City apartment- a center of comfort and coziness, a place to live that many of our compatriots choose for themselves. And indeed, in modern apartment building there is everything a person needs for a normal life, from hot water supply to centralized heating and sewerage.
It should be noted that the heating system plays a huge role in ensuring a comfortable atmosphere in the apartment. Currently, the heating system design of a multi-storey building has some design differences from an autonomous one, and it is they that guarantee efficient heating apartments even in the most severe frosts.
The instructions for the heating scheme of any modern high-rise building require mandatory compliance with the requirements of regulatory documentation - SNiP and GOST. According to these standards, heating in the apartment should ensure a temperature within 20-22C, and humidity - 30-45%.
Advice. In older houses, such parameters may not be achieved.
In this case, it is important to first properly insulate all cracks, replace the radiators, and only then contact the heat supply company.
Achieving such temperature and humidity indicators is achieved through a special design of the system and the use of only high-quality equipment. Even at the design stage of the heating scheme multi-storey buildings qualified heating technicians carefully calculate all the intricacies of its operation, achieving the same coolant pressure in the pipes, both on the first and on top floor buildings.
One of the main features of modern centralized system heating a high-rise building is work on superheated water. This coolant comes directly from the thermal power plant, has a temperature of about 130-150C, and a pressure of 6-10 atm. Steam formation in the system is eliminated due to high pressure - it also helps to drive water even to the highest point of the house.
The return temperature, which is also assumed by the heating scheme of a multi-storey building, is about 60-70C. In winter and summer time During the year, water temperature readings may differ - the values depend only on the environment.
As mentioned earlier, the coolant in the heating system of any multi-story building has a temperature of about 130C. Of course, there are no such hot radiators in any apartment and there simply cannot be. The thing is that the supply line, through which hot water flows, is connected to the return line by a special jumper - an elevator unit.
The heating circuit in an apartment building with an elevator unit has some features, since the unit itself performs certain functions.
This scheme is the most effective and efficient, allowing to achieve better conditions for living on both the first and last floor of a high-rise building.
If you move along the thermal system from the elevator unit, you can also see all kinds of valves. The role of such details is also great, because they provide heating control for both individual entrances and the entire house. As a rule, such valves can be adjusted manually. Of course, this is done only by specialists from the relevant government services and when any need arises.
In more modern houses With big amount floors, in addition to the thermal valves themselves, there can also be a variety of collectors, heat meters and other equipment, including automation. Naturally, such technology makes it possible to achieve more efficient heating performance and efficient distribution of coolant throughout all floors, right down to the very last.
Typically, in most high-rise buildings, both old and new, with upper or lower wiring. It should be noted that depending on the design of the building and other parameters (up to the region where the building is built), the location of the supply and return may vary.
Depending on the design of the building, the coolant in the risers of the heating circuit can move in different ways - from top to bottom or vice versa. Also, some houses have universal risers installed; they are designed for alternate supply hot water up and, accordingly, cold down.
As you can see in many photos and videos, a wide variety of types of heating batteries are used in multi-story buildings. This is due to the fact that the system is universal and has relatively optimal ratio temperature and water pressure.
Among the most basic types of radiators are:
Advice. Exactly steel batteries They perfectly combine price-quality parameters, and therefore their heating engineers recommend installing them in high-rise apartments.
If we consider such characteristics of heating batteries for multi-storey building systems as the number of sections and dimensions of products, then they directly depend on the process and cooling rate of the coolant. As a rule, the selection of heater parameters is made through a special calculation.
It is important to remember that if there is a need to replace heaters in an apartment with new ones, it is important not to disrupt the functionality and performance of the entire system as a whole. Also, you cannot throw away jumpers in pipelines, otherwise the service company will still require them to be restored, and this is fraught with unnecessary financial and labor costs.
In general, heating schemes for multi-storey buildings (not only residential, but also administrative and industrial) are productive and efficient in operation. But at the same time, if we consider old buildings, heating in them does not even require complete replacement, but rather modernization. In apartments, for example, you can install new batteries, pipes and modern automation equipment.
Residents of Russia, especially its northern part, believe that if the walls are thin, it means that the house will be cold in winter. But then what can we say about houses with walls in which several rows of bricks or many centimeters are laid? concrete block? It's still cold anyway. And in panel houses, when constructing buildings, special attention is paid to insulating materials, which, despite the small thickness of the walls, retain heat well in winter.
Not so long ago, on the domestic construction market panel houses have arrived. The technology for creating such houses originates in countries such as Canada and the Scandinavian states. Agree, Canada and Norway have far from hot climates. But people live in panel houses and don’t think about building expensive cottages for themselves, and heating is panel house for northerners - not a problem. It's all about the technology, which can withstand temperatures below minus 30 degrees. The fact is that builders lay special insulating material between the two panels. It turns out to be a kind of “sandwich” that does not let the cold into the room, but at the same time the walls “breathe” freely.
Also, in the design of a house structure, it is always taken into account which heating system is best installed. The main thing is not to trust crooks, but to turn to experienced craftsmen and engineers. Construction work panel house and installation acceptable and optimal system heating requires high qualifications. Showing into the house heating equipment– the process is labor-intensive. It all depends on the requests of the owners and total area panel house.
There are several optimal and effective ways conduct heating in a panel house, namely: install a convector, heat pump, water heating boilers.
Many people prefer mobile heaters: oil radiators, convectors. Convectors operate using electricity; their convenience lies in mobility, but they require large financial costs. Oil heaters They operate using mineral oil inside the steel housing. But the connection comes from the electrical network, and it is advisable to use them only as an additional coolant. Such heating in a panel house is too expensive.
A good solution is to purchase heat pumps with high technical indicators. Energy savings reach 30% compared to other types of boilers. But the high cost and long work to install the device force many people to abandon this idea.
If there is no natural gas supply in the area, you can install a water heating boiler using solid fuel (coal, wood, peat) or electric. Liquid fuel boilers are very advantageous because they burn for a long time, continuously releasing heat into the room.
If the house is led natural gas– there’s no need to even think about it – install heating in a panel house only through a gas boiler. There are many advantages:
Water heating boilers occupy the first place in the list of heating systems. The boiler operation process depends on installed system radiator coolant. Radiators can now be purchased different types: aluminum, cast iron, steel, bimetallic.
Cast iron is becoming a thing of the past due to poor wear resistance and the heaviness of the metal. Aluminum and steel are light in weight and have maximum heat transfer. But the first in the row of batteries are bimetallic radiators. They have maximum heat transfer and lightness, are resistant to any type of coolant and chemical additives in fuel. Exterior finishing modern bimetallic radiators fits easily into any cozy design premises.
Initially, the houses of Khrushchev's projects were conceived as temporary, to solve the housing problem. However, to this day, they occupy a fair share of the fund. The main problem of living is the layout of the heating system of the Khrushchev building and its structure. Given natural wear and tear, it often does not fully perform its functions.
The houses of this project are characterized by a single-pipe scheme, when the distribution of coolant starts from the upper (5th) floor and ends with the entry of cooled water into the basement. Such heating systems in Khrushchev have one significant drawback - uneven distribution of heat throughout the apartments.
This is due to the alternate passage of the coolant through the floors, i.e. The greatest degree of its heating will be on the 5th, 4th, and on the 1st the amount of heat is not enough to heat the room. In addition, the heating scheme of a five-story Khrushchev building has the following disadvantages:
To solve these problems, it is necessary to carry out modernization - install modern radiators and pipes. Metal heating devices and pipelines made of polymers have proven themselves to be the best. They have increased heat transfer rates, which helps to heat rooms faster. However, to truly create effective system The heating system in the Khrushchev building needs to be replaced on all floors. If old pipes and radiators are left on the top ones, then the speed of water passage in the system will remain unsatisfactory.
Such modernization can be carried out not only by residents, but also by attracting the resources of the housing office. This organization is obliged to carry out planned replacement of pipelines. They know how the heating system in a Khrushchev building works - the diagram and location of pipelines for a particular house.
What to do if, even after improving and replacing elements, the temperature in the apartment is far from ideal. The best option is autonomous heating in Khrushchev. However, this is not always possible - installation gas boiler not allowed due to low pressure in the main line or due to inappropriate chimney ducts.
Then they begin to develop alternative ways increase in room temperature. The negative point is that the heating scheme of a five-story Khrushchev house does not provide for the connection of additional radiators. This can lead to reduced pressure in the pipes and significant heat loss for residents living below. To avoid unpleasant moments, you can perform a number of actions that help save energy in your apartment.
It is recommended to install on external walls thermal insulation layer. It will help reduce heat losses and will not affect Current state heating systems in Khrushchev. It is also necessary to replace the old ones wooden windows to new ones made of PVC or laminated veneer lumber. Special attention You should pay attention to the thickness of the double-glazed windows. For effective thermal insulation, this parameter must be at least 28 mm.
This is one of the best mechanisms increase in temperature in the apartment. It can be installed not only in the bathroom and kitchen, but also in living areas. It is best to choose infrared heated floor models, since their installation requires a minimal increase in thickness flooring. The heating circuit of the Khrushchev house is not designed to connect a water heated floor. Its installation can lead to improper operation of the entire heating circuit of the house.
They can solve the problem with the rate of heating of the air in the apartment and do not affect the operation of the main heating system of apartments in Khrushchev-era buildings. Along with traditional oil and converter-type electric heaters, infrared models have become very popular. They increase the temperature not of the air, but of objects, heating their surface. However, the disadvantage of such devices is the increase in financial costs for electricity.
Before connecting the heaters, you need to check the electrical wiring. Often the wire cross-section is not designed for heavy loads. The heating scheme for a five-story Khrushchev building is designed only for water coolant.
Therefore, it is recommended to replace it first, and only after that install powerful electrical appliances.
Contrary to popular belief, it is possible to install individual heating in a Khrushchev-era building. To do this, you need to select a boiler that meets the standards and provide management company developed project. She first gives technical specifications, on the basis of which an autonomous heating system in Khrushchev-era buildings is compiled.
What should you pay attention to when solving this problem? Let's look at the main components autonomous heating in Khrushchev - a boiler, a piping system and radiators.
Average area two-room apartment in Khrushchev buildings does not exceed 60 m2. That's why optimal power gas boiler should be 7-8 kW. The next condition is the type of burner - it must be closed. Since the design of the heating system in the Khrushchev-era building does not include the installation of a boiler, normal air exchange must be ensured for its operation. This is necessary to take air from the street using coaxial chimney. In some cases, it is possible to install carbon monoxide exhaust systems into the building's air ducts. But before this, it is necessary to obtain the approval of the fire service. Often this is precisely the obstacle to installing individual heating in a Khrushchev-era building.
For laying the highway it is best to use reinforced pipes made of polypropylene. They are characterized simple installation, affordable price. Their advantages include the possibility hidden installation. It can only be performed on the floor, since gating of load-bearing walls is prohibited. The heating system in Khrushchev is designed in such a way that the installation location of radiators is most often located under the windows. When designing autonomous system heating system, it is possible to provide for the installation of additional batteries. Most often they are installed in the bathroom.
When developing a heating scheme for a Khrushchev building, you need to take into account all the nuances. In particular, provision of hot water supply. Therefore, it is best to purchase double-circuit boilers heating.
The requirements for the scheme are no different from the standard ones.
In this case, it is possible to install a water heated floor. For this purpose, the heating scheme of the Khrushchev house provides for the installation of a collector. It will distribute the coolant through the underfloor heating pipelines; the built-in system for mixing hot and cold water flows (two-way valve) will automatically regulate the temperature.
For a minimal increase in floor thickness, it is recommended to use decorative coating, designed for installation directly on water heating pipes. The packaging must be marked accordingly.
In addition to upgrading the autonomous heating installation, you can perform a number of actions, the result of which will lead to a reduction in current operating costs and payment for housing and communal services. Considering the specific layout of the heating system in a Khrushchev building, installing heat meters in an apartment is impractical. This is due to the absence of a central riser, i.e. even for studio apartment you will have to install at least three meters - in the bathroom, kitchen and living room.
The total cost of installing one device can range from 25 to 30 thousand rubles. The way out of this situation is to install a common house meter. It will take into account the amount of thermal energy consumed for the entire building. Fortunately, the centralized scheme characteristic of all types of heating in Khrushchev allows this to be done. As additional function a mode for adjusting the coolant supply depending on the outside temperature may be provided.
For central scheme For heating a five-story Khrushchev building, you can install a balancing riser. It will perform the functions of uniform distribution of coolant throughout all floors of the house. However, which project is carried out only in agreement with the housing office, since it falls under the category of changing the principle of hot water supply.
By former union a lot is scattered apartment buildings with an “in-wall” heating system. They can be found both in Moscow and in Murmansk, St. Petersburg, Chelyabinsk, as well as in many cities of Belarus and Ukraine. But what is this “battery in the wall” - a whim or stupidity of Soviet architects? Or an innovation that appeared too early? And what to do with it today: change it or leave it as is?
In Brezhnev’s times, when such housing was built, the main task of architects and builders was to provide the population with their own living space as quickly as possible. And the formation of a centralized heating system at the pouring stage reinforced concrete structures was a completely logical step.
Plus, the batteries inside the walls are truly innovative and practical solution. At correct installation pipes and high-quality manufacturing reinforced concrete with good insulation It is not the street air that is heated, as many believe, but the stoves themselves.
And according to the technology, heat should be reflected inside the premises. As a result, much less energy is required for comfortable heating. And the air in the rooms is not as humid as with conventional wall-mounted radiators. Today, such a technological solution is increasingly used in European countries precisely because of its cost-effectiveness and practicality.
IN Soviet years The technology of placing batteries inside walls was quite widespread and covered many regions. Such houses were built from series 91, 121, 1-515, 464, 1605 and many others. Each research institute sought to “improve” the design. And in some, only the riser was laid inside the slabs, in others, the entire heating system was installed. In some projects, pipes were installed in the facade walls, while in others, on the contrary, they were installed exclusively in interior walls.
The main problem with such batteries is the inability to shut them down when it gets hot. Plus, houses age and naturally the pipes in them do too. An outburst can happen at any moment. And if in a building with “open” heating pipes, they can be replaced with new ones without any noticeable problems. Then you will have to work hard with the “walled up” ones.
Moreover, in most cases, the first thing you will need to do is order a project for rebuilding the heating system, and go through many approvals. Design and estimate documentation can be done externally, but you will have to go to the Housing Office for approvals. It is best to entrust the work to them.
Most likely, any work in this case will be strictly prohibited. After all, the design of the building includes heat from these pipes along the facade. And any individual changes are simply unacceptable. The only solution would be to order a rework of the heating system throughout the house with insulation of the external walls. It will be necessary to break through the ceilings, install risers, and only then connect new radiators to them.
There are serious restrictions here load-bearing walls. As a rule, batteries were embedded in them. And any demolitions or penetrations are not allowed. The only thing that can be done is to find “mortgages” in the corners of the slabs. These are pockets in the concrete where the slabs and heating risers were connected to each other. These places are easy to find by tapping. After connecting the pipes, the voids were filled with a solution, which sounds very different from industrial concrete. Then the coil in the wall is tightly closed and a new radiator with a bypass is inserted.
In some series of houses, although the radiators are located in the walls, pipe bends can be seen in the corners of the rooms. Everything is much simpler here. It won't be difficult to get close to them and crash into the system. In addition, you don’t have to create a project and go through lengthy approvals.
Whatever the situation, you need to clearly understand that the battery embedded in the wall is in fact a common riser for the entire entrance. And any changes in it affect the quality of heating for all neighbors above and below. Whatever is done, the riser must not be blocked or narrowed.
Only a specialist can accurately determine the series of the house and the configuration of the pipes inside the panels. It will be necessary to bring up documents of Soviet projects. You can only roughly find by touch where such a battery is located.
All this work will cost a lot of money. But problems with heat can be completely different.
Before “removing” batteries from the walls, you should contact house manager company and demand to identify the reasons for the lack of heat in the rooms. Perhaps, in the embedded pipes, airlock or there are deficiencies in sealing the seams. Or the insulation inside the panels has simply decayed over time. In many cases, they will fix the problems without reworking the heating system or will have to install an external radiator for free.
An apartment in a multi-storey building is an urban alternative to private houses, and very a large number of of people. The popularity of city apartments is not strange, because they have everything a person needs for a comfortable stay: heating, sewerage and hot water supply. And if the last two points do not need special introduction, then the heating scheme of a multi-storey building requires detailed consideration. From point of view design features, the centralized heating system in an apartment building has a number of differences from autonomous structures, which allows it to provide the house with thermal energy during the cold season.
When installing heating in multi-storey buildings, it is imperative to comply with the requirements established regulatory documentation, which includes SNiP and GOST. These documents indicate that heating design must provide in apartments constant temperature within 20-22 degrees, and humidity should vary from 30 to 45 percent.
Despite the existence of standards, many houses, especially older ones, do not meet these indicators. If this is the case, then first of all you need to install thermal insulation and change heating devices, and only then contact the heat supply company. The heating of a three-story house, the diagram of which is shown in the photo, can be cited as an example of a good heating scheme.
To achieve the required parameters, use complex design, requiring high-quality equipment. When creating a heating system project apartment building specialists use all their knowledge to achieve uniform heat distribution in all sections of the heating main and create comparable pressure on each tier of the building. One of the integral elements of the operation of such a design is operation on a superheated coolant, which provides for the heating scheme of a three-story building or other high-rise buildings.
How it works? The water comes directly from the thermal power plant and is heated to 130-150 degrees. In addition, the pressure is increased to 6-10 atmospheres, so the formation of steam is impossible - high pressure will drive water through all floors of the house without loss. The temperature of the liquid in the return pipeline in this case can reach 60-70 degrees. Of course, in different time of the year temperature regime may change, since it is directly related to the ambient temperature.
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It was said above that water in heating system multi-story building heats up to 130 degrees. But such a temperature is not needed by consumers, and heating the batteries to such a value is absolutely pointless, regardless of the number of storeys: the heating system of a nine-story building in in this case will not be different from any other. Everything is explained quite simply: the heating supply in multi-storey buildings is completed by a device that turns into a return circuit, which is called an elevator unit. What is the meaning of this node, and what functions are assigned to it?
Warmed up to high temperature The coolant enters the elevator unit, which, in its principle of operation, is similar to a metering injector. It is after this process that the liquid carries out heat exchange. Coming out through the elevator nozzle, the coolant under high pressure exits through the return line.
In addition, through the same channel, the liquid is recirculated into the heating system. All these processes together make it possible to mix the coolant, bringing it to optimal temperature, which is enough to heat all apartments. The use of an elevator unit in the scheme makes it possible to provide the highest quality heating in high-rise buildings, regardless of the number of floors.
In the heating circuit behind the elevator unit there are various valves. Their role cannot be underestimated, since they make it possible to regulate heating in individual entrances or in the whole house. Most often, the valves are adjusted manually by employees of the heat supply company, if the need arises.
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IN modern buildings often used additional elements, such as collectors, heat meters for batteries and other equipment. IN last years almost every heating system high-rise buildings is equipped with automation to minimize human intervention in the operation of the structure (read: “Weather-dependent automation of heating systems - about automation and controllers for boilers with examples”). All the details described allow us to achieve better performance, increase efficiency and make it possible to distribute more evenly thermal energy for all apartments.
As a rule, multi-storey buildings use a single-pipe wiring diagram with top or bottom filling. The location of the forward and return pipes can vary depending on many factors, including even the region where the building is located. For example, the heating scheme in a five-story building will be structurally different from the heating in three-story buildings.
When designing a heating system, all these factors are taken into account, and the most successful scheme is created, allowing all parameters to be maximized. The project may involve various options coolant filling: from bottom to top or vice versa. In individual houses, universal risers are installed, which ensure alternating movement of the coolant.
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In multi-storey buildings there is no single rule allowing the use specific type radiator, so the choice is not particularly limited. The heating scheme of a multi-storey building is quite universal and has a good balance between temperature and pressure.
The main models of radiators used in apartments include the following devices:
The correct choice of batteries for a centralized heating system depends on the performance indicators that are inherent in the coolant in the given area. Knowing the cooling rate of the coolant and its movement, you can calculate the required number of radiator sections, its dimensions and material. We should not forget that when replacing heating devices, it is necessary to ensure that all rules are followed, since their violation can lead to defects in the system, and then the heating in the wall of a panel house will not perform its functions.
Fulfill renovation work in the heating system of an apartment building, it is also not recommended to do it yourself, especially if it is heating within the walls of a panel house: practice shows that residents of houses, without the appropriate knowledge, are able to throw away important element system, considering it unnecessary.
Centralized heating systems demonstrate good qualities, but they need to be constantly maintained in working order, and for this you need to monitor many indicators, including thermal insulation, equipment wear and regular replacement of used elements.
