Less common are larvae that do not have caps - the so-called campodeoid larvae. Such larvae are mainly predators, building special trapping nets from thin cobweb threads. Such nets, shaped like funnels, are placed with a wide opening against the current and are attached motionless to aquatic plants, stones and other underwater objects.
The larva pupates underwater in a case constructed by it. The pupa has the rudiments of wings, very long antennae, big eyes and huge mandibles, with the help of which it destroys the cap. Thin thread-like gills are visible on the abdomen. The pupa may be equipped with long swimming legs. At the rear end of the pupa's body there are long bristles, with which it cleans the hole in the sieve-like cap, which is easily clogged with silt, and thereby provides access to fresh water. The opening of the anterior sieve lid is cleaned with the help of bristles sitting on the upper lip, and also, perhaps, with the help of elongated jaws. To exit the imago, the pupa floats to the surface, rowing its middle legs like oars. Adult insects emerge in about a month.
Based on the diversity of larvae, two groups of families are distinguished Trichoptera. Group Annulipalpia includes those families of caddisflies whose larvae build nets (serve for catching prey and shelter). Larvae families Rhyacophillidae And Hydrobiosidae I do not form larval cases, but the pupa is located inside a dome-shaped structure made of mineral fragments. Hydroptilidae- the larvae are free-living until the last stage, after which they build a cap, which can be free or attached to the substrate. Pupation occurs inside it. The larvae of the family Glossosomatidae have a cap similar to the caps of other Annulipalpia, however, the larva stretches a transverse thread under the dome, which allows the larva to drag the house. With each new stage the larva builds a new case, and then a new case is built for pupation. In this case, the thread is removed and the cover is attached to the substrate. Family group Intgripalpia They mostly build tubular covers. The material for construction and type of construction are species-specific. The larva is mobile and completes its house with each larval stage.
At the bottom of many freshwater bodies - clean, fast streams and overgrown ponds - you can find amazing creatures that live in tubular houses that they construct from various small particles lying at the bottom. Depending on what small objects lie at the bottom, and depending on the type of insect, houses can be built from different materials. For some, this structure is made of large grains of sand, for others, it is made of pebbles or shells of small mollusks, often it is a tube consisting of small fragments of twigs or dead parts of aquatic plants, etc. The “building material” is firmly held together by spider threads. These houses are built by caddisfly larvae.
Adult caddisflies are rather delicate insects, similar to hairy moths (Fig. 310). The easiest way to distinguish a caddisfly from a butterfly is by its wings - butterflies have wings covered with scales, while caddisflies have hairs. When at rest, their dark-colored wings are folded like a roof on their back. The head is quite large with compound eyes and usually with 3 simple ocelli between them.
The antennae are long, thread-like, the oral organs are reduced, in particular there are no mandibles at all, and the remaining oral parts are transformed into a short proboscis with a tongue. Adult caddisflies do not feed, but can drink water. The legs, ending in 5-segmented tarsi, are quite slender. These generally inconspicuous, inconspicuous insects fly reluctantly and sluggishly.
After mating, female caddisflies lay gelatinous lumps of eggs called “spawn” in the water. The eggs hatch into larvae, which in most species immediately begin to build an arachnoid sheath from a silk thread secreted by modified salivary glands. The cover is inlaid with suitable small particles, lying on the bottom and accessible to the larva. Including hard objects in the case makes it stronger and stronger. A reliable protection necessary for caddisfly larvae. The fact is that it never leaves the water and breathes through the entire surface of the skin of the entire elongated abdominal section of the body. The abdomen of caddisfly larvae not only has very thin, easily permeable (and if so, easily vulnerable) integument, but often also bears numerous even more delicate gill outgrowths, increasing the surface of gas exchange with water. Bundles of gills are also found on the posterior parts of the chest.
If everything around is calm, the larva crawls along the bottom, carrying the cover on itself. When moving, the larva protrudes its head and thoracic region from its case, on which there are 3 pairs of rather long and tenacious legs extended forward. However, the front legs are often shorter than the rest, and some caddisfly larvae have only two pairs of legs. The head and thoracic segments protruding from the cap have dense coverings. The head of caddisfly larvae is amazing - there are no antennae on it. The larvae of different insects with complete metamorphosis have antennae of different lengths, but they are rarely reduced to such an extent that they become completely indistinguishable, as happens in caddisfly larvae. The eyes of the larvae look like dark spots and consist of several simple ocelli (no more than 6 on each side of the head). The oral apparatus of larvae, in contrast to adult caddis flies, is well developed and gnawing. The larvae feed on both plant foods, scraping soft tissues with serrated jaws, and animal foods. The cap serves the caddisfly larva not only as a permanent armor that protects the abdomen, but also as a refuge: in case of danger, the entire larva is drawn into the “house”, the entrance hole of which is closed with its dense and durable smooth head capsule. The posterior end of the body of the caddisfly larva is held in the case by a pair of powerful hook-shaped processes directed forward. Therefore, the larva can quickly hide in the cover. Holding the house with hooks, the larva drags it along with it, without losing it and only completing construction as it grows.
What caddisfly larvae are easy to find in our reservoirs?
In fast streams with cool water and a rocky bottom, tube houses are easy to spot under rocks stenophile(Stenophylax stellatus), constructed from large grains of sand neatly attached to each other (Fig. 311, 1). The larva easily lifts its house, the front edge of which hangs like a hood over the larva’s head, making it invisible to fish swimming from above. If the larva's cover is damaged, it immediately tries to repair it, picking up grains of sand of the required size with its front legs. She fits them to the damaged edge of the cover, discards those that fit less tightly, testing and selecting the most suitable ones. The larva glues the grains of sand with saliva that hardens into a silky thread, wraps them repeatedly with threads, binding the grains of sand to each other, as a result of which the case turns out to be very durable. After repairing the walls of the house, the larva carefully lines its inner surface with several layers of silk cobwebs. If the larva is carefully removed from the case and placed in a vessel, on the bottom of which beads are placed instead of sand, it will make itself a house of small bright beads. Stenophila larvae feed on both plant and animal foods.
In lakes into which streams flow, larvae live in more open places at the bottom apathania(Apatania). Their houses are shaped like a horn (Fig. 311, 4). Larger grains of sand are embedded in the sides of the apatania house.
In shallow sandy places, larvae make their houses built from grains of sand. Molanna(Molanna angustata). Molanna's house, when viewed from above, is wide and flat. The central tubular part, in which the larva sits, is made of larger grains of sand, but attached to its sides are wings made of smaller grains of sand and the same hood. In general, the cover has the appearance of a rather large shield, its length is more than 2 cm (Fig. 311, 5). The molanna larva with its case moves in jerks.
Larvae live in dense thickets of plants freeganei(Phryganea), making their tubular houses from gnawed quadrangular pieces of plants, like short planks (Fig. 311, 5). Often such houses even retain their green color - pieces of aquatic plants in water remain viable for a long time. Freegans have a spacious and long house, the larva can run freely in it. The rear end of such a tube house is open, and if the larva is pushed out of the case, it will quickly run along its surface and deftly duck into it from the rear end. Freeganea is a large insect, the length of an adult larva is about 4 cm. Although the larvae of freeganea, when making caps, bite off pieces of plants and, if necessary, especially in summer and autumn, sit mainly on a plant-based diet, they are not vegetarians. Freegan larvae are more likely to eat mosquito larvae and other small invertebrates.
Larvae are common at the bottom of overgrown ponds limnophiles(Limnophilus). The houses of some species of limnophiles are quite similar to each other. The larva builds a house from various solids. small items, lying on the bottom. There may be small swollen sunken sticks, small shells of mollusks, needles, and other plant remains, but pebbles and grains of sand are not used by limnophiles. If the limnophila larva is expelled from the house and the house is removed, it, releasing sticky spinning threads and spinning restlessly, first makes a temporary house out of anything, and then, feeling that the abdomen is somehow protected, begins to make a permanent house, carefully selecting durable particles and fitting them well together.
Common in North America snail caddisflies(family Helicopsychidae), making spirally convoluted cases for themselves, so similar to snail shells (Fig. 311, b) that even zoologists, before confidently saying whether they have encountered a shell or a caddisfly house, must take a very careful look.
Although caddisfly larvae are very well adapted to life in water, among the forms that build cases there are also those that left the aquatic environment and moved on to life on land. That's how land caddisfly(Enoicyla pusilla), living in beech forests Western Europe(Fig. 312). Interestingly, the females of this caddisfly are wingless. The larvae of land caddisfly live in the litter and among the moss covering tree trunks. This larva avoids water and, when the layer of fallen leaves becomes very wet after heavy rains, moves to tree trunks. The larva makes a house from small pieces of fallen leaves.
Although life in cases is typical for most caddisfly larvae, representatives of some families lead a different lifestyle, despite the fact that they have well-developed spinning glands. In shallow and slow-moving rivers, in thickets of pondweed and other aquatic plants, there are delicate, barely noticeable transparent tubes attached to aquatic plants (Fig. 313).
They oscillate in streams rhythmically flowing water. Usually there are many such tubes in one place - a whole cluster. They are made by larvae neuroclip(Neureclipsis bimaculata) from polycentropid family(Polycentropidae). If these tubular formations are transferred to still water, for example placed in a bucket of water, they will collapse and become inconspicuous - the flow of water inflated and maintained the shape of these thin underwater nets. If you look at such a tube through a binocular, you can see that it is indeed a network - a network, remarkably woven, with small cells of the same type. These tubular networks are weaved by narrow, long larvae that live without a cover and do not have gills. The larvae (Fig. 314) build themselves in flowing water not houses, but nets - trapping nets, into which small crustaceans, mayfly larvae and other animals carried by the current fall, becoming prey for the neureclipse. In the water, the predatory larva of this caddisfly catches prey in the same way as web spiders do on land!
In large lowland rivers - in the waters of the Volga, Don, Dniester - many caddis flies develop hydropsychides(family Hydropsychidae). The larvae of hydropsychids make a snare with rectangular cells, and they themselves sit nearby in a light cover made of thin threads (Fig. 315).
As soon as a small crustacean or insect gets caught in the snare, the predatory larvae (their sizes reach about 2 cm) jump out of the shelter and grab the prey with their strong jaws!
Larvae make trapping nets in the form of bags (Fig. 316). plectronemia(Plectrocnemia). It is interesting that such specialized hunters of aquatic prey as hydropsychidae and plectronemia can also go to land. These larvae were found at a distance of tens of meters from streams in the forest floor, where they lived, of course, without making any trapping nets.
However, some caddisfly larvae (family Rhyacophilidae) do not make complex structures in water. Beautiful greenish-blue larvae crawling along the rocky bottom of clean, cold streams riacophile(Rhyacophila nubila), (Fig. 311, 7), reaching a length of 2.5 cm, only release a thread that keeps the larva from being carried away by water. These predators cling to the bottom and to the thread they secrete with their legs and attachment hooks at the rear end of the abdomen and wait for prey. The rapid grasping of prey by rhyacophila larvae is helped by the fact that their strong jaws are directed straight forward, like the predatory larvae of ground beetles.
The development of caddisflies usually lasts 1 year, but in large northern species it lasts 2-3 years.
Familiarization with even a few representatives of caddisfly larvae shows how diverse their habits and characteristics are. But adult caddisflies do not feed, they only reproduce, and they all lead a similar lifestyle. Therefore, it is clear that it is relatively easy to recognize caddisfly larvae (in different types not only the way of life is different, but also the structure individual parts bodies), and the species of adult caddis flies can only be recognized by entomologists who specifically study them.
Acquaintance with caddis flies also shows that not only the study of the structure of different parts of the animal’s body makes it possible to distinguish and recognize them well, but also behavior (expressed, for example, in the construction of covers of one form or another) can be used by taxonomists as a reliable sign. The founder of comparative zoopsychology, Russian zoologist V. A. Wagner, first drew attention to this.
There is a lot of peculiarity in the life and development of caddisflies. In most insects with complete metamorphosis, the pupa is almost motionless and, if the larva and the adult insect live in different environments, the larva before pupation makes it easier for the adult insect to find favorable conditions for it, for example: larvae adapted to life in water, such as the larvae of swimming beetles, Before pupation, they emerge from the water and burrow into the ground. Caddisflies behave differently. Their pupa begins its life in a case constructed while still in the larval stage, then it lives freely in the water column for some time, and the last stage of the pupa’s life, before its transformation into an adult insect, occurs in the air.
The pupa of caddisflies is free (Fig. 317). This is generally the same stage adapted to life in water as the larva. The life of a pupa can easily be traced using the example of a stenophila, from whose consideration the acquaintance with caddisfly larvae began. Before pupation, the larva selects a calmer area of the reservoir and, attaching the cap to a stone, braids its ends so that each has a hole for free access of water. When the larva pupates, the pupa inside the cap makes oscillatory movements all the time, resting against the wall of the cap with an outgrowth at the base of the abdomen. To clean the holes, pupae have strong bristles on the upper lip and cleaning processes at the rear end of the body. By the time of maturation, the pupa breaks through the front end of the cap with its powerful serrated jaws (unlike the larval ones, and even more so the practically absent jaws of adult caddis flies) and, emerging from it, begins to quickly swim on its back, like smooth bugs, making rowing movements long, equipped swimming hairs of the middle legs. Having reached a stone, shore or plant, the pupa clings to it and crawls out of the water. It is difficult to call a caddis fly pupa a “resting stage”, as insect pupae are often called!
In the air, the pupa begins to move its abdomen regularly, its spiracles open, its body swells, and the final molt occurs—an adult winged caddisfly emerges through a longitudinal slit on the dorsal side of the chest and head. Those caddis flies whose larvae do not live in covers build themselves covers before pupation. The lifestyle of the pupae is quite similar.
About 3,000 species of caddisflies are known; they are distributed mainly in cool areas. About 600 species have been recorded in the USSR.
According to the system of A. V. Martynov, a major expert on these insects, caddis flies are divided into 2 suborders. Suborder Coelopalpiformes(lntegrilpia.) so named because in adult insects the last segment of the maxillary palps is simple, not divided into rings; this suborder includes caddisflies, which mainly make houses for themselves. Suborder spinypalpiformes(Annulipalpia) is named after the maxillary palps divided into ringlets and includes, in particular, the non-house-making hydropsychidae and rhyacophila.
In total, within the order, different entomologists distinguish from 13 to 16 families.
Caddis flies are undoubtedly a useful group of insects; commercial fish in our rivers feed on their larvae. In mountain streams, trout feed on stenophile larvae, eating them despite their strong sandy houses.
Veterinary encyclopedic dictionary
Beginnings modern Natural Science
Physical Anthropology. Illustrated Dictionary
Universal additional practical explanatory dictionary by I. Mostitsky
Dictionary of gold mining of the Russian Empire
Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary
Large medical dictionary
Geological encyclopedia
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Modern encyclopedia
Large encyclopedic dictionary
Order Insectivores This order includes hedgehogs, moles, and shrews. These are small animals with a small brain, the hemispheres of which do not have grooves or convolutions. The teeth are poorly differentiated. Most insectivores have an elongated muzzle with a small proboscis.
Order Chiroptera This order includes bats and fruit bats. The only group of mammals capable of long-term active flight. The forelimbs are transformed into wings. They are formed by a thin elastic leathery flight membrane, which is stretched between
Order Lagomorpha These are small and medium-sized mammals. They have two pairs of incisors in the upper jaw, located one after the other so that behind the large front ones there is a second pair of small and short ones. There is only one pair of incisors in the lower jaw. There are no fangs, and incisors
Squad Rodents The squad unites different species of squirrels, beavers, mice, voles, rats and many others. They are distinguished by a number of features. One of them is the peculiar structure of the teeth, adapted to feeding on solid plant foods (branches of trees and shrubs, seeds,
Order Carnivores The order unites mammals that are quite diverse in appearance. However, they are characterized by a number of common features. Most feed mainly on vertebrates, a few are omnivores. All carnivores have small incisors, large conical fangs and
Order Pinnipeds Pinnipeds are marine mammals that have maintained a connection with land, where they rest, breed and molt. Most live in the coastal zone, and only a few species live in the open sea. All of them, as aquatic animals, have a peculiar appearance:
author Akimushkin Igor IvanovichDragonflies, mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies Dragonflies, mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies – different squads. Not all taxonomists place them close to each other in the classification of insects and to dragonflies, too. But certain similarities and a certain proximity to the ancients
SQUAD Together with “Bolek” I began to form the first partisan detachment. I started with my closest comrades. It so happened that they were mostly my neighbors. “Albina” - Stanislav Lovec, “Staszeka” - Stanislav Ptasinski and “Povalu” - Tadeusz
2. Squad B I woke up feeling light. I'll like it here. Today sunlight decorates everything. The delivery boy and I leisurely ate a standard breakfast, and I helped him sweep several rooms and corridors of the headquarters by half past seven, before the first officers showed up. I
16. Detachment No. 731 Based on a secret order received from Tokyo, the secret Detachment No. 731 was created and stationed in Harbin in 1936. However, it was later moved outside the crowded Harbin, where there were quite a lot of unnecessary “eyes” in the form of spies and scouts
Caddisflies At the bottom of many fresh water bodies, streams, ponds and rivers you can find amazing creatures that live in tubular houses. These are caddisfly larvae. They can build their tube houses from large grains of sand, from pebbles, and even from fragments of twigs and
Caddisflies Adult caddisflies, perhaps, look like inconspicuous (up to 4 cm) butterflies, like moths, but butterflies have wings covered with scales, and caddisflies have hairs. They fold their wings not like butterflies - together, but in a roof-like manner. Otherwise, the “hairy butterfly” is nothing like that
And about 600 genera, widespread on all continents except Antarctica, and on many oceanic islands. The science of caddisflies is called trichopterology. It is estimated that the world's fauna may contain up to 50 thousand species of caddisflies.
Trichoptera are closely related to the order Lepidoptera, and together the two orders form a superorder Amphiesmenoptera, or "Angioptera"; however Trichoptera have the most primitive characteristics.
Adult insects resemble small, dimly colored moths, but their body and especially the front wings are covered with hairs (rather than scales, like butterflies). which gave it its name Trichoptera: Latinized Greek thrix (θρίξ ) - hair and pteron (πτερόν ) - wing. In some species, females go underwater to lay eggs. They are usually found in the vicinity of water bodies where their larval stages live. The transformation is complete. The larvae and pupae of the vast majority of species live in water or live in the thickness of the bottom of reservoirs; in rare cases, they constantly live outside the water or live near the coast in sea water.
The head is rounded, hypognathous type - the mouth opening is directed downwards, with 2 large compound eyes on the sides and often with 2-3 simple ocelli on the upper and anterior surfaces. The parietal ocelli are close to the edges of the compound eyes, their optical lenses are directed to the sides. The frontal ocellus is located between the bases of the antennae and is directed forward, in some caddisflies from the families ( Hydroplilidae) it can disappear, and only the parietal ocelli remain. On the head there are well-developed hair warts protruding above its surface.
Caddis flies are easily recognized by a number of characteristics. The oral apparatus of adults is reduced, with the mandibles (upper jaws) non-functional or vestigial, but the maxillary (mandibular) and labial (labial) palps may be visible. In addition, adult insects have a well-developed proboscis (a synapomorphy of the order), formed by the fusion of the hypopharynx and labium and used by some species to absorb liquids.
The antennae are thread-like, usually comparable in length to the front wings, sometimes noticeably shorter or much longer ( Macronematinae, Leptoceridae). As a rule, the maxillary palps are well defined (in females they are almost always five-segmented, in males from 5 to 2 segments), as well as the labial palps.
The chest consists of a short narrowed prothorax, a well-developed mesothorax, and a short metathorax. The coxae of the legs of caddisflies are greatly elongated, fused with the thorax, and are functionally part of the latter. The tarsi are long, five-segmented. The abdomen consists of 10 segments, the first tergite is trapezoidal, the first sternite may not be developed. In addition, the openings of pheromone glands are usually located on the sternites of segments V-VII. The sternites may bear stripes of thickened cuticle - sutures.
The wings are membranous, developed on the mesothorax and metathorax. The front ones are longer than the rear ones. Like the body, they are covered with hairs; sometimes areas of the wings may be covered with bristles. This feature is reflected in their name, meaning “hair-winged”. Along the edges of the wings, a marginal fringe of hairs or hair-like scales is developed; the size of this fringe in small species can be more than 2 times the width of the hind wing. Venation is represented mainly by longitudinal veins, separated by wide intervals of fields. The wings are always folded into a “house”.
The larval stages of caddisflies are aquatic, found in lakes, rivers and streams throughout the world and are essential components of food webs in these freshwater ecosystems. Adult caddis flies, unlike larvae, are terrestrial, eat almost no food, and their lifespan is limited to one to two weeks. Many of these insects have a characteristic unpleasant odor caused by secretions of specific glands. This scent can serve as a repellent to caddisfly enemies, such as birds.
Less common are larvae that do not have caps - the so-called campodeoid larvae. Such larvae are mainly predators, building special trapping nets from thin cobweb threads. Such nets, shaped like funnels, are placed with a wide opening against the current and are attached motionless to aquatic plants, stones and other underwater objects.
The larva pupates underwater in a case constructed by it. The pupa has the rudiments of wings, very long antennae, large eyes and huge mandibles, with the help of which it destroys the cap. Thin thread-like gills are visible on the abdomen. The pupa may be equipped with long swimming legs. At the rear end of the pupa's body there are long bristles, with which it cleans the hole in the sieve-like cap, which is easily clogged with silt, and thereby provides access to fresh water. The opening of the anterior sieve lid is cleaned with the help of bristles sitting on the upper lip, and also, perhaps, with the help of elongated jaws. To exit the imago, the pupa floats to the surface, rowing its middle legs like oars. Adult insects emerge in about a month.
Based on the diversity of larvae, two groups of families are distinguished Trichoptera. Group Annulipalpia includes those families of caddisflies whose larvae build nets (serve for catching prey and shelter). Larvae families Rhyacophillidae And Hydrobiosidae I do not form larval cases, but the pupa is located inside a dome-shaped structure made of mineral fragments. Hydroptilidae- the larvae are free-living until the last stage, after which they build a cap, which can be free or attached to the substrate. Pupation occurs inside it. The larvae of the family Glossosomatidae have a cap similar to the caps of other Annulipalpia, however, the larva stretches a transverse thread under the dome, which allows the larva to drag the house. With each new stage, the larva builds a new case, and then a new case is built for pupation. In this case, the thread is removed and the cover is attached to the substrate. Family group Intgripalpia They mostly build tubular covers. The material for construction and type of construction are species-specific. The larva is mobile and completes its house with each larval stage. The largest genus of caddisflies Chimarra Stephens 1829 ( Philopotamidae)) includes more than 780 species.
|
|||||||||||||||||||||
The wind died down, black clouds hung low over the battlefield, merging on the horizon with gunpowder smoke. It was getting dark, and the glow of fires was all the more clearly visible in two places. The cannonade became weaker, but the crackle of guns behind and to the right was heard even more often and closer. As soon as Tushin with his guns, driving around and running over the wounded, came out from under fire and went down into the ravine, he was met by his superiors and adjutants, including a staff officer and Zherkov, who was sent twice and never reached Tushin’s battery. All of them, interrupting one another, gave and passed on orders on how and where to go, and made reproaches and comments to him. Tushin did not give orders and silently, afraid to speak, because at every word he was ready, without knowing why, to cry, he rode behind on his artillery nag. Although the wounded were ordered to be abandoned, many of them trailed behind the troops and asked to be deployed to the guns. The same dashing infantry officer who jumped out of Tushin’s hut before the battle was, with a bullet in his stomach, placed on Matvevna’s carriage. Under the mountain, a pale hussar cadet, supporting the other with one hand, approached Tushin and asked to sit down.
“Captain, for God’s sake, I’m shell-shocked in the arm,” he said timidly. - For God's sake, I can't go. For God's sake!
It was clear that this cadet had more than once asked to sit somewhere and was refused everywhere. He asked in a hesitant and pitiful voice.
- Order him to be imprisoned, for God's sake.
“Plant, plant,” said Tushin. “Put down your overcoat, uncle,” he turned to his beloved soldier. -Where is the wounded officer?
“They put it in, it’s over,” someone answered.
- Plant it. Sit down, honey, sit down. Lay down your overcoat, Antonov.
The cadet was in Rostov. He held the other with one hand, was pale, and his lower jaw was shaking with feverish trembling. They put him on Matvevna, on the very gun from which they laid the dead officer. There was blood on the overcoat, which stained Rostov's leggings and hands.
- What, are you wounded, darling? - said Tushin, approaching the gun on which Rostov was sitting.
- No, I’m shell-shocked.
- Why is there blood on the bed? – Tushin asked.
“It was the officer, your honor, who bled,” answered the artillery soldier, wiping the blood with the sleeve of his overcoat and as if apologizing for the uncleanness in which the gun was located.
Forcibly, with the help of infantry, they took the guns up the mountain, and having reached the village of Guntersdorf, they stopped. It had already become so dark that ten steps away it was impossible to distinguish the uniforms of the soldiers, and the firefight began to subside. Suddenly, screams and gunfire were heard again close to the right side. The shots were already sparkling in the darkness. This was the last French attack, which was answered by soldiers holed up in the houses of the village. Again everyone rushed out of the village, but Tushin’s guns could not move, and the artillerymen, Tushin and the cadet, silently looked at each other, awaiting their fate. The firefight began to subside, and soldiers, animated by conversation, poured out of the side street.
- Is it okay, Petrov? - one asked.
“Brother, it’s too hot.” Now they won’t interfere,” said another.
- Can't see anything. How they fried it in theirs! Not in sight; darkness, brothers. Would you like to get drunk?
The French were repulsed for the last time. And again, in complete darkness, Tushin’s guns, surrounded as if by a frame by buzzing infantry, moved somewhere forward.
In the darkness, it was as if an invisible, gloomy river was flowing, all in one direction, humming with whispers, talking and the sounds of hooves and wheels. In the general din, behind all the other sounds, the moans and voices of the wounded in the darkness of the night were clearest of all. Their groans seemed to fill all the darkness that surrounded the troops. Their groans and the darkness of this night were one and the same. After a while, there was a commotion in the moving crowd. Someone rode with his retinue on a white horse and said something as they passed. What did you say? Where to now? Stand, or what? Thank you, or what? - greedy questions were heard from all sides, and the entire moving mass began to push on itself (apparently, the front ones had stopped), and rumors spread that they were ordered to stop. Everyone stopped as they were walking, in the middle of the dirt road.
The lights lit up and the conversation became louder. Captain Tushin, having given orders to the company, sent one of the soldiers to look for a dressing station or a doctor for the cadet and sat down by the fire laid out on the road by the soldiers. Rostov also dragged himself to the fire. A feverish trembling from pain, cold and dampness shook his entire body. Sleep was irresistibly beckoning him, but he could not sleep from the excruciating pain in his arm, which ached and could not find a position. He now closed his eyes, now glanced at the fire, which seemed to him hotly red, now at the stooped, weak figure of Tushin, sitting cross-legged next to him. Tushin’s big, kind and intelligent eyes looked at him with sympathy and compassion. He saw that Tushin wanted with all his heart and could not help him.
From all sides the footsteps and chatter of those passing, passing and infantry stationed around were heard. The sounds of voices, footsteps and horse hooves rearranging in the mud, the near and distant crackling of firewood merged into one oscillating roar.
Now, as before, the invisible river no longer flowed in the darkness, but as if after a storm, the gloomy sea lay down and trembled. Rostov mindlessly watched and listened to what was happening in front of him and around him. The infantry soldier walked up to the fire, squatted down, stuck his hands into the fire and turned his face away.
- Is it okay, your honor? - he said, turning questioningly to Tushin. “He got away from the company, your honor; I don’t know where. Trouble!
Together with the soldier, an infantry officer with a bandaged cheek approached the fire and, turning to Tushin, asked him to order the tiny gun to be moved in order to transport the cart. Behind the company commander, two soldiers ran to the fire. They swore and fought desperately, pulling out some kind of boot from each other.
- Why, you picked it up! Look, he’s clever,” one shouted in a hoarse voice.
Then a thin, pale soldier approached with his neck tied with a bloody wrap and in an angry voice demanded water from the artillerymen.
- Well, should I die like a dog? - he said.
Tushin ordered to give him water. Then a cheerful soldier ran up, asking for a light in the infantry.
- A hot fire to the infantry! Stay happily, fellow countrymen, thank you for the light, we will pay you back with interest,” he said, carrying the reddened firebrand somewhere into the darkness.
Behind this soldier, four soldiers, carrying something heavy on their overcoats, walked past the fire. One of them tripped.
“Look, devils, they put firewood on the road,” he grumbled.
- It’s over, so why wear it? - said one of them.
- Well, you!
And they disappeared into the darkness with their burden.
- What? hurts? – Tushin asked Rostov in a whisper.
- Hurts.
- Your honor, to the general. They’re standing here in the hut,” said the fireworksman, approaching Tushin.
- Now, my dear.
Tushin stood up and, buttoning his overcoat and straightening himself, walked away from the fire...
Not far from the artillery fire, in the hut prepared for him, Prince Bagration sat at dinner, talking with some of the unit commanders who had gathered with him. There was an old man with half-closed eyes, greedily gnawing a mutton bone, and a twenty-two-year-old impeccable general, flushed from a glass of vodka and dinner, and a staff officer with a name ring, and Zherkov, looking at everyone restlessly, and Prince Andrei, pale, with pursed lips and feverishly shiny eyes.
In the hut there stood a taken French banner leaning in the corner, and the auditor with a naive face felt the fabric of the banner and, perplexed, shook his head, perhaps because he was really interested in the appearance of the banner, and perhaps because it was hard for him hungry to look at dinner for which he did not have enough utensils. In the next hut there was a French colonel captured by the dragoons. Our officers crowded around him, looking at him. Prince Bagration thanked individual commanders and asked about the details of the case and losses. The regimental commander, who introduced himself near Braunau, reported to the prince that as soon as the matter began, he retreated from the forest, gathered woodcutters and, letting them pass by him, with two battalions struck with bayonets and overthrew the French.
- As I saw, Your Excellency, that the first battalion was upset, I stood on the road and thought: “I’ll let these through and meet them with battle fire”; I did so.
The regimental commander wanted to do this so much, he regretted so much that he did not have time to do this, that it seemed to him that all this had actually happened. Perhaps it actually happened? Was it possible to make out in this confusion what was and what was not?
“And I must note, Your Excellency,” he continued, recalling Dolokhov’s conversation with Kutuzov and his last meeting with the demoted man, “that the private, demoted Dolokhov, captured a French officer before my eyes and especially distinguished himself.”
“Here I saw, Your Excellency, an attack by the Pavlogradians,” Zherkov intervened, looking around uneasily, who had not seen the hussars at all that day, but had only heard about them from an infantry officer. - They crushed two squares, your Excellency.
At Zherkov’s words, some smiled, as always expecting a joke from him; but, noticing that what he was saying also tended towards the glory of our weapons and the present day, they took on a serious expression, although many knew very well that what Zherkov said was a lie, based on nothing. Prince Bagration turned to the old colonel.
– Thank you all, gentlemen, all units acted heroically: infantry, cavalry and artillery. How are two guns left in the center? – he asked, looking for someone with his eyes. (Prince Bagration did not ask about the guns on the left flank; he already knew that all the guns had been abandoned there at the very beginning of the matter.) “I think I asked you,” he turned to the officer on duty at the headquarters.
The bottom of many clean reservoirs with fresh water covered with insects resembling a nocturnal one. They belong to a special order of insects and are called caddis flies.
Adult caddisflies bear a striking resemblance to night moths. Scientists have long been interested in these strange creatures. They described more than a thousand of their species, which were divided into dozens of families and hundreds of genera, and spread over the entire earth's surface with the exception of the cold climatic conditions of Antarctica and some oceanic islands.
In all its external characteristics, an adult caddisfly resembles a moth with a dull gray and brown color. There are small hairs on the front wings of this insect; it is thanks to them that the caddisfly differs from.
Butterflies have scales on their wings instead of hairs. On photo of caddisfly and in real life he is absolutely unattractive. Its wings in a calm state are folded like a roof on the back.
A rather large head with eyes and rather long mustaches that look like threads stands out well against this background. You should pay attention to the eyes of this creature Special attention. He has more than the usual norm - 2 compound eyes on the sides of the head and 2-3 auxiliary ones, which are located at the top or in front of the head.
Instead of a mouth caddis insect a proboscis with a tongue was formed. The whole head is covered with warts, which create a not very pleasant sight. Their legs are slender and not very strong.
They can be seen anywhere and everywhere. Your name caddis fly got it because he prefers to live in small and clean waters. They are comfortable in streams, ponds, lakes, and in some cases swamps, but not too polluted. A clean environment is very important for order of caddisflies.
Mating process of caddisflies
Caddisfly larvae Very similar to mayfly children in that they are also forced to live in water during their development. In order to make it convenient for them to live there, they build houses for themselves, which are practically one piece with their body.
This cocoon is firmly attached to the insect larva. They have to move around with this house on themselves. Anyone who has tried to remove a larva from its hiding place knows that this is a difficult task.
And it is generally impossible to maintain its integrity. But there is a secret how to lure him out of there. It is enough to simply adjust it from behind with something sharp and thin. In order to build a house for the larva, a variety of Construction Materials, even broken glass.
An unusual experiment was conducted. They took a caddisfly larva and placed it in a clean reservoir, where, in addition to the larva, there was clean water and broken glass There was nothing. The larva had no choice but to build itself a glass house.
The photo shows a caddisfly larva in a cocoon
Learned original, creative and comfortable housing. Such a transparent house made it possible to observe how water constantly passes through the gill of the larva. Gills in the form of white threads are located on the back and sides of this interesting creature. Whatever the home of the larva of this insect, it always has the shape of a tube.
There is a variety of housing in the form of a horn or a spiral. Caddisfly larvae slowly move along the bottom of the reservoir along with their house, sticking their heads out of it to see everything around them.
And at the slightest danger, the head hides in the house and the movement stops. The house itself is made of materials that simply blend into the bottom and become completely invisible. Every living creature simply needs oxygen. How does the caddis fly larva solve this problem? Everything is very simple and at the same time cunning.
They build their houses from plants in which the process of photosynthesis constantly occurs and thus, merging in work with their house, they provide themselves with the oxygen necessary for their life.
Mormyshka caddisfly is the lightest and most common bait among many fishermen. It is versatile and easy to obtain. good catching caddis falls between mid-May and mid-June.
This is when the larvae are the largest. After this time, the larvae transform into pupae, and subsequently into “butterflies”, which are called caddis fly. In winter, it is a little more difficult to get caddis flies from the bottom of the reservoir.
It is necessary to drill a hole and lower a broom of birch twigs into it, onto which all the caddisfly larvae will crawl. They can be stored for a long time in an ordinary jar with clean water.
Adult caddisflies live in reeds and grass on the banks of water bodies. In the evenings they form mass flocks and fly out to mate. These flights are quite large and take them a long distance from the place permanent residence. The distance can be a kilometer or more.
Adults, when the slightest danger arises, emit an unpleasant, foul odor, with which they try to scare away and protect themselves from possible danger. This smell can be heard even if you just pick them up.
On earthly planet There are simply a huge number of different species of caddisflies. They differ in their external characteristics, habitat, character and even nutrition.
For example, not all caddis flies are as harmless as they seem. There are also those who, in search of food, can envelop a large expanse of water with their silken path, into which not only small insects, but also other inhabitants of the underwater world come across.
Each species has its own favorite place of residence. Some people like quiet, clean creeks, while others prefer the bottom of a fast-flowing mountain river. Accordingly, their sizes and colors are completely different.
Most of all, caddisflies eat the green pulp of aquatic plants. Those caddisflies-predators who, in order to get food for themselves, use the help of their webs, love various small insects, And . These caddisflies have a very well developed jaw, which helps them cope with prey.
The life of an adult insect is not long. It lasts one to two weeks. Life cycle The caddisfly is divided into four stages. Its development begins with an egg, which turns into a laurel. It passes into the navel and into the limbs into a mature caddisfly.
Fertilized females lay their eggs different ways, it depends on their species and habitat. Most often, eggs are laid on the surface of aquatic plants that originate at the bottom of reservoirs.
Over time, thanks to dew and raindrops, they gradually sink to the very bottom, and after 21 days, caddisfly larvae form from these eggs. Sticky gel protects eggs from all factors external environment. They gradually swell and turn into laurels, which in appearance resemble thin and elongated worms.
Gradually, the laurels grow and turn into pupae. Adult caddis flies emerge from the pupae after 30 days. Caddis flies are useful not only because they serve as excellent bait for fishing. These beneficial insects feeds on most freshwater fish.
Strict Standards: Declaration of Doku_Renderer_metadata::table_open() should be compatible with Doku_Renderer::table_open($maxcols = NULL, $numrows = NULL, $pos = NULL) in on line 24
Strict Standards: Declaration of Doku_Renderer_metadata::table_close() should be compatible with Doku_Renderer::table_close($pos = NULL) in /var/www/site/wiki/inc/parser/metadata.php on line 24
Fishermen call caddis flies the larvae of numerous butterflies that live in the floodplains of rivers and lakes, according to the “fishing” literature. But let's be clear.
The larvae, which are attributed to being related to butterflies, Lepidoptera, Glossata (third order of insects), actually belong to the lacewings, Neuroptera (fifth order of insects). It is worth saying a little more about this interesting order of insects, at least with quotes from Bram. So, according to Bram, “retinoptera are those insects that can withstand complete metamorphosis, have biting mouthparts, a free prothorax, and uniform leathery fore and hind wings.” Bram notes that representatives of this small order are difficult to distinguish not only from each other, but also from representatives of the order Orthoptera (sixth order, Gymnognatha, Orthoptera).
Of particular interest to us are individuals of the family of midges and brooms (Phryganeodea). The wings of these insects are covered with hairs, scales, or simply mesh. Their mouth parts are reduced. These spring “flies” are similar to each other, in basic features, in their lifestyle, and most importantly, in their development pattern. In May–June, adult insects fly directly near water bodies. They move mainly at night. IN daytime adult insects prefer to sit out on aquatic plants, on boards, coastal alluvial debris, and more often - behind the flaps of old bark on logs. Insect larvae almost always live in aquatic environment in cocoons or “houses” built by them themselves. The name Shitiki appeared by analogy with Diptera, the dorsal part of which (three knees) is called the dorsal shield.
To build shelters, larvae use a wide variety of materials: just sand, the “remains” of plants, quite large pebbles, pieces of shells of small shells, small twigs and last year’s rotted leaves. It has been noticed that larvae of different species build their homes in the same natural conditions from similar materials. The main material, depending on the area, may even be plant seeds. Each type builds, regardless of source material, a cocoon of the same shape.
The larvae in their “fortresses” survive winter and spring, attaching themselves together with the house to the threads of aquatic plants, closing the inlet and outlet openings (in stagnant cold water bodies this also happens in the middle of summer).
After several weeks have passed after the water has warmed up, a nymph emerges from the larva, and after a while an adult winged insect appears.
Caddis flies, which are of interest to anglers as insect larvae, usually have a two-year development cycle before becoming an adult insect. Therefore, they can be found at any time of the year. It should only be taken into account that at the end of August, with the beginning of the night cooling of the water, the larvae move to a depth of 1.5–2 m. This significantly complicates their extraction, but the game is worth the candle, since it is with the descent into depth that the larvae become more accessible to large fish, and therefore, more important as bait.
Literary advice regarding the effectiveness of using caddisflies in winter time Personally, they seem very dubious to me. Repeatedly on the reservoirs of the Novgorod and Tver regions, I observed local “masters” hunting caddisflies with the help of spears and brooms, but in a conversation with them it turned out that their goal was not caddisflies, but amphipod jigs. However, based on my own fishing experience, I can safely say that using caddisfly as bait invariably leads to positive results when catching almost all types of fish - both in those reservoirs where caddisfly is found, and in those reservoirs where it has never been possible to catch it .
WITH childhood Having read the then few “fishing” publications, I repeatedly tried to put into practice the advice on ways to preserve caddisfly larvae. If this is interesting, then I inform you that I have not met a more capricious animal bait than the caddisfly. I think the whole problem with storing caddis flies is temperature. Firstly, larvae cannot be stored directly in water. The realistic amount you can store bait in is approximately 100-300 ml (g) of water. In order to maintain the necessary isothermal conditions in such a quantity of liquid, you need to have at least a liquid thermostat with adjustment to the second class of accuracy, which, alas, is not very realistic in our everyday practice. Theoretically, this is, of course, possible, but practically... However, try it. There is another option - to introduce the larvae into a state close to suspended animation, that is, try to keep them at a temperature of about 4 °C (taking into account temperature depression). But then you will inevitably come into conflict with your loved ones who want to take out of the home refrigerator in the morning not your bait, but butter and sausage, ready for immediate consumption.
For summer fishing, it is best to stock up on caddis flies for a day, storing the remainder in damp cloth somewhere in the shade. In winter, I simply don’t bother with caddis flies, since the time spent catching them significantly exceeds the time spent on fishing itself. The caddis is one of those reliable baits whose actual use turns fishing into bait fishing. The principle is that every vegetable has its time and every bait has its own fish. in this case is being fully implemented.
The only place where I always and in any conditions use caddisfly as bait is all the reservoirs around the city of Valdai, in the Novgorod region.
By the way, it has been noticed that if the caddisfly stays at a depth of up to a meter, then large fish also go to the upper shore edge to feed, and if the larvae can only be caught at depth, then there is no way to fish in places where the depth is less than 3–4 m sense.
Now a few words about what size and color of caddis fly it is best to use as bait. I found the final answer to this question by analyzing the results of my numerous fishing trips on the lakes of the Valdai Upland. Regardless of the size and type of fish you intend to catch (be it roach weighing from 20 to 300 g, ide weighing from 70 g to 3 kg, bream weighing from 50 g to 1,600 kg, crucian carp weighing from 200 to 300 g, perch weighing from 15 g to 2 kg), it is preferable to use the largest larvae as bait. As for color, preference is given to caddis flies of greenish and brownish shades. This is obvious because the larvae of the indicated shades are the most common.
