Stairs. Entry group. Materials. Doors. Locks. Design

6.77. Impersonal predicative words Impersonal predicative words are a special unchangeable part of speech, which is very similar to adverbs. But these two parts of speech must be distinguished from each other. The common features of adverbs and impersonal predicative words are

44. Adverbs and pronouns

44. Adverbs and pronouns According to the method of formation, adverbs are of 2 types: 1) independent adverbs, for example: statim - immediately, saepe - often; 2) derived from adjectives. From adjectives of the I-II declension, adverbs are formed by adding the suffix to the base - e, for example:

9. Adverbs

9. Adverbs According to the method of formation, adverbs are of two types: 1) independent adverbs, for example: statim - immediately, saepe - often; 2) derived from adjectives. From adjectives of the I-II declension, adverbs are formed by adding the suffix -e to the stem, for example: asepticus, a, um – aseptice

Mother tongue moth

Moth of the native dialect A collection of essays by Sasha Sokolov, the author of the elegiac “School for Fools” (1973), the folk epic “Between a Dog and a Wolf” (1979) and the satirical “Palisandria” (1985), has been published. A citizen of the universe, after leaving the USSR Sasha Sokolov moved around the world quickly and

EXPLANATORY ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

EXPLANATORY ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS Words that encourage the listener to accept the quality of whatever follows: pleasant, useful, surprising, etc.

Adverb images

Images of adverbs Adverbs are remembered in the same way as adjectives. You need to imagine the image of a noun that is most often pronounced with this adverb. Here we must also take into account the fact that an adverb is often very different in meaning from an adjective. " Cheerful man" And

Many qualitative adverbs in -o, -e secured, along with the main one, a syntactically separate predicative meaning. These are the so-called predicative adverbs, or predicates.

Adverbs of degree denote the nature of the intensity of the attribute: fire, scary, terrible, amazing, exceptional; much, too, absolutely, completely; heresgur, extremely, very, completely, completely, so much, twice, five times, barely, barely, barely, barely, gut-gut, slightly, a little, several, decomposition a little bit, a little bit etc. Usually they define an adjective or adverb and, less often, nouns. At the same time, some adverbs are used only with adjectives and adverbs in the positive degree: very interesting, terribly fun, completely free; others - only with adjectives and adverbs in comparative degree: much more interesting, much longer, twice as good; still others - with adjectives and adverbs in both positive and comparative degrees: a little, a little funny, funny, funnier. Some adverbs with the meaning of measure or degree are combined with nouns of qualitatively characterizing meanings: Ogn is not a fool, quite a fool, a bit of a formalist, nails a poet, a romantic heresgur.

Adverbs of degree can be unmotivated ( ogen, barely, hum) and motivated (surprisingly, too much, twice as much). The meaning of a high degree can be contained in a qualitative adverb, for example: absolutely, extraordinarily, incredibly, dreamily, madly, horribly, unheard of, boundless, immeasurably, dazzling, unbearable, intolerable, brilliant, supernatural, comparatively, relatively and etc.

When used to indicate the degree of manifestation of a characteristic, qualitative adverbs usually do not form comparative forms: deathly pale, absolutely deaf, monstrously rich.

Adverbs of adverbs are divided into adverbs of place and direction: near, far, nearby, nearby, at home, home, below, around, from afar, from within, here, there, here, there, from there, everywhere, everywhere, nowhere etc.: time: now, now, tomorrow, during the day, in winter, a long time ago, soon, earlier, the day before, on time, daily, long ago, walked, first, already and etc.; causes: rashly, out of anger, blindly and etc.; goals: out of spite, deliberately, out of laughter, compatibility: together, together, together, in pairs: alone, alone and etc.

The class of adverbs conventionally includes the so-called predicative adverbs, or predicates - words that are separated from the class of adverbs, always occupying the position of the main member or one of the main members of the sentence. They are similar to adverbs in their word-formation structure (the core of predicative adverbs consists of words motivated by qualitative adjectives) and the presence of comparative forms in the vast majority of words. Unlike adverbs, predicatives do not enter into verbal connections as a dependent component, which makes them similar to short adjectives, some nouns and short passive participles in the function of the predicate.

Among the predicative adverbs the following stand out:

• 1) a large group of words in -O(correlative in meaning with qualitative adverbs), denoting a feeling, emotional condition: fun, sad, joyful, sad, funny, alarming - or physical condition: windy, deserted, warm, cold; painful, stuffy, bad;
• 2) words (unrelated to qualitative adverbs) denoting an internal state (ashamed, ashamed, outdated any).

Predicative adverbs are a group of words replenished by adverbs containing qualitative meanings: It's snowy and cold inside(Hertz.); And under the mask it was starry(Block); The dance hall is empty and songless(Birth.).

Predicative adverbs also include a group of words with modal meanings of obligation, necessity, and possibility. These adverbs are usually called modal predicates. Modal predicates are independent words, in modern Russian they are not correlated with qualitative adverbs and short adjectives, for example: it is possible, perhaps, it is impossible, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary(obsolete), must.

Predicative adverbs of the first group (as well as the corresponding qualitative adverbs), as well as words perhaps, necessary, necessary form comparative forms: Badly - worse, miserable - stingier, need - more necessary.

Predicative adverbs occupy the position of one of the main members in sentences with the general meaning of a subjective state addressed to an object: The hut was visible; The horn is barely audible; His hand hurts or the position of the main member in sentences with the meaning of a state - non-subjective or related to the subject: Children have fun; Lie - ashamed; Convenient for visitors; To admit is ashamed; It's cold outside.

Modal predicates occupy the position of one of the main members in sentences with the general meaning of the subject state as a possibility, ability, timeliness of carrying out an action, state: I need to go; He must endure; It is necessary to receive the parcel.

Russian language is difficult to learn, lexicon numbers in millions of words, some of which are adverbs. Let's look at what an adverb is in the Russian language and how it is formed.

In contact with

Description

An adverb is a part of speech that indicates a sign of an action or the circumstance under which the action is performed. In sentences they are most often associated with a verb. They have no gender, number, endings, or case. Those who are educated from qualitative adjectives, have a degree of comparison: quiet - quieter, deep - deeper.

Words related to this part of speech are divided into six large groups, each of which has its own questions. Adverb questions in:

• way of action, the following questions are posed to them: “how?”, “in what way?”, “how exactly?”;
• measures and degrees, questions are posed to them: “how much?”, “how much?”, “to what extent?”, “to what extent?”;
• time, their questions: “when?”, “how long ago?”, “how long?”, “since when?”;
• places, you can ask questions: “where?”, “from where?”, “where to?”;
• reasons - “why?”, “why?”;
• goals, you can ask questions: “why?”, “for what?”, “for what purpose?”;

There are five ways of education:

• by adding a prefix to the main word - prefix,
• by adding a suffix - suffixal,
• prefix-suffixal,
• compounding,
• by transforming one part of speech into another.

The prefix method of formation means adding a prefix. For example: easy - not easy, weak - not weak, there - from there.

In the suffix method, a number of suffixes are added to an adjective or verb. For - these are the suffixes o/e: fast - quickly, smooth - smooth, funny - funny. TO relative adjective the suffix “and” is added: all kinds - in every possible way, masculine - manly, heroic - heroically. From verbs they are formed using the suffixes a/ya, uchi/yuchi s, added to the stem: to be silent - silently, to love - loving, to play - playfully.

By simultaneously adding a suffix and a prefix, the formation occurs as follows:

• the prefix “in-” plus the suffixes “-oom/him-”: in a new way, in a good way;
• the prefix “po-” together with the suffixes “-i/ski-”: in Russian, in Indian.
• prefixes “to-”, “from-”, “is-”, “co-”, “with-” and the suffix “-a-”: sideways, from afar, late, to the left.
• adjective bases with the addition of prefixes “in-”, “on-”, “for-” and the suffix “-o-“: again, darkly, left, right.
• nouns and prefixes “na-”, “in-”, “with-”, “by-”, “from-” with the addition of the suffix “-u-”: below, above, in the morning.
• collective numerals using prefixes “in-”, “na-” and suffixes “-o-”, “e”, “em”: three, three.
• ordinal numbers using the prefixes “in-”, “in-” and suffixes “-ы/х-”: secondly.

Compounding method is a method in which a part of speech is formed by merging two words (in in this case using a suffix). Examples of this method are the words barely, in passing.

By transitioning one part of speech to another, the words are formed: home, in the spring, step, a little.

Kinds

According to the category, they are classified into two large groups: definitive and detailed. Determinatives, denoting the method of performing a particular action, are combined in a sentence or phrase with nouns, as well as verbs and (these types include mode of action, measure and degree). Circumstantial ones focus on the circumstances under which the action was performed (place and time, purpose and reason). Most often they are used with the verb

Relative

Relative adverbs perform the functions of allied words in a sentence. Orthographically, these are the same questions, but the lexical meaning is to reveal the main part of the sentence. For example: we don’t know where Vasily Ivanovich lives.

Important! In this case, the word “where” is not a question, but a connecting link between the main and dependent parts and indicates what exactly the speakers do not know.

Examples are word forms: where, when, why, why, from where.

Quality

IN school curriculum qualitative adverbs are not separated into a separate group - they are part of the adverbs of manner of action. Formed from qualitative adjectives by adding the suffixes o/e, you can ask the question “how?”: loudly, weakly, cheaply. They can have degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative. For example: loud-louder, weak-weaker, cheap-cheaper.

Predicative

Predicative adverbs are often used in simple impersonal sentences, performing the function of a predicate. They indicate the state: “difficult”, “quiet”, “calm”, “possible”, “impossible”, “necessary”.

Compare: “math is very difficult for me” (here the word “difficult” is connected with the verb “given”) and “Vanya lost his family in the war. It’s very difficult for him” (the word “difficult” describes the boy’s condition - this is a predicative adverb).

Use in speech

Important! The use of adverbs makes our speech richer, more expressive and beautiful, gives the interlocutor Additional information, and the narrator has the opportunity to accurately describe the events taking place. Without them, modern dialogue will be impossible. Their absence makes our speech dry, causing a feeling of understatement.

Compare two examples:

1. I finished writing and went to bed.
2. Yesterday I finished writing late and slowly went to bed.

In the second case, the interlocutor can see the picture of what happened more clearly. Tired in the evening, the author worked late, and even more tired went to bed. In some cases, without adverbs it is completely impossible for sentences to exist. This applies to predicative forms that are predicates. Thus, the sentence “It became quiet in the forest” loses its meaning if it does not contain the word “quiet”, which is a predicative adjective.

How are they different from adjectives?

Those who are fluent in Russian know how to distinguish an adverb from an adjective, because finding the differences will not be difficult at all. Adjective gives qualitative characteristics subject: sweet tea, blue sky, wooden bridge, New furniture. Syntactically it is connected with a noun, with which it must appear in the same case. The adjective changes according to gender, case and number: southern-southern, southern, southern. It has characteristic endings: -y, -y, -oy, -aya, -yaya, -oe, -ee.

What features help to separate an adverb from an adjective:

• an indication of a certain sign, circumstance, method of performing an action;
• syntactic connection with the verb;
• lack of declension by gender, number and cases;
• the presence of endings: -o, -a, -i.

Short list

A complete list of words related to this part of speech cannot be contained in one article due to the richness of the Russian language. Here is a short list of adverbs that are most often used in everyday life:

• • fast,
  • far,
  • home,
  • yesterday,
  • tasty,
  • Nice,
  • expensive,
  • cheap,
  • hot,
  • hot,
  • Cold,
  • warm,
  • early.

Adverb as part of speech. Adverb categories

Russian lessons Adverb

Conclusion

The use of adverbs in speech is necessary, since without them it is impossible to imagine communication, expression of emotions, detailed description current events. These parts of speech have characteristic morphological and syntactic features that make it possible to distinguish them from other words.

An adverb is a part of speech that denotes an action ( Fine prepare, Nice spend time), attribute attribute ( Very Beautiful, strongly warmed up) or a sign of an object ( conversation in a hurry , almost young man). Adverbs are neither inflected nor conjugated. They usually appear in a sentence as an adverbial circumstance ( Everyone has the right free choose a profession; The new leader was Always friendly), although they can also serve as a predicate ( Scattered things — everywhere). In cases where an adverb refers directly to a noun, it acts as an inconsistent definition ( For lunch we were served borscht in Ukrainian and meat Stroganoff style; Shop against was still closed). In any case, the adverb is adjacent to the member of the sentence to which it refers, but is not consistent with it and is not controlled by it.

In my own way overall value Adverbs are divided into two large groups - adverbial and attributive.

Adverbial adverbs name the various circumstances under which an action occurs and mostly refer to a verb, less often to a verbal noun. The following subgroups of adverbs are classified as adverbial adverbs:

• 1) time ( In the evening, yesterday, for a long time, during the day, more, Tomorrow, in winter, the day before, earlier, soon, first,already);
• 2) places and directions ( at the bottom, around, far, Houses, home, from afar, from the inside, nearby, near);
• 3) reasons ( that's why, in the heat of the moment, out of spite, I'll go blind).
• 4) goals ( as a joke, out of spite, on purpose, for a laugh,intentionally);
• 5) compatibility ( together, together, in pairs, together; alone; one by one).

Determinative adverbs usually denote quality, quantity or method (manner) of action, less often - the quality of a characteristic or object. Among attributive adverbs, three subgroups are distinguished: qualitative, which express an assessment of an action or attribute ( fast, funny, live, loud, Fine), quantitative, which denote the measure (degree, quantity) of an action, attribute or object ( very, almost, exclusively, a lot of, especially, too much), and mode of action ( run, on horseback, manually, by heart, along with, on foot).

A special subgroup is formed by predicative adverbs (predicates) denoting a state (emotional, physical or other). Unlike other groups of adverbs, they do not act as adverbs, but as the main member of a one-part sentence - a predicate ( In the evenings everyone was boring; There was Cold ). Denoting a state, predicative adverbs are also called the category of state.

Some linguists see the category of state as a special part of speech, including a group of significant words that denote the state of a living being or the surrounding nature and act as the main member (predicate) of a one-part sentence. In this case, the category of state includes: 1) words starting with -o, correlative in meaning with qualitative adverbs that denote a feeling, emotional state ( funny, sad, restless) or physical condition [ hurt, Cold, hot), 2) words ending in -o, not correlative with qualitative adverbs, but denoting an internal state ( ashamed, ashamed, sickening); 3) words with the meanings of obligation, necessity, possibility ( need to, necessary; Maybe), not correlative with qualitative adverbs and short adjectives; 4) words that are nouns in origin (such as laziness, it's a pity, it's time, not the time) and short participles (tina given, planned, ordered), the modal meaning of which is manifested when they are used as a predicate (Not time debate; Solved call a meeting). In contrast to the category of state, the words of other parts of speech with which they correspond act as members of a two-part sentence: My heart is restless Heart restless (predicate in a two-part sentence); It's time leave (main member in a one-part sentence) and The fun has arrived it's time (subject in a two-part sentence).

There are other points of view on the category of condition, presented, in particular, in textbooks of the last decade. What they have in common is the recognition of the convention of distinguishing the category of state in separate part speech, understanding its closeness to adverbs, as indicated by the term “predicative adverbs”, i.e. adverbs usually used as predicates. Differences in the interpretation of this category lie along two lines - the composition of the words that form it, and the type of constructions in which they appear. So, in the textbook ed. V. A. Beloshapkova is classified as a condition only unchangeable words type need to, Can, it's a pity, “capable of performing the function of a predicate.” Because the we're talking about about the predicate, one could conclude that the category of state is the belonging of two-part sentences, but here words like need to, Can, it's a pity cannot be used, since they are accessories only one-part sentences.

In the textbook, ed. L. A. Novikova understands the composition of predicative adverbs more broadly. These include words that mean the mental or physical state of a person ( I'm upset, hurt), states of nature ( Today it's hot, windy), environmental conditions (in the room is dirty, stuffy), different modal assessment of action ( Can, need to, it is forbidden, it's time) and acting “in the function of a predicate of one-component sentences,” which is closest to our understanding of the category of state.

Finally, in “Russian Grammar” of 1990, among the predicative adverbs, the following are distinguished:

• 1) words starting with -o, correlative in meaning with qualitative adverbs denoting an emotional state ( funny, funny);
• 2) words that are not correlative with qualitative adverbs, but denote an internal state ( ashamed, ashamed);
• 3) words with modal meanings of obligation, necessity, possibility ( Can, it is forbidden, necessary, must);
• 4) words that have broken away from the paradigms of nouns ( laziness, it's time);
• 5) participial predicates ( given, decided), “always occupying the position of the main member or one of the main members” [P. 261].

Consequently, we are talking about the use of the category of state in one-part and two-part sentences. See, for example, in the manual “Modern Russian Language. Morphology” by A. A. Kamynina: can't pass, he is ashamed; married woman, guns at the ready, the shoes fit.

ADVERB

In their general meaning of non-procedural attribute, adverbs are close to adjectives. This meaning determines the syntactic functions of adverbs: firstly, they define a verb, name or other adverb, connecting to it by adjacency; secondly, adverbs are freely used as a predicate; thirdly, adverbs define the sentence as a whole. All of these adverb functions are described in the Syntax section.

This or that type of relationship that arises from the syntactic connections of adverbs is largely predetermined (and very often limited) by the lexical meanings of the adverbs themselves: everywhere fog or road home - determination by place, Today rain or meeting In the evening - determination by time, Very amusing– definition by measure, degree.

To the unmotivated Adverbs primarily include words that name a characteristic as this or that circumstance: time: yesterday, Tomorrow, Then, When, Sometimes, Always, Bye, Now, now(obsolete), already, after; places: over there, away, Here, Where, near, near, near, there, here, there, here, Where, everywhere; image and method of action: all of a sudden, How, So, otherwise; degrees or measures: so many(obsolete so), How many(obsolete how much), Very, almost, barely, barely, a little.

Predicative adverbs in - O, as well as the word need to form comparative forms. degrees: To him became worse ; It was becoming colder ; On street more deserted , how in the morning; WITH you us will more fun .

Adverbs, mostly unmotivated, are associated with auxiliary parts of speech: they serve as the basis for the formation of particles (see §), prepositions (see §) and conjunctions (see §). These are the adverbs near, along, inside, near, around, all around, by, against, near, on top, near, behind, after, in the middle, before, against, above, behind, through, among, exactly, smooth(simple) Bye, for now, only, only, barely, then, Then, besides, So, That's why, Then. From pronominal adverbs relative (conjunctive) words are formed: Where, Where, where, For what, Why(cm. § -).

By connecting two words, the preposition as a grammatical unit is simultaneously addressed to both of them; this is found primarily with strong and regularly predictable weak syntactic connections; For example, consist from particles: consist from And from particles; speak O in fact – speak O And O in fact; look behind children – look behind And behind children; move in V city – move in V And V city. Moreover, in connections with the control word ( speak O, look behind etc.), never functioning independently, a preposition often turns out to be a necessary indicator of the lexical meaning of a word; Wed different meanings verb consist in cases consist from (whom-what-n.: substance consists of from particles, group consists of from Komsomol members) And consist V (com-how-n.: V frontline workers, V squad); Ch. speak in cases speak O (com-how-n. (verbally express thoughts, report)) and speak With (by whom-n. (to talk, to have a conversation)); Ch. look in cases look on (whom-What-n.) And look behind(by someone or something). The combination of a preposition with a dependent form is always easily separated from the dominant word, acquires independence and is capable of relatively independent functioning in a sentence, in the role of names or elements of the whole text: look behind children – Behind children needed eye Yes eye; speak O in fact – I – O in fact; ABOUT time And O to myself(Name); bask on sunshine – On sunshine warm weather; write To friend – TO friend(title of the poem); TO friend – neither lines; drive on fishing – On fishing(title, caption under the picture, photograph); On fishing – all family. In all such cases, the preposition no longer performs a connecting function between words, but carries only the meaning of one or another relationship.

§. Basic , central character of meaning(or meanings) of the primitive preposition is usually supported by the following factors.

1) There is a prefix in the language that is unambiguous with the preposition or close in meaning to it: insane – without crazy, safety – without dangers(in both cases – the value of absence); interzonal – between zones(meaning interconnectedness); early – before deadline(precedence meaning). Such semantic correspondences with prefixes exist for the following prepositions: without (without forests – treeless, without crazy – madness), V (drive V – move in, look V [face] – take a closer look), before (fly before – fly, before deadline – early, run before [fatigue] – run after), behind (behind Volga – Zavolzhsky, run behind [fence] – run in), from (drive from [cities] – expel), between, between (between continents – intercontinental, between rivers – interfluve), on (quit on What-n. – throw, on wall – wall, complain on [whom-l.] – complain), above (build above – build on, above eyebrows – eyebrow, swear above [shrine] (obsolete) – abuse), from (drive from what-n. – drive off, cut from [loaf] – cut off, count from [units] – count down, form from verb – verbal), before, before (before mountain – foothills, before launch – pre-launch), By (By Volga – Volga region, By to his [discretion] – By-his, By pieces – piece, By forces – feasible, By of death – posthumous), under (put under What-n. – plant, under earth – underground, under Moscow – Moscow Region, under protection – client), at (at stations – station, build [barn] at [home] – attach, [sing And] at this dance – dance, at people – in public [new.]), With (jump With – jump off, cut With [edges] – cutting down, together With [by whom-n.] – joint, unity With [by whom-n.] – compound, paint With [nature] – sketch), through, through (through saddle – saddlemaker, through measure – excessive).

Note: Some adverbial prepositions have similar relationships: outside (outside time – timeless, outside plan – unscheduled), inside, inside (inside veins – intravenous, inside apartments – intra-apartment), near (near land – near-Earth), against (against fire – fire-fighting, fight against whom-n. – confrontation), above (above state – supernumerary), along (along rows – along-row, special), among (among season – mid-season).