History of the Primorsky region for children. History of Primorye

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History of the Primorsky region for children. History of Primorye

The territory of Primorye, which is the southern part of the Far Eastern region of Russia (before the revolution, was designated by geographers as the South Ussuri Territory), was included in Russian state on the basis of the Aigun (1858) and Beijing (1860) treaties, which legally formalized the borders between Russia and China. Administratively, the region became part of the Primorsky region, formed in 1856 and part of the East Siberian, and since 1884, the Amur Governor-General. Like other Far Eastern territories, the Ussuri region was very sparsely populated: in 1861 there were less than 20 thousand people there.

In 1861 Russian government took the path of state encouragement resettlement to the Amur and Primorsky regions: according to the promulgated law, these territories were declared open for settlement by peasants who did not have land, and enterprising people of all classes who wanted to resettle at their own expense. The settlers were allotted a plot of land of up to 100 dessiatines for each family for free use, they were forever freed from the poll tax and for 10 years from conscription duty; for a fee, settlers could additionally acquire land as private property; duty-free trade was introduced in the region (porto-free regime), etc. These measures, as well as the abolition of serfdom in Russia in 1861, which increased the migration mobility of the population, contributed to the influx of peasants, Cossacks, workers, and enterprising people of all classes to the Far Eastern land.

Great importance to accelerate settlement and economic development Far East(and the Ussuri region in particular) had construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway: during the construction of its eastern section - the Ussuriysk Railway - the influx of capital and workers increased sharply. With the start of the implementation by the government headed by P.A. Stolypin, agrarian reform resettlement movement to the outskirts is encouraged by providing settlers with various benefits, and the influx of peasants to the Far Eastern outskirts increases greatly. Population in Primorye at the beginning of the twentieth century it continued to grow and by 1913 it reached 480 thousand people.

The economic development of the Far East and Primorye took place on the basis of free market relations. The abundance of free fertile land provided scope for the rapid development of agricultural production. The leading branch of agriculture was agriculture. In general, Primorye was distinguished by the diversity of cultivated crops: wheat, rye, oats, buckwheat, potatoes, millet, legumes, sunflower, corn etc. Since the end of the 19th century, they have been developing vegetable gardening, horticulture, melon growing. It was of great importance livestock farming. Mainly bred cattle, horses, pigs, antler reindeer husbandry was born, beekeeping and poultry farming developed. Since 1912, agronomic assistance to the village has been organized, significant highly commercial farms have been formed, and a layer of large rural entrepreneurs has been formed.

The industrial development of Primorye was carried out primarily through the development of the richest natural resources . Since already the first acquaintance with the South Ussuri region revealed the presence of a wide variety of minerals: coal, gold, polymetallic ores etc. By the end of the 19th century. gains industrial importance production of fish and seafood, the forestry industry is developing. The manufacturing industry developed mainly due to those industries that did not experience strong competition from the factory industry of the central regions of Russia and foreign countries, had a strong raw material base and generated large profits. First of all, these are industries for processing agricultural and natural products. Developed production of building materials, represented by brick, lime and concrete plants . Acquired a significant role metalworking. Compared to small private enterprises, it especially stood out Vladivostok State Ship Repair Yard. At the beginning of the twentieth century. The manufacturing industry developed more dynamically, the mining industry progressed, industrial exploitation of polymetallic deposits began, the forestry industry successfully developed, and timber exports grew.

The development of trade has especially intensified since the 1890s. The role of cities as large commodity markets and commodity distribution centers quickly grew. Vladivostok began to play an outstanding trade and transport role, becoming one of the five largest ports in Russia. Intensified international significance Vladivostok: more than a dozen consulates operated in the city, a large number of foreign trade missions.

In the second half of the 19th century, the Far East began to increasingly attract the attention of Russian scientists and researchers. The Russian Academy of Sciences and various scientific societies organized expeditions that studied the past and present of the Far East, its flora, fauna, and ethnography. Their works significantly expanded and deepened knowledge about the Primorsky Territory. The formation and development of regional science is connected with the activities of scientific societies. In 1884 in Vladivostok it was created Society for the Study of the Amur Region. Its members conducted active scientific and local history work, collected materials about the region, created collections, wrote Scientific research. Made a significant contribution to the development of science Oriental Institute- the only higher educational institution in the Far East, which was also the first scientific center in the region. The main efforts of scientists were aimed at studying modern living languages, researching modern history, geography, economics, jurisprudence of Asian countries. Contacts between scientific institutions of Primorye and foreign scientists were actively developing.

An outstanding Russian figure worked in the Far East governor general Eastern Siberia Count N.N. Muravyov-Amursky, who made a great contribution in the diplomatic field. With his participation were ratified Aigunsky, then Beijing treaties regulating the relationship between the Russian Empire and China. Distant Primorye has always attracted the Russian public. IN different years Scientists and travelers, poets and actors, singers and writers visited here: P.V. Wittenberg, N.V. Komarov, S.O. Makarov, N. Aseev, D. Burlyuk, A. Fadeev, singer L. Vyaltseva, actress V. Komissarzhevskaya. An outstanding traveler and scientist made a huge contribution to the study of the region VC. Arsenyev. He devoted more than thirty years of his life to research in the Far East. His books and essays contributed to the wide dissemination of knowledge about the region.

Since the beginning of the twentieth century, Primorye has become the most populated and industrially developed territory of the Russian Far East. In the mid-20s. About 600 thousand people lived here, which accounted for 44% of all Far Easterners. In 1923-1924. A number of factories, food enterprises, and households were nationalized, coal mines were restored, the workshops of the largest ship repair enterprise in the Far East, Dalzavod, were put into operation, and the scope of operation of the Vladivostok commercial port was expanded.

In the 1930s, the region began to receive significant budgetary investments, as it was involved in the implementation of a program of accelerated industrialization and collectivization of agriculture in accordance with the first five-year state plans. Primorye was considered by the state as the raw material base of the country, and it went in this direction economic development. Widespread construction of roads and new industrial enterprises began - mining, forestry, fishing, ship repair, etc. Coal mines were reconstructed. One of the leading industries of the region remained fishing industry. Various modes of transport – railway, air, opportunities have increased significantly Far Eastern Shipping Company. In agriculture were created collective farms, wealthy peasants were subjected to dispossession and repression. Rapid economic development required providing the region with new workers. To achieve this, the state organized the voluntary resettlement of workers and peasant families from the central regions of Russia, as well as demobilized Red Army soldiers, to the Far East. But, populating the region with the Russian population, the country's leadership in the 1930s. at the same time carried out a socio-demographic “cleansing” of Primorye. Several tens of thousands of so-called unreliable and socially alien persons were forcibly evicted from here. In addition, in 1937-1938. forced deportation from Primorye of all residents of Korean and Chinese nationalities was carried out, about 200 thousand people in total. However, despite forced evictions, deportations, executions and return migration, the population of Primorye in the 30s. grew quite quickly. By 1940, its number reached 939 thousand people.

The years of the Second World War became a time of tension for everyone in Primorye. vitality. The region faces a heavy production burden military equipment and shells, ship repair, mining of timber, coal, rare and non-ferrous metals. Primorye, together with other coastal regions of the Far East, has become practically the only fishing base in the country. Port of Vladivostok, Far Eastern Shipping Company and Far Eastern Railway carried out the bulk of transport operations in the USSR.

After the end of the Second World War, Primorye continued to develop as a large industrial and agricultural region of the Far East, maintaining its predominantly raw material specialization. More and more deposits of coal and ores were developed here, mining and processing factories and new power plants were built. In addition, large government investments were made to create enterprises in the military-industrial complex. Most enterprises in the mining and military-industrial industries had all-Union significance and were subordinate to Union ministries and departments. By the mid-1960s. new ones have also been created for the region industries: chemical, electrical, instrument-making, tools, porcelain, furniture and etc.

In the geopolitical system of the Soviet state, Primorye, as in the pre-revolutionary period, occupied the place of one of the constituent parts of the Russian Far Eastern region. In the 20s - 30s, under the influence of national territorial and administrative transformations, it repeatedly changed its status and name. From 1922 to 1926 it was the Primorsky province, which was part of the Far Eastern Region (FER). In 1926, the Far Eastern Region was transformed into the Far Eastern Territory (DVK), and the Primorsky province was first transformed into the Vladivostok District, then into the Primorsky and Ussuri regions. The administrative center of the Far East from 1923 to 1938. there was the city of Khabarovsk, where all the regional leadership was located, and the coastal authorities were directly subordinate to it. October 20, 1938 . By Decree of the Presidium Supreme Council USSR “On the division of the Far Eastern Territory into Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories”, the Far Eastern Territory was divided into two independent administrative-territorial units: Khabarovsk Territory with its center in Khabarovsk and Primorsky Krai with its center in Vladivostok . From then to the present, Primorye has the status of the Primorsky Territory with direct subordination to Moscow.

Modern Primorye is a vast region. With an area of more than 165 thousand square meters. km - about 1% of the territory of Russia. The region's area is larger than Belgium, Holland, Denmark and Switzerland combined. The distance from Vladivostok, the regional center of Primorye, to Moscow is 9288 km. In the south and east it is washed by the waters of the Sea of Japan, in the north it borders with the Khabarovsk Territory, in the west - with China and the DPRK. The total length of the region’s borders is more than 3,000 km, of which 1,350 km is the sea border. The Primorsky Territory includes islands located in the Peter the Great Gulf: Russky, Popova, Reinike, Ricorda, Putyatina, Askold, etc.

The separation of Primorye into an independent unit contributed to further growth its productive forces. Economic growth industrial production in turn affected the development of human settlements. By the time of organization, the region consisted of 6 cities and 9 workers’ settlements. Currently there are 12 cities and 24 districts in the region. As of January 1, 2006, 2,019 thousand people live in the Primorsky Territory. Administrative center - Vladivostok with a population of 613.4 thousand people.

Primorye is a multinational region. In addition to the indigenous peoples - the Udege, Orochi Taz, Nanai, members of the “Northern Association of Peoples” - there are more than 120 nationalities in the region. The most numerous are Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Koreans, Tatars, etc. Seven national-cultural autonomies have been created - 3 Korean, 2 Ukrainian, 1 German and 1 Jewish autonomy. The main activities of all national cultural associations are aimed at preserving and developing national culture, traditions of the people, harmonious development of interethnic relations, and holding joint cultural events. Traditional festivals are held annually national cultures– Ukrainian, Tatar, Polish, Jewish and others.

Since the end of 1991, Primorsky Krai, remaining the same administrative-territorial regional entity, began to become part of actually another, new country - Russia. In this regard, there has been a significant change in the factors and prerequisites for the socio-economic development of Primorye. The collapse of the USSR had a dual impact on the development of the Far East and Primorye. Firstly, negative - due to the severance of many economic ties both in terms of resources and finished products due to the sharply complicated problems of the movement of goods and money circulation in the CIS. There was also a breakdown in social ties not only in the CIS, but also between the western and eastern regions of Russia. At the same time, the geopolitical and economic role of the Far Eastern region and especially Primorye in Russia has increased significantly. The territory of Russia compared to the USSR decreased by 24%, natural resource potential - by about 20-25%, and socio-economic potential, including population, gross and national product, industrial production - by 50%. Under these conditions, the role of natural resources of Primorye: non-ferrous and rare earth metals, mining and chemical raw materials, biochemical raw materials, including marine ones, various forest, recreational resources and others. The importance of local fuel and energy resources, first of all coal, and - hydropower, ocean and others. With the separation of the coastal regions from Russia - the Baltic, Ukrainian, Georgian - the importance of the transport and transit functions of the Far Eastern region, especially the ports of Primorye, and its role in the foreign economic relations of Russia with the Asia-Pacific countries increased.

The basis of the region's foreign trade was the exchange of goods with countries far abroad. Primorsky enterprises maintain trade relations with 80 foreign countries, but the main partners of the region, as in previous years, remain Japan, the Republic of Korea, China and the USA. The region's exports are dominated by fish, seafood, unprocessed timber, ores and concentrates of non-ferrous metals, boric acid derivatives, scrap and waste of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. The region's imports are dominated by food products, raw materials for their production, consumer goods, engineering products and products of the petrochemical complex.

Along with foreign trade activities, the market continues to develop in the region international services. International services are represented by passenger and freight transportation, communication services, hotel, tourism, commercial and other services. Transport services occupy a leading position in both exports and imports. Active in international service joint stock companies“DVMP”, “PMP”, “Vladivostok-Avia”.

A powerful impetus for building up scientific potential in the east of the country was the creation in 1970 of the Far Eastern Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences, now the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. FEB RAS is a network of scientific centers located in six territorial centers. The Primorsky Scientific Center in Vladivostok is the largest; about half of the Department’s scientific potential is located here. The Presidium of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences is also located here. The Far East with its peculiar climate, animals and flora largely determined the face of academic science. The main object of study is Pacific Ocean. The active interaction of the largest of the Earth's continents with the greatest of the oceans gives rise to many phenomena, which are the subject of basic research Institutes of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

In the field of education, 12 universities (including branches), more than 40 secondary educational institutions. In addition, there are three non-state universities, 7 universities and 3 academies. The main cultural institutions of the region are concentrated in the regional center of Primorye Vladivostok: Academic Drama Theater named after. M. Gorky, regional Youth Theater, puppet theater, KTOF theater, Philharmonic, regional art gallery.

Primorsky Krai lives and develops according to “Federal target program of economic and social development Far East and Transbaikalia for 1996-2005. and until 2010.”, in which a significant place is given to the problems of economic development of Primorye. Also in the region there are several governor's programs: “Primorye without drugs”, “Apartment for a young family”, “Primorye without orphans”, program for the restoration of fixed assets in housing and communal services, “Roads of Primorye” and others.

In 1995, the Duma of the Primorsky Territory adopted Charter of Primorsky Territory , symbolism developed - coat of arms and flag , installed Primorsky Territory Day - the 25th of October.

The territory of Primorye became part of Russia in the mid-19th century. In 1856, the Primorsky region was formed here, and Vladivostok was founded in 1860. Soviet power in Primorye was established in November 1917. In 1918, power in the region passed into the hands of the White Guards under the command of Admiral Kolchak, and US and Japanese troops landed in Vladivostok

The territory of Primorye became part of Russia in the mid-19th century. In 1856, the Primorsky region was formed here, and Vladivostok was founded in 1860. Soviet power in Primorye was established in November 1917. In 1918, power in the region passed into the hands of the White Guards under the command of Admiral Kolchak, and US and Japanese troops landed in Vladivostok. In the spring of 1920, the Red Army approached the border of the Primorsky Territory. In order to avoid a military clash between Russia and Japan, the Far Eastern Republic was created here, which was under the control of the Bolsheviks. In 1922 this republic became part of Soviet Russia. In 1938, the Primorsky Territory was formed with its center in Vladivostok.

The Vladivostok area was explored by Russian navigators in the 50s. 19th century In 1860, on the shore of the deep-water and wind-protected Zolotoy Rog Bay, a military post was founded by the crew of the Russian sailing ship "Manchurian", called "Vladivostok". In 1871, the main base of the Siberian military flotilla was transferred to Vladivostok from Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. The development of shipbuilding and other industries was accompanied by the strengthening of Vladivostok as an administrative center. A permanent steamship line connected Vladivostok with St. Petersburg and Odessa in 1879. In 1880, Vladivostok (with the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula) was allocated as a special “military governorate” and recognized as a city. Since 1888 the center of the Primorsky region. In 1897, the Khabarovsk-Vladivostok railway was built, and in 1903, direct railway communication with Moscow along the Great Siberian Railway opened. In the 80-90s. 19th century Vladivostok gradually turned into a place of concentration of Russian culture in the Far East. Vladivostok was the organizational center of the expeditions of Russian travelers and scientists N.M. Przhevalsky, S.O. Makarova, V.K. Arsenyeva, V.L. Komarov (later president of the USSR Academy of Sciences) and others. In 1899, the Oriental Institute was opened in Vladivostok. After the establishment of Soviet power in 1917, governments changed several times in the city, and Japanese, American and British troops landed. In 1920-22, Vladivostok was the center of the Far Eastern Republic. Since 1922 as part of the RSFSR. Since 1938 the center of the Primorsky Territory.

The territory of Primorye became part of Russia in the mid-19th century. In 1856, the Primorsky region was formed here, and Vladivostok was founded in 1860. Soviet power in Primorye was established in November 1917. In 1918, power in the region passed into the hands of the White Guards under the command of Admiral Kolchak, and US and Japanese troops landed in Vladivostok

The territory of Primorye became part of Russia in the mid-19th century. In 1856, the Primorsky region was formed here, and Vladivostok was founded in 1860. Soviet power in Primorye was established in November 1917. In 1918, power in the region passed into the hands of the White Guards under the command of Admiral Kolchak, and US and Japanese troops landed in Vladivostok. In the spring of 1920, the Red Army approached the border of the Primorsky Territory. In order to avoid a military clash between Russia and Japan, the Far Eastern Republic was created here, which was under the control of the Bolsheviks. In 1922, this republic became part of Soviet Russia. In 1938, the Primorsky Territory was formed with its center in Vladivostok.

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History of Primorsky Krai

More than 30,000 years ago, humans first appeared on the territory of Primorye; they were mammoth hunters. Much later, fishermen and sailors appeared; they made long voyages; They fished for tuna and other fish, collected shellfish and plants, hunted deer and wild boar, and raised pigs and dogs. According to ancient Chinese sources, the coast of the future Primorsky Territory was densely populated in ancient times.

Numerous monuments found here serve as confirmation. The most famous are the medieval Tungus state-kingdom of Bohai (698-926) and the Jurchen State (1115-1234) that existed on the territory of Primorye.

A number of large and medium-sized cities - administrative and craft centers of these states - have been discovered and studied by scientists, each year bringing amazing evidence high level economy and culture of the Jurchens.

The Mongol invasion destroyed ancient civilizations, devastated and devastated Primorye, the surviving population went into the taiga, fenced off from the outside world by the Sikhote-Alin passes and were mothballed in their development for centuries. Until the Russians arrived here, the region remained wild and forgotten, as if untouched by man.

The first Russian explorers visited Primorye in the middle of the 17th century. These were fishing and military expeditions. The expedition along the Ussuri River and its tributaries by Russian Cossacks led by Onufriy Stepanov took place in 1655. At this time, the first posts, forts, and cities of the Amur and Ussuri territories were founded. Unfortunately, Russia was unable to secure the discovery of the land at that time, and according to the Treaty of Nerchinsk, signed between Russia and China in 1689, it was forced to transfer the Russians from the Amur region to Transbaikalsk.

IN early XIX V. The advance of Russian merchants, Cossacks, and peasants into the regions of Eastern Siberia and the Far East began. Ships of the Russian fleet are exploring the eastern coast of the Sea of Japan, Okhotsk and Bering Seas, describing the coasts, bays, bays and other geographical features. Pioneer travelers explore the lands along the Amur River.

Peter the Great Bay became known to Europe only in 1852, thanks to a French whaler that accidentally spent the winter in Posyet Bay. The same whaler visited the Golden Horn Bay a year earlier and gave the first information about it to the world. The British also visited the bay in those years; it was they who named the Golden Horn the port of May. The bay retained its name for a long time.

In 1856, the Primorsky region was formed with its center in Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. November 15, 1859 N.N. Muravyov, the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia, ordered the military governor of the Primorsky region, Rear Admiral P.V. Kazakevich to establish posts in the harbors of Vladivostok and Novgorod.

Imprisonment in 1858-1860 The Aigun and Beijing treaties between Russia and China on relations between neighboring states, on trade and the border in the Far East, defined the Amur-Ussuri region as component Russia and marked the beginning of the development of the southern part of the Russian Far East. Intensive settlement of the right bank of the river by settlers from Russia began. Ussuri, Khanka Valley, sea coast and other places convenient for farming “by peasants who do not have land, and enterprising people of all classes who want to move at their own expense.”

On June 20, 1860, the third company of the 4th linear battalion under the command of warrant officer N.V. Komarova landed from the Manchurian transport in the Golden Horn Bay and founded the Vladivostok post as a strong maritime point in the southern part of the region. On June 7, 1880, Vladivostok was elevated to the status of a city.

The first Russian colonists of the region were soldiers of the 3rd Siberian battalion, who settled in the posts of Razdolnoye, Posyet, Turiy Rog, Kamen-Rybolov. Following them came the Cossacks, who by 1862 founded 23 villages with a population of 5 thousand people. The Cossacks played a huge role in the development of the region, because Along with the economic development of new lands, the Cossacks guarded the state border of Russia. True, they treated the new places without much sympathy, because... were sent here from their native places by lot. At the same time, the wealthy part of the Cossacks had the right to buy off compulsory resettlement or send someone else in their place. People who arrived in remote and uninhabited places could rightfully consider themselves exiles. Also, part of the first settlers consisted of penal soldiers and convicts.

On average, 230-240 people arrived in Primorye by land per year (in total, about 11 thousand people arrived by land during all stages of resettlement). This, of course, could not solve the task of developing new Russian lands. Therefore, the question immediately arose about the possibility of delivering settlers by sea from Odessa to Vladivostok. The first voyage was carried out by the steamship "Russia" in March 1883 and took 40 days. Subsequently, until 1903, 2 flights were carried out per year, carrying up to 2,600 people.

Since 1903, a through railway connection through Siberia was opened, along which settlers traveled to Vladivostok in “tepsihkas” in 14-18 days. About 199 thousand people reached Primorye this way.

The settlement of Primorye occurred as follows. A group of walkers - proxies from a group of settlers - first went to the place of the future settlement from Vladivostok. The walkers themselves inspected the site proposed by the Resettlement Committee for the foundation of a new settlement. After that, they returned to Vladivostok, consulted with their relatives and made a decision. After this, together with their belongings and livestock, they again set off on the road to settle into their new destiny.

The national and religious composition of the first inhabitants of Primorye was extremely diverse due to the fact that resettlement to the region came from various parts of Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, the Baltic states, Poland, and Finland. Citizens of neighboring states actively took part in the development of new lands. Korean immigration to Primorye was among the first to begin, which was caused by the patronage of the regional administration and the difficult, powerless situation of Korean peasants in their homeland. A certain part of the settlers were Chinese, who created so-called temporary settlements of “Chinese otkhodniks” and communities in Primorye.

However, in 1917, with the October Revolution, the resettlement was stopped. After establishing Soviet power In Primorye, power changed repeatedly, military landings of Japanese, American and British troops landed.

Primorye explorer Mongolian commercial

Test

1. Have ancient settlements in the Primorsky Territory dating back to the Paleolithic era been discovered on the territory?

A. Khasansky district

b. Nakhodka district

V. Shkotovsky district

2. What was the early state formation on the territory of the Russian Far East including the territories of Manchuria, Primorye and North Korea (698-926) called?

b. Mesopotamia

V. Phoenicia

3. Did the first explorers - the detachment of O. Stepanov - visit the Primorsky Territory?

4. In what year was the settlement of the Primorsky Territory allowed for peasants and “enterprising people of all classes”?

The subject of the agreement was:

6. What was the name of the agreement signed on November 2, 1860 between Russia and China (the agreement established the border between the two parties)?

A. Tianjin

b. Aigunsky

V. Beijing

7. Which of the crown princes took official part on May 19, 1891, during the laying of the stone in the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway near Vladivostok (Cooperovskaya Pad)?

A. Tsarevich Alexander Nikolaevich (Alexander II)

b. Tsarevich Alexey Nikolaevich

V. Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich (Nicholas II)

8. Was the Presidium of the USSR Council “On the division of the region into Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories” held?

9. How many cities are included in the Primorsky Territory?

10. Who are the indigenous inhabitants of the Primorsky Territory?

A. Udege people

b. Moldovans

V. Jurchen

11. Who was the first governor of the Primorsky Territory?

A. V. K. Arsenyev

b. N. N. Muravyov - Amursky

V. A. K. Shefner

12. Was the first civilian resident of Vladivostok?

A. Ya. L. Semenov

b. N. M. Prezhivalsky

V. E. S. Burochev

13. The first street of Vladivostok appeared in 1859. It was first renamed in 1873. Then, during the years of the revolution, the street received a new name. And in 1992, the street was returned to its historical name (the second in a row).

Place the name in the correct order:

A. st. Svetlanskaya

b. st. Leninskaya

V. st. American

14. The first monument of the city of Vladivostok, opened in 1897, is located along Svetlanskaya Street. The semantic significance of the monument has a double meaning - on the one hand, it is a monument to an outstanding explorer of the Far East, on the other hand, it is a monument - a symbol of the greatness of Russia.

In whose honor was the monument erected?

A. G. I. Nevelskoy

b. N. M. Chichav

V. V. S. Zvoiko

15. What is the name of the submarine that took part in the Second World War and was immortalized as a museum on the embankment of the Golden Horn Bay?

16. What museums are located on the streets of Vladivostok?

17. Which of the listed Monasteries are located in the Primorsky Territory?

A. Alexander Monastery

b. Trinity Monastery

V. Kazan Monastery

Holy Trinity Monastery

18. Which islands are part of the Primorsky Territory?

A. O. Oskold

b. O. Moneron

V. O. Russian

g.o. Putyatin

before. Shikatan

19. There are more than 300 lakes in Primorye. In the Ussuri River basin there are 2.8 thousand small lakes and Lake Khanka, which is the largest natural reservoir in the region. There is a salt lake in the Khasansky district. What's its name?

A. O. Talmi

b. O. Kachegi

V. O. Hasan

20. The largest river in the region is the Ussuri. Where are the sources of the river?

A. Mount Ordinary

b. Mount Lopatina

V. Mount Snezhnaya

21. One of the highest waterfalls in Primorye (33m) is located in the Terneysky district in the upper reaches of the Amgu River and is called?

A. V. Black shaman

b. V. Voroshilovsky

V. V. Benevsky

22. List the nature reserves of the Primorsky Territory.

23. The territory of the Primorsky Territory is inhabited by animals listed in the Red Book. Which?

A. Amur tiger

b. Yellow Pied

Mr. Spotted Deer

e. Himalayan Bear

and. River Beaver

h. Dressing

24. Which of these birds live in the Primorsky Territory and are listed in the Red Book?

A. Black stork

b. White-tailed eagle

V. Pink Pelican

Mountain Goose

village Shiloklyuvka

e. Lopaten

and. Scaly Merganser

h. Mandarin duck

25. What types of plants in the Primorsky Territory are listed in the Red Book?

A. pointed yew

b. Summer whiteflower

V. Toothed oak

Wormwood swamp

d. Juniper Solid

e. Forget-me-not Chekanovsky

and. Real ginseng

h. Purple core

Bibliography

1. Primorsky Krai. Vladivostok, Far Eastern Book Publishing House, 1979, 981

2. Aleksandrovskaya L. V. Odyssey of Fridolf Heck. Vladivostok, 1999

3. Bersnev Yu. I. Specially protected natural territories of Primorsky Krai. Vladivostok, 1997

4. History of the Far East. From ancient times to the 17th century. T. 1. M., 1989

5. History of the Far East of the USSR in the era of feudalism and capitalism / XVII century - February 1917 / T. 2. M., 1991

6. Old Vladivostok. Vladivostok, 1997.

7. Primorsky Krai. A short encyclopedic reference book. Vladivostok, 1992

8. Shavkunov E.V. The Bohai State and its cultural monuments in Primorye. L., 1968.

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Middle Ages

Bohai in 830

In the Middle Ages, on the territory of Primorye there were three empires, successively replacing each other: Bohai (698-926), Jin (1115-1234), Eastern Xia (1215-1233).

This period in the history of the region is characterized by the emergence of inequality and classes, the formation of government bodies beyond the control of the people, which are based on legitimate violence. The economy is characterized by qualitative transformations of the economy (primarily its productive forms, such as agriculture), the development of crafts and trade. Economic development leads to the emergence of the first cities. In the field of culture, polarization of ideology begins, the division of culture into elite and mass.

Jin Empire in 1141

The final result Mongol invasions was the destruction of ancient civilizations, devastation and devastation of Primorye. As one of the Chinese chroniclers wrote, “in the place where cities stood and bustling life was in full swing, desolation reigned and wild animals grazed.” From the perspective of official Russian historiography, until the advent of Russian pioneers, the region remained untouched and forgotten, which was partly facilitated by the policy of self-isolation carried out in China and Korea in the 17th -19th centuries. This, however, is not confirmed by the testimony of the Russian pioneers themselves, in particular, Erofei Khabarov, who in his “responses” reported to the leadership that “with those people, Dmitry Andreevich and Osip Stepanovich, it is not possible to take possession of that land, because that land is populous and a fiery battle."

19th century - early 20th century

In the same year the village of Khabarovka was founded, and in 1859 Sofiysk was founded. On June 20 (July 2, new style), 1860, Vladivostok was founded as a military post. On November 14 of the same year, the Beijing Treaty was signed, the result of which was the transfer of the southern lands of the Far East under the full jurisdiction of Russia, since then the southern part of Primorye has taken its current shape.

At the same time, the resettlement movement began, which was carried out in two ways: forced and voluntary. In the first case, military commands were sent by order, Cossacks were sent by lot, peasants were sent as recruits, administrative installation of state peasants, exile of Cathars, etc. The voluntary method, in contrast to the forced one, was characterized by the free resettlement of those who wished to new lands.

In total, during 1858-1914, 22,122 peasant families moved to Primorye, 70% of whom were immigrants from Ukraine, while their share in the South Ussuri region was 81.26% of all peasant migrants.

Construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway near Ussuri

Revolution and Civil War

Parade American troops in Vladivostok. August 1918

Japanese troops in Primorye. 1918-1919.

At this time, the border of Primorye was poorly guarded, which allowed thousands of Korean immigrants to cross into Russia, most of whom settled in the Vladivostok district, making up 90% of the population in the Posyet region. Chinese immigrants also crossed the border, who, unlike the Koreans, came to Primorye, as a rule, for seasonal work.

In November 1921, a campaign against Khabarovsk and Anuchino began from Vladivostok, which ended in failure.

At the same time, the Stalinist leadership pursued a policy of ethnic and socio-demographic cleansing, which resulted in the eviction of several tens of thousands of “unreliable” and “socially alien” persons. In 1938, 200 thousand residents of Korean (to Kazakhstan and Central Asia) and Chinese (mainly to China) nationalities were forcibly deported. As a result of ethnic deportations, until the end of the 80s of the 20th century, the Chinese and Koreans disappeared from the national composition of the population of Primorye.

After the end of the Second World War, the Primorsky Territory continued to develop as a large industrial and agricultural region of the Far East, but at the same time retained its specialization in raw materials. Rail and sea transport played a significant role in the economy of the region.

On September 15, 1948, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR decided to “Transfer the city of Sovetskaya Gavan along with the suburban area from Primorsky Territory to Khabarovsk Territory”

At the same time, the migration of residents of the European part of Russia and Siberia continued, which led to an increase in the population of the region, from 1381 thousand people in 1979 to 1978 thousand, while the urban population predominated in the socio-demographic structure of the region.

Map of the Vladivostok agglomeration as part of the territorial planning scheme of Primorsky Krai

In the mid-80s, “perestroika” began, which brought significant changes to the economic, political, demographic and social life of the entire USSR, and Primorsky Krai was no exception.

Administrative division: