Make it so that modern house looked like a structure from the last century or even in the style Ancient Rome or Greece? Or just give it originality and beauty? Both are not a problem thanks to decorative elements for the facade of the house. Variety of choices, excellent performance characteristics and relatively low cost have made façade stucco molding made of polystyrene foam or polyurethane foam a popular material for decorating house facades. Let's figure out what it is and how to make a choice from the variety of offers from selling companies.
Especially in the Middle Ages, only the most important buildings or parts of them were made of precisely aligned bricks. The stonework was often plastered and the stone elements were painted in colour, often combined with the brick parts. For the overall quality of this masonry, it is always important to fill the joints with smaller stones sequentially to increase uniformity and transfer internal pressures. When the massive walls of medieval buildings were laid, an analogy to the ancient ancient method of bricklaying, the so-called empleton, was used.
Decorative elements for the facade of a house were previously made mainly from gypsum. It's been a long time labor-intensive process, which would now cost incredible amounts of money if you decided to order something like this for the entire façade or entire house. Fortunately, modern materials allowed us to produce no less beautiful, durable finished goods, which will fit perfectly into any era and style you need - from Baroque or Rococo to antiquity.
Due to a more efficient construction process, external and internal surfaces the walls were visible of worked blocks, and the interior was made of quarry, a mixture of mortar and fragments of stone or brick. Overall quality the walls in this case greatly depend on how the outer cheek and the inner filling are intertwined, as well as the quality of the mortar used. To protect the torsion of such walls, it is very important to drain effectively rainwater from the design. Brick stonework was always interwoven with elaborate blockwork, often tied to the inside of mandrels.
Polyurethane elements are created using polymer materials. Their advantages:
Facade decor active cornice made of polyurethane foam costs from 800 rubles for 2 linear meters.
The largest manufacturer of such products in the Russian Federation is Europlast. 
It also used a tried and tested recipe for the composition of masonry mortar, which was often the secret to the production of stone products. The extraction of stone has been carried out for centuries using almost the same procedure. Large stone blocks are gradually torn apart in the quarry, and accessible technology is divided into smaller pieces. The block thus obtained is gradually brought to the appropriate shape using suitable tools. The mason has many tools for this purpose.
Chisels differ in their design depending on the type of stone, they must be repeatedly crushed and polished during operation. Almost until the end of the century, workers and masons construction sites depended on mechanization. in the use of wedges, blanks and simple lifting devices- goats, winches, rollers and trolleys. Several ingenious methods have been developed for grasping stone blocks.
The most popular modern decor for building facades - from foam plastic. This material allows you to produce products of absolutely any configuration at low cost. Its advantages:
A facade decorative cornice made of polystyrene foam costs from 600 rubles per 2 linear meters. It is possible to buy cheaper for interior decoration, without cover. 
Among the oldest are shearing shears, squeezing the stone through dents in the sides of the block. So-called crepes, some metal anchors usually attached to a hole in the top surface of the block, were used in abundance. It was important to grab a block so he could sit up in bed. Architecture - Vocabulary of Architectural Elements and Building Crafts 18 When making stone stones and stone accessories, a serious mistake is to use conventional steel and other corrosive materials.
Air humidity penetrates quite quickly into metal element, which corrodes the remains and then tears apart the stone block. General Chapter 19 stone details of masonry chambers The use of stone in the construction of our history, it is based on long-standing traditions, but also natural conditions. There are hundreds of deposits in Bohemia and Moravia various types quality stone suitable for mining and further processing. Probably the most typical type of stone, which was used in almost all major phases of the phase, is sandstone.
Decor made of fiberglass is less popular. However, light material in work and no less beautiful than those described above. Its advantages:
Decorative elements made of polymer concrete (quartz sand, crushed stone, polyester resin and other fillers) are another popular trend of this century. The main difference from the materials described above is the skillful appearance that imitates a natural stone, but with physical parameters superior to it. The products themselves weigh little and do not require additional reinforcement of the foundation or facade, are easy to install and can be manufactured according to the customer’s sketch.
Today, many types are in use, varying in strength, structure, color and therefore ease of use for different purposes. IN early middle ages opuka was popular in Bohemia. In this problem of restoration potential, marl decay is repeated due to excessive use based on cement mortars and the harsh treatment of the internal climate, which leads to significant drying out of the interiors and subsequent disintegration of the rocks. In construction practice in the past, other types of stone were also used, especially granite and gneiss, diorite, limestone, slate and much more.
Polymer concrete is often used to make not only façade decor, but also free-standing columns and railings for stairs. 
Tile finishing of buildings is often used in oriental styles registration It is resistant to humidity and temperature changes. Materials such as granite or marble are also often used, but due to the high price they are not as popular as products made from foam plastic, polyurethane, fiberglass or polymer concrete. 
Using the type of stone, I was guided mainly by its mechanical properties, resistance to weather conditions, availability natural resources and processing capabilities, fineness of grain, skin color, and sometimes fashionable influences. The stone blocks in the masonry had a well-worked face, the back was usually worked. coarser, which also contributed to better mixing with masonry mortar. The stone architectural elements had a front constructed in accordance with proven construction principles, in keeping with the current stylistic style.
The main advantages of facade decor made from modern materials:
When choosing facade decor made of polystyrene foam, polystyrene foam or polyurethane foam, you should consider general style house (architecture) and its division. It can be vertical or horizontal. Usage large quantity elements of both types makes the house oversaturated with them, which kills the beauty and harmony of the building.
Very important detail The horizontal links had a dripping nose, allowing drops of water to drip that would otherwise run down the façade. Effective rainwater drainage also served as other details, such as the profiling of masonry joints or the gradients and shapes of protrusions. Very important principle For stone elements, decoration or sculpture, it has always been the case that there should not be a closed tray cavity that can accumulate water. gutters Profiling masonry joints Corrugating corners Shapes of stone cladding.
Architects advise using horizontal division of a building in cases where it is necessary to create the impression of solidity and monumentality. Excellent when the building has a low number of floors and a long facade. 
Buildings with a short façade but a large number of floors are best decorated with vertical decor. This will visually lengthen and lighten the overall composition. 
General provisions Chapter 21 Masonry Masonry based on products and baked earthen one of the oldest building materials, their use has been known since ancient times. In our architecture, fired bricks were used in late Romanesque and early Gothic buildings. During further development Hundreds of different brick formats have been applied, including a variety of shapes. A great development in the use of bricks can be traced back to the mid-century, with the Baroque era having bricks. not only walls, but also vaults of all shapes.
Mostly brick buildings were built as strongly as a Baroque fortress. Brick making provided hundreds of bricks, which were usually located as close as possible to a natural source of suitable clay. Perhaps, in the century, two brick formats have stabilized in our countries, the so-called Austrian and the so-called German.
The simultaneous use of vertically and horizontally oriented decor is acceptable, but this requires a well-prepared, well-thought-out composition that will give the building greater expressiveness.
Horizontal details of façade decor include:
Vertical details of façade decor include:
Architecture - a lexicon of architectural elements and construction professions 22 brick factories in a character recess in top part downloads. Romantic architecture found use in abundance of construction made from bare brickwork, with a wide range of color and shape varieties, including glazed surfaces. Products from this period are so good that even today they are widely used as secondary building material, especially in the reconstruction of monuments. Bricks are also widely used in the construction of retaining and boundary walls, sewerage and civil engineering. quality grades are also suitable as road surfaces.
When choosing facade decor, it is also worth remembering the location of the building. For example, for urban houses it is customary to use more vertically oriented elements. Decor country cottages has no traditions. Most often, their decoration is based on the artistic preferences of the owner and the desire to hide some imperfections or close bridges of cold. 
The so-called brick tiles. Architecture - a lexicon of architectural elements and construction professions 24 Wooden structures Wood has always been the most affordable and probably the most widely used building material. Extraction and processing cannot be carried out to the final fi form of relatively simple hand tools. Made of wood, it is possible to build very large and stressed structures, engineering structures, as well as floors, ceilings, walls, doors, windows and other parts of the work.
For building structures used in the past, mainly coniferous species, but also hardwood such as oak or beech, as well as, if necessary, other types of real estate. The quality of wood is an important way to increase the time of felling trees, a method of storage and protection from fungi and mold. To assemble the structure of wooden structures, many kinds of complex circuits have been gradually developed.
A separate element of decoration of building facades is stucco. It can be made of stone (even artificial), concrete, gypsum, fiberglass, polymer concrete, polyurethane or polystyrene. The last 4 materials are lighter compared to the first three. However, appearance Some similar elements will look the same on a building regardless of the materials used, which is why lightweight modern materials for making façade decor have become so popular now. Moreover, they do not require reinforced walls and “adjustment” of the installation site. 
The seams may be secured with wooden pegs or wrought iron staples, wedges or tightened bolts. General information Chapter 27 Timber Structures Examples of Timber Structures There have been two main structural approaches used in the construction of wooden objects in the past. On the one hand, log buildings were built, connected by massive trunks with corner ceilings, and on the other hand, the principle of half-timbered construction was used in the past. Half-timbered buildings have a frame skeleton made of wood, with brick fillings.
Half-timbered houses are less wood-intensive than timber and are easier to construct than brick buildings. Carpentry structures are also widely used in brickwork. This was usually in the form of carpentry frames, transfers, beams, partitions, stairs or ceiling structures. Wooden ceiling and floor structures are commonly used from medieval times until the end of the century. They were like ceiling beams, as well as beams supporting the ceiling, and tile boards, boards often cut with protective grilles.
Horizontally oriented decorative elements include such a large group as moldings. This:
They help to zone the surface of the building and give it a finished look. In appearance, these are convex planks with a section or several. Can be used to decorate walls, arches, ceilings, doors, windows, etc.
Floors with carpeted usually consist of thinner beams, curved boards. The meeting can be plank or plank applied, and the design and aesthetics are more suited to a bevel or tongue and groove. Likewise, joints are also solved in vertically laid plank structures - tiles, wooden walls, door designs or simple doors. The planes connected flat to the meeting form a so-called heap, which hardens in the perpendicular direction of the coil. They can be secured by gluing, door bolts, the most durable is to insert a cone into a conical recess. brick filler ceiling ceiling ceilings punches door threshold door panels stairs columns door window trim pillar base column corner corner window split structure.
The design of any types of openings greatly influences the overall impression of the building's facade. So that the window has beautiful view outside, its height should be made 1.5-2 times the width. The format can be done as follows:
Installation of façade elements begins with their preparation. It is necessary to arrange all the elements in places for clarity in accordance with the plan diagram. Even if these are parts from 1 set, they may need to be trimmed to fit the dimensions of your opening or house.
General information Chapter 29 Wooden structures Thanks to excellent mechanical properties wood joinery can be applied either by pressing or by drawing. The printed structures are called rails, a structure of towed towers. General Chapter 31 Timber Structures Truss Structure Tempered timber structures are a very important and interesting part of buildings. Dozens of different building systems to create complex spatial systems using carpentry work, capable of covering the ground plan of a building and creating the required shape.
Before installing any façade elements, facade preparation will be required: plastering and priming or sanding in those places where it is necessary to level the surface.
Instructions for further installation step by step:
For decorative parts that protrude 10 cm or more from the wall, it is necessary to make metal covers to prevent moisture from entering. They must be sealed! Most often this is required for window sills.
The construction of roof trusses must support not only its own weight, but also the weight of the covering. snow, wind load or other loads. With proper maintenance and protection from moisture and wood-destroying insects, roof trusses can last hundreds of years. Quite often the rafters of the century have been preserved, not even the rare Baroque rafters, which can be found in our rafters of both the Renaissance and many Gothic buildings, or at least their torsos.
General Part 33 Timber Structures The main elements of trusses are beams, purlins, spacers, posts, clamps, clamps, ladders and rafters. Other elements include ribbons, slanted posts, posts, slippers, shorts, Hebrew crosses, curtains, diagonals, ledges and boards. The roof cladding forms the sheathing or formwork. Duct passages are made in the chimney channels. The roof structure often complements the attic, roofing, service benches or accessory stairs. Corrosion protection is essential to the lifespan of the roof, which consists of roof maintenance and proper plumbing components.
The video will help you understand more clearly how to install decor for facades:
Anyone who is about to begin repairing and decorating a building or interior space needs to know the basic names of decorative elements. This knowledge is necessary not to throw it around in an attempt to look knowledgeable person, but in order to make it easier for yourself to find these very decorative elements. And at the same time, understand what the architect, designer or finishers say who will help you transform the interior or facade, if you do not rely only on own strength. The concepts presented here are presented in the most understandable form without using a large number of terms so that they are easy to navigate.
An entablature is essentially a beam that covers a span, sometimes serving as an end. It consists of three parts - an architrave, a frieze and a cornice. Is the carried part and all of it constituent elements in each of the orders, be it Ionic, Doric or Corinthian, they have different proportions, which are determined based on the parameters of the column. The combination of the entablature with columns is the main feature classic style. After the Renaissance, the entablature began to appear separately from the columns as the completion of the upper part of the wall. If pilasters or half-columns are used, the entablature is written around them. There is an entablature without its individual parts. For example, without the frieze the entablature is considered incomplete; without the architrave it is lightweight.
An arch is the covering of a curved opening located in a wall, or a span located between two supports (these can be either columns or bridge supports). This is a curved beam that creates a lateral thrust when finishing the facade. The arch can be semicircular - if there is a cross-section of a semicircle, pointed - if it consists of two arches that meet at an angle, arched - if the arc is less than a semicircle, and multi-lobed - when a combination of several small arches is used.
Archivolt - frames the arched span and distinguishes it from the wall. This is a purely decorative element, successfully used in the decoration of interiors and facades. Also, an architrave made of stucco or a curvilinear rod that borders can act as an archivolt. outer surface arches or .
The base is the lower element of a column or pilaster, serving as its base.
Balustrade – stair railing, which can be used on balconies and terraces. Usually it is small in height and consists of figured columns, on which railings or beams are placed on top.
Balusters - just belong to the balustrade and are those same low columns that can sometimes be decorated with carved. They support the enclosing railings.
Castle - usually wedge-shaped or pyramidal in shape, crowning an arch or vault. Sometimes it stands out due to its dimensions and protrudes from the plane and can be decorated with an ornament or sculptural image, which makes it more decorative. It is an arched decoration and also a decoration for flat lintels.
Caryatid - its use dates back to the 17th-19th centuries. in European architecture. It is a sculpture of a woman supporting a beam in a building.
A capital is the top part of a support, mainly a column. It is she who takes the greater load from the horizontal beam.
Cornice is an element used for finishing rooms, facades and furniture. It is protruding and separates the horizontal overhanging and vertical planes. You can often find a cornice separating the vertical planes of the wall that need to be highlighted. In architecture, it usually crowns the entablature and is located above the architrave and frieze.
Flutes - represented by horizontal or vertical (depending on the order) grooves on the trunk or base of the column. They may be closely spaced or have small gaps.
Column - an architecturally processed element having a round or square section. Initially it served as the simplest element in a post-and-beam structure. It rests on a base and is crowned by a capital. The column is used both to decorate building facades and in interior spaces. The degree of its artistic expressiveness can be determined by its proportions, plastic processing and divisions.
Console - if we talk about architecture, then it is a stone protruding from the surface of a wall that supports another protruding part, larger in size. This could be a balcony, cornice or vertical ledge in the wall. Often the console is decorated with a pair of volutes - a large one with an upward twist and a smaller one with an upward twist. reverse side. Consoles are also called stands with ornaments, which are attached to the wall in interiors, and which serve to place on them various elements decor such as vases, statues, etc. Also the console in is narrow table, which is supported by straight lines or curved legs. Such tables were usually placed in front of a mirror or window.
– well-known relief and figured decorations, which are also often used to decorate the facades of buildings and interiors of apartments. The materials for them are usually gypsum, concrete, plaster or Lately incredible popularity of polyurethane.
Modulion or modillion is part of the order architecture and is a bracket that supports a remote slab. True, in some cases it performs a purely decorative function. On the lower side it is decorated with an acanthus leaf.
Platband – frames a window and is made in the form of shaped strips that are applied to the wall. Carved frame usually made of wood and richly carved. In addition to being decorative, the platband also has functional purpose– close the gap between the door or window frame and the wall.
A niche is one of the most widely known architectural elements, representing a recess in the wall of various shapes. Vases, statues and other things are often placed in niches. decorative elements. Cabinets are also built into the niches. The semicircular niche is called the exedra.
A panel is usually a painting designed to fill an empty part of the wall to make it more decorative and expressive. The panel can be wall-mounted or placed on the ceiling, in which case it is called a lampshade. It can be made in the form of a bas-relief, stucco or carved, as well as a ceramic composition.
A parapet is most easily described as a low continuous fence, a wall that encloses the roof of a building, a balcony or terrace, an embankment or a bridge. Vases and statues are often placed on it.
Pylon is a tower-like structure installed on both sides of the entrance. They first became known during the Middle Kingdom in Egypt, where they had the shape of a truncated pyramid. They usually had a large cross-section and carried flat or vaulted ceilings. Later, they were used to support load-bearing cables in suspension bridges. The architecture of classicism used these elements in a reduced form at the entrances to the territory of palaces and parks.
A portal is an architectural entrance to a building, made with either flat or arched lintels. In architecture Ancient East Another type was known - peshtaki. Later, in Romanesque and Gothic, as well as Old Russian architecture, perspective portals were used in the form of ledges with columns in the corners connected by archivolts.
A portico is a series of columns that are united by an attic and a pediment. Sometimes only the attic acts as a unifier. It became widespread from the times of the architecture of Greece and Rome, and then was often used in classicism.
Pilaster or pilaster - is a vertical projection with rectangular cross-section, placed on a wall or pole. It has the same proportions and parts as the column, only without entasis (thickening in the middle part). It is a purely decorative element and can structurally strengthen the wall.
Rocaille is inextricably linked with the Rococo style and is an ornamental motif based on the stylization of the shell.
Rotunda is the name usually given to a round building such as a pavilion, hall, temple or mausoleum, which is usually crowned with a dome.
Rust, rustic or rustication - masonry of relief stones or cladding of walls with such stones with a convex surface, which is called rustication. This technique serves to enliven the facade of the building and give it massiveness. Rusticism is often imitated with plaster by dividing the wall into strips and rectangles.
Sandrik is more often used outside buildings than in interiors and plays a decorative role. It is made in the form of a small cornice, which is placed above a window or doorway, can sometimes rest on consoles and be crowned with a pediment.
Tympanum is inner space pediment, in its recess, which can be triangular, semicircular or lancet. It is placed above a window or door. Sculptures, coats of arms and paintings are often placed in it.
Facade is one of the most important concepts in architecture - outer side any building. Its name depends on what configuration the building will be. There are main, street, side, park, courtyard and other types of facades. Their proportions and divisions depend on the purpose of the building and its style, as well as design.
Frieze - in architectural orders, this is the middle part of the entablature, which is located between the architrave and the cornice. It is also a continuous strip of sculptural, decorative, pictorial and other images that frames the top of a wall or the floor surface of a room, and can also serve as a carpet field.
Pediment is usually the final part of a facade, colonnade or portico. Usually triangular shape, sometimes it is onion. Bounded by side slopes and a cornice at the base. Often, in a reduced form, the pediment is used as decoration for doors and windows.
Plinth is the protruding lower part of a building wall or column located on the foundation. It is processed with rustication or profiles, and decorative processing is performed.
Entasis is the thickening of the column trunk in its middle part to create the effect of tension. Typically used to eliminate the illusion of trunk concavity.
