studies were carried out here by the USSR Academy of Sciences (Kulundinskaya, Barabinskaya, Gydanskaya and other expeditions) and its Siberian branch, the West Siberian Geological Department, geological institutes, expeditions of the Ministry Agriculture, Hydroproject and other organizations.
As a result of these studies, ideas about the country's topography changed significantly, detailed soil maps were compiled in many regions of Western Siberia, and measures were developed to rational use saline soils and the famous West Siberian chernozems. Big practical significance had forest typological studies by Siberian geobotanists, studying peat bogs and tundra pastures. But the work of geologists brought especially significant results. Deep drilling and special geophysical research have shown that in the depths of many regions of Western Siberia there are rich deposits natural gas, large reserves of iron ore, brown coal and many other minerals, which already serve as a solid basis for the development of industry in Western Siberia.
4. What difficulties does a person encounter when mastering natural resources West Siberian Plain?
Nature “protected” the oil and gas fields of the region from humans by thick swamps and frozen soils. It is extremely difficult to build in such soil conditions. In winter, people are hampered by severe frosts, high air humidity, strong wind. In the summer, there are numerous blood-sucking creatures - midges, midges and mosquitoes, tormenting people and animals.
5. How has the assessment of its natural resources changed since the conquest of Siberia by Ermak’s troops to the present day?
From the moment of Ermak’s conquest of Siberia to the present day, more and more new resources were discovered in western Siberia and the potential of the territory was constantly growing.
The natural landscapes of the West Siberian Plain are increasingly giving way to anthropogenic ones. Where the Taz River crosses the Arctic Circle, in the 16th-17th centuries. there were wooden huts of Mangazvi - a trading outpost of Russian explorers. Now, in the most dense places of the Western Siberian taiga, in the most seemingly impenetrable swamps, cities and towns of oil workers have been built, railways, large airports, gas pipelines transporting natural gas from Urengoy to European part Russia and Western Europe.
Western Siberia is the greatest plain of Eurasia with huge areas of swamps, oil and gas reserves of world importance; Russia's main fuel base.
The region occupies the territories of the West Siberian Lowland and the mountainous regions of Altai, Kuznetsk Alatau and Salair Ridge.
How is the nature of Western Siberia different?
In the formation of the modern relief of the West Siberian Lowland, repeated advances of the sea and glaciers, which deposited a thick layer of sedimentary rocks, played a major role. Therefore, the relief is leveled. Across Western Siberia from the Ob to the Yenisei in a latitudinal direction, a system of moraine hills stretches for 900 km - the Siberian Uvals with maximum height 286 m.
Rivers flow very slowly along this slightly inclined surface of the huge West Siberian “bowl”. There are over 2 thousand of them. Distinctive feature Siberian rivers are characterized by their shallow, but extremely wide valleys with numerous channels and oxbow lakes. In spring, rivers overflow for many kilometers around. Western Siberia accounts for a quarter of the flow of Russian rivers. Large rivers are of great importance for navigation. In the arid southern part of Western Siberia, on the border with Kazakhstan, river water is used for irrigation.
The climate of Western Siberia is characterized by continental features, which intensify in the south of the plain. In winter, windless, sunny, frosty weather prevails. In summer, when arctic air masses collide with heated southern air, cyclones occur, accompanied by precipitation. The hot Western Siberian summer is very difficult to endure due to high humidity and countless hordes of midges: mosquitoes, midges and horse flies.
The kingdom of swamps and taiga of Western Siberia is filled with countless, incalculable clouds of all kinds blood-sucking insects. And here, perhaps, with full right to call the owner of the taiga not a bear, wolverine or sable, but an ordinary mosquito. Special accounting has established that in places where there are a lot of midges, over a thousand mosquitoes, more than 2 thousand midges, attack a person within 3 minutes!
D. Utenkov. Discovery of Siberia
What natural and economic zones are represented in the area?
The enormous extent in the meridional direction has led to a clear manifestation of latitudinal zoning in the nature of Western Siberia.
Rice. 141. Natural areas of Western Siberia
There are only zones of broad-leaved and mixed broad-leaved-coniferous forests here.
The far north of Western Siberia (the Yamal, Tazovsky and Gydansky peninsulas) is occupied by the tundra zone.
Forest-tundra is a larch and birch forest, to which southern border pine and cedar are added. Forest areas in forest-tundras are confined to river valleys, which are the most drained and warm, since river water brings heat here from the south. The main reindeer pastures are concentrated in the tundra and forest-tundra.
Due to the widespread occurrence of swamps in the forest zone of Western Siberia, it is called the forest-swamp zone. Flat undrained areas are occupied by swamps, and taiga forests themselves occupy mainly the slopes of river valleys, sloping and elevated areas of interfluves. The forests of Western Siberia constitute its most important natural resource, although local wood grown in wetlands is generally of poor quality.
Almost 40% of the region's territory is occupied by swamps. The Vasyugan Plain (Tomsk region), located between the Ob and Irtysh rivers, is one giant impenetrable swamp, stretching for many hundreds of kilometers.
High swampiness complicates the development of the richest resources of this region and complicates the construction of roads and settlements. In many areas, travel by land is only possible in winter, when the swamps freeze. At the same time, Western Siberian swamps have countless reserves of peat, which can be used as chemical raw materials, fuel, organic fertilizer, bedding material in livestock farming.
The extreme south of Western Siberia is steppe zone with plowed chernozem and chestnut soils. Vast tracts of former virgin lands are occupied primarily by fields of spring wheat.
The floodplain meadows of the largest West Siberian rivers - the most important pasture and hayfields in the region - are of especially high value. The meadows of the Barabinsky forest-steppe (Novosibirsk region) are the most important oil production area in Western Siberia.
How can we explain that the largest oil and gas fields are concentrated in Western Siberia?
West Siberian Lowland formed on the West Siberian Plate with a deeply depressed folded Paleozoic basement. It contains a thick, almost six-kilometer thick layer of “layer cake”, consisting of sedimentary rocks represented by clays, sandstones and sands of marine and continental origin.
The country's largest oil and natural gas deposits (West Siberian oil and gas region) are associated with the sedimentary cover of the West Siberian Plain. More than 500 deposits of these important combustible minerals have been identified here, containing more than 60% of Russian oil reserves and about 90% of natural gas. The most important oil fields are concentrated in the Khanty-Mansiysk (Samotlor, Megionskoye, Salymskoye, Mamontovskoye, Ust-Balykskoye and others), and natural gas fields - in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug(the world's largest fields are Urengoyskoye and Yamburgskoye, as well as Medvezhye near the city of Nadym, Zapolyarnoye, etc.). Intensive oil production and an ever-expanding network of pipelines have already caused irreparable damage to the natural complexes of Western Siberia: oil “spills” during production and transportation (in winter, pipes laid directly on the surface of the earth burst) have resulted in ruined reindeer pastures and forest lands, dead fish in the tundra and taiga rivers and lakes.
Intensive industrial development of the natural resources of Western Siberia caused serious damage not only to nature, but also to indigenous peoples (Nenets, Khanty, Mansi and others), depriving them of a significant part of their hunting and fishing grounds. To protect traditional species economic activity and the culture of these peoples, in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, for example, special territories of priority environmental management were allocated - ancestral lands.
conclusions
The greatest plain in the world, the West Siberian Lowland has enormous resources: forest, mineral, agroclimatic, soil and others. These riches are the basis for the development of the region's economy; strategic reserve of our country.
Questions and tasks
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Target: study the natural conditions of the West Siberian Plain and their impact on the life and way of life of the population.
Tasks:
Methods according to the nature of cognitive activity: explanatory-illustrative, partially search.
Forms of organization of cognitive activity: individual and frontal work.
Methods organization of cognitive activity: conversation, discussion - verbal (audio), analysis of various sources of information.
Equipment: physical map of Russia, computer, projector, presentation prepared using the Mouse Mischief program, video film Galileo.vipysk.729. (2011.04.14.) about the Khanty.
Lesson type: learning new material.
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Organizational moment
II. Setting learning objectives
Identify the features of the natural conditions of the West Siberian Plain.
Consider the features of life and everyday life of the indigenous population - the Khanty.
III. Updating students' knowledge. Motivation for learning activities
– Today we will talk about the natural features of the West Siberian Plain. Show the West Siberian Plain on the map? (The student shows the West Siberian Plain on the map).
The plain has an extremely flat topography with heights of no more than 100 m above sea level. Only in the south and east does the altitude above sea level reach 250 meters. The climate of the region ranges from arctic in the north to temperate continental in the south.
IN: What are the reasons for the continental climate of Western Siberia?
ABOUT: The position, predominantly in temperate latitudes, determined the amount of solar radiation received by the area. The distance from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans determined the continental climate. The flatness of the territory allows cold masses of Arctic air to freely penetrate far to the south from the Kara Sea, and warm air masses from Kazakhstan and Central Asia- far to the north. Mountains along the periphery fenced off the West Siberian Plain from Atlantic air masses from the west and Central Asian air masses from the southeast.
Due to the flatness of the region and its large extent from north to south, natural zoning is clearly expressed on the territory of Western Siberia. In the north, along the coast of the Arctic Ocean, there is a zone of arctic deserts, it gives way to a zone of tundra and forest-tundra, and then the widest zone in the region - the taiga. Taiga dark coniferous forests of spruce, cedar, fir, larch with islands of pine-larch forests pass to the south into a narrow strip of deciduous forests, forest-steppe and steppe. Soils vary from arctic to steppe black soils. Forest-steppe and steppe with fertile gray and brown forest, chestnut and chernozem soils are heavily plowed. The West Siberian Plain is densely covered with rivers, the largest of which originate in the mountains of Southern Siberia. The main river of the region is the Ob, which flows into the Kara Sea. It is navigable throughout. About 30% of the area is occupied by swamps.
The West Siberian Plain is the richest territory in Russia in natural resources. Here, for a long time, local residents hunted fur-bearing animals and game. Taiga has valuable wood, there are a lot of fish in the rivers. Tundra is a pasture for deer. But the main wealth of Western Siberia is its mineral resources.
The main resources are oil and gas, peat, coal, iron ores. The West Siberian Plain is a unique oil and gas province of the Earth. Industrial oil and gas deposits are distributed here throughout almost the entire 2000-meter section of Mesozoic sediments. The average depth of oil and gas bearing strata in it ranges from 1500m to 2500-3000m.
Searches in the depths of Western Siberia for “black gold” and “blue fuel” made it possible to discover large reserves of iron ore in the north of the Novosibirsk region.
The minerals of Mesozoic deposits also include hot waters with a temperature of 40 to 120 o C and containing dissolved salts of chlorides and carbonates, as well as iodine and bromine. They form a huge artesian basin at a depth of 1000 to 3000 m in the Tyumen, Tomsk, Omsk and Novosibirsk regions.
Thus, the West Siberian Plain is a province rich in water, territorial resources, and vast reserves of oil, gas, and iron ores.
However, despite the fact that Western Siberia is rich in natural resources, their development is difficult.
IN: What is this connected with?
ABOUT: The main problem of gas and oil development in Western Siberia is difficult natural conditions. People's living and working conditions are becoming more difficult severe frosts, in the north with hurricane winds. The soil in the north is bound by permafrost, which complicates construction. In the summer, a huge number of blood-sucking insects - midges - do not allow people to work in peace, they pester animals. But the main problem the development of Siberia means huge areas of marshy swamps.
IN: What do you think is the reason for the high swampiness of the area?
Before the development of the resources of Western Siberia, the peoples of the North lived here for centuries - the Selkups, Nenets, Khanty. They hunted, fished and lived in harmony with nature. Indigenous people Western Siberia was engaged in hunting and fishing. The inhabitants of the north - the Nenets - roamed with reindeer. Nomadic reindeer herding made it possible to preserve pastures, which were restored only after 10-15 years. Tundra plants grow slowly, summers are too short and cold. The Khanty and Selkups were careful about the nature around them, which provided them with food, clothing, and shelter. Hunters and fishermen lived in low huts, with the roof top insulated with earth. Ice floes served as glass in winter. With the help of a bow, the Selkups hunted squirrels, geese, and ducks. The food was salted fish and dried yukola. Dried fish was ground into flour called porsa. Waste (fish entrails, head bones) was not thrown away, but the fat was melted from it. Their gall bladders were drowned with bile and used to process suede. Glue was made from sturgeon bladders. The glue was used to make a valuable hunting tool - the bow - and in the manufacture of skis. Fish skins were used to make bags in which food was stored. That is, the economy of the indigenous population was waste-free, and there used to be more fish in the rivers than now. Oil workers came and destroyed the pastures with the caterpillars of all-terrain vehicles, there were fewer fish in the rivers, and the oil poisoned the fish. Now 2/3 of the population of the entire Eastern macroregion lives in the region, average density– 6 people per 1 km 2.
Residents are distributed very unevenly. The southern regions along the Trans-Siberian Railway are the most densely populated. The taiga is inhabited mainly by river valleys; the population density of the tundra is only 0.6 people. per 1 km 2. More than 90% of the population is Russian, representatives of indigenous nationalities also live, but their share is small, for example, the Khanty and Mansi make up only about 1.5% in their national-territorial entities. Urbanization rate – 71%. The large cities of Western Siberia are located mainly at the intersection of railways and shipping routes. The largest of them are millionaire cities - Novosibirsk and Omsk.
IV. Learning new material
– Now let’s watch a short story about the indigenous inhabitants of Siberia – the Khanty. When viewing, pay attention to the following aspects:
1. What are the features of the life and way of life of the indigenous small peoples of Siberia?
2. What is the main food of small nations?
3. What impact does industrial development have on the livelihoods of small nations?
Watching the video Galileo.vipysk.729.(2011.04.14.) about the Khanty .
V. Consolidation
Student answers to questions:
1. The need for self-sufficiency. Food is obtained by hunting and fishing; clothes and household items are created independently.
2. The main food of small peoples is fish and venison.
3. Extraction mineral resources reduces the habitat of small nations, but makes it possible to enjoy some of the benefits of civilization, for example, snowmobiles.
Questions:
IN: What natural resources is the West Siberian Plain rich in?
ABOUT: The West Siberian Plain is rich in water, territorial resources, oil, gas, peat, and iron ores.
IN: Is it possible to fully exploit the potential of Western Siberia and what is the reason for this?
ABOUT: It is impossible to use the entire resource potential of Western Siberia, since this is hampered by the high swampiness of the region, permafrost in the northern part, harsh climate in winter, and the presence of blood-sucking insects in summer.
VI. Homework
Western Siberia, which occupies 1/10 of the territory of the Russian Federation, has very heterogeneous natural conditions. Its length along the meridian is about 2800 km, and the natural zones here have well-defined boundaries determined by natural geographical factors. To the east of the Ural ridge, the amount of precipitation sharply decreases, winter temperatures decrease, the role of Arctic air masses increases, and the moderating influence of the Atlantic is almost absent. Almost every year there are frosts down to -50 °C. Frosts stop in the steppe and forest-steppe at the end of May, and in the taiga and tundra - in June. Due to the small influx of solar radiation in cold times, a long period of ultraviolet deficiency occurs.
The depth of snow cover in Western Siberia reaches 60-70 cm by the end of winter, while in Europe - 20, in Eastern Siberia - 30-40 and on the plains of Kazakhstan - 20-30 cm. Average July temperatures do not exceed 5-18 ° C, and in January -17-31°C. This climatic background determines the uniqueness of the vegetation cover with a predominance of dark coniferous forest of boreal appearance.
The southeast of Western Siberia is characterized by a variety of landscapes. This is due to the influence of the Altai-Sayan mountain system, the altitudinal zone of which alternates various types swamps and anthropogenic cenoses.
The forest zone of the West Siberian Plain, according to the nature of the vegetation cover, is divided into subzones of northern, middle, southern taiga and birch-aspen forests. The main type of forests in the zone is dark coniferous with a predominance of Siberian spruce, Siberian fir and Siberian cedar. When forming them in clearings and burnt areas, the role of the predecessor coniferous species birch plays. Dark coniferous trees in the early phases of development are under its canopy, and later push it aside or choke it out. Herbs and shrubs in dark coniferous forests are few in number, while green mosses cover some associations. In northern taiga forests, the number of moss species is often greater than that of flowering plants.
Along with the dark coniferous taiga, on the territory of the West Siberian Plain there are forests of Scots pine, confined to sand deposits of ancient alluvial plains and sandy terraces along river valleys. In addition, pine is characteristic tree sphagnum bogs and forms peculiar associations of sphagnum pine forests on the swampy soils of the entire forest zone.
The river floodplains of the forest zone differ little from watersheds in the nature of the original vegetation. The meadows here are preserved as a result of systematic mowing and clearing. The elevated, near-terrace parts of the floodplain, free from forest, are occupied by forb-grass meadows. Sedges predominate in water meadows. Communities of reed and water manna are developed near and in the water. The riverbed parts of the floodplain are characterized by thickets of willows and willows.
A feature of the taiga is the low diversity of species, and often even the same age of plantings over vast areas. Thanks to this, the periodicity of harvests is sharply expressed, when for several years seed food may be absent or in negligible quantities, which is the most important reason for the migration of seed-eating animals. In addition, when moving from south to north, fruiting is not only less frequent, but also poorer. This explains the absence of mice in the northern forests. On the contrary, voles find sufficient and constant supplies of basic (green) food in the form of mosses, lichens, shrubs and subshrubs, and harvests of berries and mushrooms in some years help improve the food supply for many species.
The taiga subzones are somewhat different from each other. Thus, in the middle taiga there are no significant forest areas with a predominance of Siberian larch, which is found here as an admixture or in small areas. Spruce-fir-cedar forests predominate, as well as aspen-birch forests, which arose in the place of burnt areas and clearings. A significant territory is occupied by pine forests, sphagnum and sphagnum-hypnum bogs. The latter cover vast watershed spaces, subdivided into swampy and somewhat convex, forested pine moss swamps (ryams). Pine forests occupy riverine ridges and ridges adjacent from the southwest to the northeast, subdivided into lichen forests, white moss forests, green moss forests, lingonberry forests and blueberry forests.
Middle taiga dark coniferous forests are developed on podzolic and podzolic-boggy soils. Their tree stand consists mainly of spruce and cedar, and on poor soils - fir. They are characterized by greater canopy density and higher quality than northern taiga forests /2, 3, 4, 5/.
