The key information needed to calculate concrete for a foundation is its type (strip, column or slab) and configuration. In turn, the type of base is selected based on soil morphology, hydrogeological conditions of the area and the construction project itself.
In some cases it is advisable to use foundation blocks and foundation waterproofing, in others - cast concrete or columnar structures. Having decided on the type of structure and having a sketch of the object in hand, we begin to calculate the cubic capacity of concrete for the foundation.
To calculate the amount of concrete for this type of foundation, you need to know the dimensions of the tape:
Let's look at how to calculate the amount of concrete for a strip foundation using an example. Let's take total length tape equal to 30 m, width - 0.4 m, and height 1.9 m. Then the total consumption of concrete is calculated as follows: 30×0.4×1.9=22.8 m3.
To find out how much concrete is needed for a column foundation, you need to know their height and area cross section. To calculate the cross-sectional area of a square or rectangular post, multiply its width by its length. The area of a round column is calculated by the formula: S=3.14×R 2 (R is the radius of the column).
For example, the diameter of a round column is 0.2 m, then its cross-sectional area will be: 3.14 × (0.1) 2 = 0.0314 m2. At a height of 2 m, the volume of the column is equal to: 0.0314×2=0.0628 m3. If the cross section of the column has a complex shape, its area is calculated using the appropriate mathematical formula. To calculate the total consumption of concrete for the entire foundation, multiply the resulting number by the number of columns.
To calculate concrete for a slab foundation, you need to know its volume. To do this, multiply its area by its thickness. For a 6x6 m house, the slab area will be 36 m2. Minimum thickness for the structure - 0.1 m. The volume of concrete for pouring the slab in this case will be: 36×0.1=3.6 m3.
How to calculate the cubic capacity of concrete for slab foundation with stiffeners? To do this, find out their volume - multiply the cross-sectional area by the total length, then add the resulting number to the volume of concrete spent on pouring the slab.
When the volume of concrete for the foundation is calculated, the consumption of its individual components is calculated. Optimal ratio cement, sand and crushed stone for pouring the foundation - 1:3:5. Material consumption depends on the brand of cement.
It is also worth considering that preparing a cubic meter of concrete will require 160-170 liters of water.
Note!
It is impossible to calculate the solution for the foundation with high accuracy, therefore it is always worth adding 10% to the calculated volume of the solution.
In construction, concrete grades are used that are designed to create products that perform specific functions in building frames. Options concrete structures and their compliance with the tasks assigned to them depend on compliance with the volume and weight ratio of the components in concrete. Errors in establishing the proportions that make up a concrete batch lead to problems, even if ready-made concrete mix is used.
They contain a certain brand of cement and crushed stone, which, after mixing until smooth, are mixed with water. Cement is a binding powder. Portland cements are widely used, which are obtained by firing high temperature compositions made of limestone and clay.
When crushed, gypsum is added to them, which determines the rate of hydration concrete mortar. Usually for making heavy concrete for various purposes from M100 to M450, cement grades M300 – M500 are used. Filler for binding the mixture - a natural stone(crushed stone) obtained by crushing rock.
The result is a loose granular (different fractions) building material. Depending on the type of breed, it has various characteristics hardness The following types of crushed stone are used in concrete:
Granite is the hardest crushed stone. Sand forms the (fluidity) of concrete, filling the space between cement and crushed stone, and the structural uniformity of the distribution of components in the volume. Thus, the concrete receives the necessary workability. Water ensures the occurrence of cement hydration reactions in the solution (formation cement stone), part of it forms the fine-porous structure of concrete structures. In general, to obtain one cube of concrete mixture (without reference to a specific brand), you may need cement (from M500 and above) 0.15 - 0.5 t, gravel 1.0 - 1.4 t, sand 0.4 - 0 .8 t and water 0.09 – 0.21 t.
Main components of concrete mixture. It is important to understand what values and what brand are required. Therefore, the components of the concrete composition must meet certain requirements to obtain artificial stone having given parameters quality. When selecting, you should consider:
These parameters form the final brand indicators of concrete characteristics, as well as equally important intermediate indicators of properties - workability and density of the solution. Inattention to the initial quality of crushed stone, cement, water and sand leads to a shortage of brand values, for example, the strength of structures.
The most important parameters are the freshness of the cement and brand characteristics (for example, strength, frost resistance, etc.). The higher the numerical value of the brand, the higher the characteristics. Crushed stone for the mixture is not taken all in a row, but the required fractions (40 - 70, 20 - 40 mm and 5 - 20 mm).
For the filler, the large irregularity of grain shapes and surface roughness (limestone, crushed granite) are important. If gravel grinding with round grains is used, the strength is reduced. The filler should be removed from dust and dirt by washing. This requirement also applies to sand. It, as a sedimentary rock, should consist only of grains up to 0.3 cm in size and should not contain clay impurities.
For the cleaning sand mixture should be washed with water. Sand is prepared by sequential sifting through meshes with cells of 0.25, 0.12 cm and 0.315 mm. The last fractions that pass the sieve become fillers. It is also important whether dry or wet sand is used. The moisture in it distorts the actual proportional relationship with other components.
The correct water-cement ratio ensures the required duration and intensity of the solution hydration reactions. The optimal amount of water is 40% of the weight of dry cement. Increasing its volume delaminates the mixture, contributing to a lack of strength; insufficient volume stops hardening. The solution should be thick, but not hard, workable, but not leaking through the seams of the formwork. The building materials market also offers to take advantage of the (pgs) obtained from the extraction of gravel and sand.
The river mixture of fillers contains less clay and dust than that mined in quarries. Additional enrichment of such a mixture with sand completely forms finished composition. However, you should know that the proportion of sand in it should be 30% or higher (gravel up to 70%). Ignorance of the actual content may lead to a distortion of the correct ratio of components.
The proportions of the mixture components determine the grades of concrete, and they, having expressed characteristics, are used to create specific structural elements (walls, foundations, flights of stairs, partitions or paths in the garden) buildings. Concrete has a developed classification of grades, for example, according to:
Modification (significant enhancement) of indicators is also helped by various additives that increase heat resistance, ductility, frost resistance, hydrophobicity, etc.
Thus, the weight ratio of the components determines the parameters of concrete. The established practice of using various compositions has revealed the exact weight ratios of the parts of the solution, which ultimately determine the properties of concrete. The grade determines the amount of cement in the mixture in relation to sand and crushed stone. Therefore, in some cases, you should refrain from using PGS, since due to ignorance of the exact ratio of sand and gravel in it, it is impossible to predict the quality of the future in advance concrete product(for example, foundation).
It is necessary to predict the quality of concrete based on the exact ratios of cement and fillers. An example is concrete grades from M100 to M450, prepared on the basis of M400 and M500 cements. Table 1 shows their proportions in parts. For example, a ratio of 1.0: 4.1: 6.1 means that 4.1 kg of sand and 6.1 kg of crushed stone are taken for cement weighing 1 kg.
Thus, M100 is laid in sidewalks, paths, screeds inside buildings, and is used to create non-load-bearing, weather-proof structures. is already allowed for the formation of light foundations (garages, sheds). Retaining structures, staircases, landing bases are cast from grade M200. even stronger, therefore it has proven itself in private construction, including the casting of reinforced floor slabs.
The most used grade is M300 when pouring grillage piles and strip foundations brick buildings up to 3 floors high, blind areas. M400 concrete is used to form foundation slabs high-rise buildings, columns, beams, piles, monolithic pools, etc.
Quite expensive concrete M450 is used in the construction of especially durable structures special purpose(including buried ones), tunnels, dams.
Besides the main one purpose of construction- comfortable and safe storage of the car; - the garage also performs other functions.
When troubleshooting and breaking down a machine, the room turns into workshop with all its attributes: heavy tools, bulky mechanisms, dismantled and spare units, stained with motor oil.
The constant presence of flammable fuel in the car tank and in spare cans imposes increased fire safety requirements to materials finishing interior walls , their resistance to toxic chemicals.
How to decorate the walls in the garage inexpensively? Nowadays, the choice of finishing materials is so great that we will focus only on some of the most budget materials for covering internal walls.
At the same time, we remember key requirements for garage finishing: firmly, inexpensive, Beautiful.
Wooden lining, the ultimate dream of a garage owner just 15-20 years ago, has long been lost among modern plastic descendants.
How to decorate garage walls cheaply? Can tree. After all, this material is high-quality, durable and aesthetic. Polished panels made of precious wood decorate the interiors of palaces and the interiors of expensive limousines. Traditionally, saunas and bathhouses are lined with wood with low thermal conductivity to avoid getting burned on the walls.
But in a garage, where there is already an abundance of flammable substances, use wooden lining, and even impregnated with drying oil and varnish - extremely unwise. In such a room it will be dangerous not only to carry out any welding work if necessary, to install a heating stove, but even to simply smoke.
However modern types plastic linings, composite polymers and metal, traditionally continue to be copied wooden boards and panels, although the design imitates both brick and stone.
After all, such a universal, time-tested form allows you to use best quality, inherent clapboard- it is easy to mount on a wooden beam frame.
Another advantage of timeless technology is that the lathing allows comfortable install any insulation under the lining, hide cables and pipes engineering communications, ventilation ducts.
All types of lining, despite the differences in materials and profiles, are similar in installation principles: ridges and grooves at the ends of the panels allow them to cover walls no gaps. Each subsequent panel also hides the fastening elements of the previous one.
Such siding has all the advantages of metal products - increased strength, durability, resistance to aggressive environments and temperature influences, and non-flammability.
The disadvantages of metal are also presented here, the main one being susceptibility to corrosion. Metal lining made of aluminum and steel.
How to line the inside of a garage cheaply? One of the options - durable corrugated sheeting. These are steel profiled sheets with protective polymer coating. Like lining, corrugated sheeting can be fixed to a wooden sheathing. And the speed of installation will be ensured big sizes sheets.
Filling composition PVC panels(short for the term PolyVinyl Chloride) - non-flammable materials. The panel melts, but only smokes without forming an open flame. In the event of a fire, such smoke can extinguish the fire that caused it, displacing oxygen from the air in the room. But this toxic smoke is also harmful to human health. dangerous.
However, garage owners are willing to buy PVC panels for finishing walls, both internal and external, not for experiments with fire.
Wonderful vinyl siding
meets our requirements “Durable, inexpensive, beautiful.”
Moreover, it is waterproof, does not rot, does not warp due to temperature changes, is resistant to contact with garage chemicals, does not require painting or maintenance, and can be washed from almost any contaminant.
This siding will last for decades.
PVC panels They also exclude nostalgia for the good old lining. The volumetric imitation of the texture and shades of wood on the surface of the panels is indistinguishably realistic. Except they don’t smell like pine...
IMPORTANT: Price plastic siding depends on the color. The brighter and richer color palette panels, the more expensive they are. This is explained by the high cost of high-quality polymer dyes.
Installation of almost all existing various types of panels for finishing garage walls is carried out using a single simple technology for attaching panels to the sheathing. Choice of siding type and material decorative panels it is not the completely simple installation that affects, but only your preferences And financial opportunities.
Having prepared everything necessary materials, tools and fasteners, finish with your own hands garage walls one day you can too. Having tightened the last nut on the unit, which you have been fiddling with since the morning, you sit comfortably in a well-worn chair and wearily unwrap the bags with lunch you took to the garage. Any minute now a neighbor friend will come up and the conversation will flow.
During such leisure hours, the garage performs its most enjoyable function as a motorists' club.
Your friends will be surprised and happy for you when they see a new girl wall cladding! And you, as an authoritative expert, will tell them about the features of the choice inexpensive materials finishing, their properties and other qualities - because now you know all this.
A garage is a kind of creative brainchild for a man. Often it performs several functions at once - a parking lot, a workshop, a storage room, and even a place to relax. friendly company. Arranging a garage is a purely male activity, but, like every job, it also has its own tricks and nuances. Let's talk about this in more detail.
When selecting finishing materials for the garage, you should take into account the target features of this room. The materials must be non-flammable, since fuels and lubricants are the first to accumulate in the garage, moisture-resistant, resistant to damage and not absorbing dirt. What meets these requirements?
PVC lining . In a garage with a large area you can afford plastic panels from PVC. Similar installation takes up about 10 centimeters of space, but thanks to this reserve it is possible to insulate the garage walls with fire-resistant mineral wool.
Facade lining is waterproof, environmentally friendly, fire-resistant and presentable, but does not have high strength. However, on the other hand, with this finish your car is not at risk of scratches. To give the room a variety of colors, alternate panels with different shades or use lining with a laconic print.
Plaster . A plaster solution made from a mixture of sand and cement smoothes out visible unevenness in the walls. After grouting rough surfaces, it is necessary to apply a layer facade paint. If the garage is very compact and a little free space it is only around the car, try painting the walls with pastel paint, warm shades- this will visually expand the boundaries of the room. However, in such a garage you need to be doubly careful, since light-colored surfaces will quickly become dirty.
Facing bricks and tiles. Today this is probably the best option for finishing. Such materials are durable and strong, and quite easy to clean. U ceramic tiles big specific gravity, Unlike facing bricks, therefore, only strong walls, where there is additional reinforcement mesh padding, need to be finished with it.
There is one more nuance when purchasing these materials - the price. Indeed, the cost of such finishing can significantly hit your pocket. But the result will exceed all expectations. For example, a combination of walls decorated with frame bricks and a spectacular thematic panel with a luxury car, lined with small tiles, will produce incredible experience on your friends.
The floor in garages is precisely the surface that is always in use. Therefore, it must constantly withstand heavy loads from the car and heavy objects accidentally dropped from the hands. At the same time, not a single chip or crack should form on the floor. Requirements for fire and moisture resistance, of course, come first. Typically, a modern garage floor is multi-layered.
Self-leveling mass of sand-based concrete with reinforced mesh V top layer and waterproofing - a practical and most commonly used option for garage flooring.
Stronger, but a little more expensive than concrete paving slabs on a dense sand-gravel bed or road paving stones. For additional moisture resistance of paving stones, impregnants (special impregnations that have a water-repellent effect) are used.
Alternative concrete mixtures– elastic polyurethane, epoxy or acrylic resins. Impact-resistant floor tiles laid out with black and white checkers will look very stylish.
To prevent slipping, the tiles should be slightly rough. It is better not to buy tiles with any pattern, as over time it will become very worn out and will not look aesthetically pleasing at all.
Often, among the multitude of suitcases, mezzanines, and bicycles, there is not even a place to park a car, let alone sit in a pleasant, friendly male company in the evening. Therefore, important details in the arrangement of a garage are not only the floor and walls, but also shelving and hanging shelves for storing tools, household items and auto parts. 
A frame metal rack located along the wall (and if the space of the room allows, then you can put a U-shaped rack for three walls), like true friend, will help separate the necessary from the unimportant. But first of all, you should conduct an audit of the accumulated things and only then make accurate measurements of the width, length and depth of the structure.
Depth of standard designs in hardware store usually up to 1 meter, but this is often not enough, so many car enthusiasts prefer custom-made racks. In this case, the depth must be determined based on the size of the largest item that will stand on the shelf of the rack. This could be a large suitcase, tires, etc. To prevent a lot of dirt, dust and moisture from accumulating, it is better to drill small holes in the shelves. So, the tools do not rust or gather dust.
Leaving a distance of about 30 centimeters between the floor and the bottom shelf of the rack will make it much easier wet cleaning garage, which now will not take much time.
When assembling a frame rack, it is better to use metal corner(30 by 30 mm) on bolted connections or profiled pipe. Of course, you can also use welding, but this is not always profitable or convenient. Aluminum profiles are also not suitable for drywall due to their insufficient strength.
An excellent material for shelves is moisture-resistant plywood. It does not absorb moisture, is strong and durable. For enhanced protection, the plywood can be sealed with varnish. You should not make the shelves too long, as the plywood may bend.
Of course, racks and shelves can be purchased at any specialized store, but such a purchase will cost you a lot.
There are increased requirements for the appearance of buildings in private households, including non-residential ones. Every owner wants his territory to be well-groomed and the exterior of the buildings to be pleasing to the eye.
In addition to the aesthetic component, the cladding of any structures must be functional. How to veneer the outer walls of a garage so that it can serve as a reliable shelter for a car for a long time and decorate the area, we will look into this article.
Before considering the types of possible cladding for a private garage, you need to understand what materials it can be built from.
Design options can be:
Important! Any structure requires a foundation. Its design also depends on the material used in the construction of the garage.
Wooden buildings can be erected fairly quickly, including with your own hands. Can be built frame structure or a structure made of timber or logs (read more).
Modern protective materials make it possible to treat wood against climatic influences, fire and pest damage, which increases its service life. For country cottages, decorated in eco-style, a log garage will be the best solution.
On metal carcass, mounted using welding machine, you can install corrugated sheets. Such structures are quickly erected, but they are cold and without installing good thermal insulation, they are not intended to be held in them for a long time.
Blocks from various types concrete are gradually becoming very popular and are replacing brick, which was previously used everywhere (read more). This is due to lower labor costs during masonry, its speed, characteristics and cost of the material. To protect the building from moisture, you can treat the outside of the building with an acrylic primer.
They will last for many years, but the construction itself is a complex and time-consuming undertaking. Moreover, it should Special attention devote the right choice and installation of the foundation, so a massive structure will stand on it.
Structures made from panels are practical and budget-friendly buildings. With proper preparation concrete base and precise assembly of the frame, the installation of walls and roof can be completed within a day.
When choosing this material for construction, it is necessary to weigh the financial component, since brick buildings cannot be called cheap. In addition, without knowledge and skills of how masonry is carried out, building a garage is quite problematic.
If all of the above does not frighten you, then after completion of construction you can get a durable, strong, reliable and attractive structure.
Some types of buildings do not require mandatory cladding. Such structures include, for example, structures made of blocks (they can simply be treated with a composition that protects them from moisture), bricks, corrugated sheets or sandwich panels.
Insulation options installed structures depend on their purpose: whether the garages will be used exclusively for storing vehicles or whether it is intended to equip a workshop, storage room for workpieces or a rest room.
Considering various options finishing garage walls, it is necessary to take into account the requirements for cladding.
Finishing material should be:
You can get more information from the video in this article.
The garage should look presentable and not deviate from the style of the rest of the architectural ensemble.
The following options can be considered as finishing cladding solutions:
The use of paint for finishing external surfaces is one of the most simple ways their protection and decoration. The main advantages of using paintwork materials are: affordable price and ease of application.
Anyone can do this kind of work. In addition, to paint a building you will need very few equipment: a brush for cleaning the base, a roller for applying the composition, a paint tray and, in fact, the paint. You can also use a spray gun to speed up the process.
Application instructions are not particularly complicated:
This method can be used for wooden, metal or concrete buildings. The walls with applied plaster are also finished with paint.
Important! The paint must be intended for outdoor finishing.
The range of paints and varnishes allows you to choose the required shade and texture. A correctly selected composition will reliably and for a long time protect the structure from external destructive influences.
What you should pay attention to when choosing a material:
Cladding the external and internal walls of buildings with plaster has been and remains a popular finishing method. Thanks to these compositions, the surface can be leveled and an aesthetic, neat and durable coating can be created. In addition, the cost of materials and the ease of working with them allow anyone to use plastering of bases.
Available structural types, for example, “bark beetle”, allow you to create an interesting cladding. If desired, the treated walls can be finished with other types of coatings.
Plastering technology:
Using siding allows you to get a very presentable-looking structure. The material also performs a protective function, protecting walls and thermal insulation from the effects of weather.
Several types of coatings are produced:
The material made of PVC is different:
Wood-like metal panels
The covering can be made of aluminum or galvanized steel.
Despite high cost, the material is attractive due to:
The material is not as widespread on the market as the first two types, but there are prerequisites for its promotion. The cost of the coating falls into the budget category, and besides, the siding is environmentally friendly.
Cladding panels are made with the addition of fiber fiber, which increases the rigidity of the material. Cement siding is fireproof, lasts a long time and looks very attractive, but is quite expensive.
This type of siding, made from a mixture of wood flour, plastic and additives, has excellent performance and decorative characteristics:
For the installation of any siding, a lathing made of metal profile or wooden blocks. As a rule, thermal insulation with an attached moisture and windproof film is installed under the covering.
The material is a little reminiscent of lining, but differs in its oval shape. The cost of finishing a garage with such a coating exceeds almost all of the options discussed above.
The appearance of buildings finished with a block house deserves only rave reviews, but the cladding requires constant maintenance. Despite the processing protective compounds, a building can quickly lose its beautiful appearance due to exposure to precipitation.
However, the use of this natural building material When covering other buildings on the site, it does not imply the use of other types of coatings.
Not only internal, but also exterior finishing can also be done using lining made from coniferous or hardwood. The board is an environmentally friendly, durable, easy-to-install material with good thermal insulation ability. In addition, its cost does not deter consumers at all.
The garage can be lined with clapboard belonging to classes A or B. Installation is carried out on a wooden sheathing. Installation is facilitated by the tongue/groove system. The boards are fixed using nails, clamps or staples.
The desire to have a luxurious and noble-looking, durable, reliable, resistant to moisture, temperature, mechanical stress and durable structure (as in the photo) leads to the choice of quality finishing material stone Of course, a unique structure will cost its owner a decent amount.
Some savings can be achieved by using artificial analogues. IN in this case A larger selection of material types is available.
The stone is fixed using special adhesive solutions, the characteristics of which are subject to strict requirements.
Important! The foundation of a garage lined with stone, as in the case of brick and concrete buildings, must be able to withstand a massive structure.
As you can see, there are a lot of options for lining the outer walls of the garage. Everyone can choose a finishing method depending on their material capabilities, preferences, requirements for functional and aesthetic characteristics.
