IVANOVSKAYA REGION, subject Russian Federation. Located in the center of the European part of Russia. Included in the Central Federal District. Area 21.4 thousand km 2. Population 1087.9 thousand people (2007; 1288 thousand people in 1959; 1297 thousand people in 1989). The administrative center is the city of Ivanovo. Administrative-territorial division: 21 districts, 17 cities, 14 urban-type settlements.
Organs state power. The system of government bodies is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Charter (Basic Law) of the Ivanovo Region (1996), and the laws of the region. State power is exercised by the Ivanovo Regional Duma, the government, the governor, and others government bodies, formed in accordance with the Charter and laws of the Ivanovo region. Ivanovo Regional Duma (until 2006 Legislative Assembly) is the legislative and representative body of state power. Consists of 48 deputies elected for 5 years (half - in a single regional electoral district in proportion to the number of votes cast for lists of candidates for deputies nominated by electoral associations, half - in single-mandate electoral districts). The number of deputies working on a professional permanent basis is established by regional law. The regional government is the highest executive body of state power, heading the system of executive bodies of state power in the Ivanovo region. The work of the government is led by the governor - the highest official of the Ivanovo region, vested with powers by the Ivanovo Regional Duma on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation.
Nature. Relief. The Ivanovo region is located in the central part of the East European Plain. The relief is dominated by low-lying undulating and slightly hilly plains. In the northwestern part stretches the Rostov-Plyos, or Galich-Plyos, moraine ridge of the Moscow glaciation region (height up to 168 m), formed by groups of low flat-topped hills with gentle slopes. To the south and southeast of the moraine ridge, the surface gradually decreases and in the central part turns into a gently undulating plain (height from 150 m in the north to 70 m in the south). In the extreme southeast of the Ivanovo region, on the left bank of the Klyazma River, there is a flat sandy Balakhninskaya lowland (height 75-85 m). The southwestern part of the region is occupied by the Vladimir Opolye - an elevated undulating plain, composed of loess-like loams and dissected by a network of ravines and gullies. In the far north of the Ivanovo region (left bank of the Volga) there is a low-lying, gently undulating swampy Unzhenskaya lowland.
Geological structure and minerals. The Ivanovo region is located in the eastern part of the Moscow syneclise of the Russian plate of the ancient East European platform. Quaternary glacial, water-glacial, aeolian-deluvial, lacustrine-fluvial and swamp deposits are widespread throughout the region, overlying the more ancient Permian, Mesozoic and Neogene deposits of the platform cover. There are known deposits of phosphorites, as well as glass sands, natural building materials (clays, sands, etc.). There are significant reserves of peat and sapropel.
Climate. Natural conditions favorable for the life of the population. The climate is moderate continental, with moderately cold, snowy winters and warm summers. Average temperatures in January are from -11.5 to -12.0°C, in July - from 17.5 to 18.7°C. The region's territory is characterized by optimal moisture: annual precipitation is 540-615 mm. About 3/4 of the annual precipitation falls during the warm period. Every year, weak dry wind phenomena are observed on the territory of the Ivanovo region. The duration of the growing season is 162-169 days.
Inland waters. In the Ivanovo region there are 50 rivers over 25 km long. The Rostov-Plyos ridge is the watershed of the Volga and Klyazma basins. Most of the territory belongs to the Klyazma River basin, the main rivers are Uvod, Teza, Nerl, Lukh, etc. On the Volga River there is the Gorky Reservoir (8.8 km 3), into which the Elnat, Mera, etc. rivers flow. For the needs of the city’s drinking water supply In Ivanovo, the Uvod reservoir was created (82 million m3).
The rivers of the region have a pronounced high spring flood, low summer low water, sometimes interrupted by rain floods, and a relatively low stable winter low water. Snow feeding accounts for 70-80% of the annual river flow. There are many small lakes (glacial, floodplain, karst). Swamps are widespread (1.4 thousand km 2).
Soils, flora and fauna. The Ivanovo region is located in the southern taiga and mixed forest zones. In the Ivanovo region, soddy-podzolic soils of different mechanical composition predominate. Under conditions of excessive surface or ground moisture, bog (peat and peat-gley) soils are formed. In the valleys of the Nerl and Teza rivers and their tributaries, alluvial turf soils are developed. The gray forest soils of the Vladimir Opolye are the most fertile.
Forests occupy about 50% of the territory. In the north and northeast, mainly coniferous forests of spruce and pine are common; there are small areas of pure larch forests. In the central regions, forests are dominated by small-leaved species (birch, aspen, alder). In the floodplains of the Klyazma and Teza rivers, small oak groves have been preserved. The wetlands of river valleys are occupied by alder forests.
In the Ivanovo region there are over 50 species of mammals (including the Russian muskrat and the giant noctule bat, which are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation). Among the main objects of hunting are squirrel, hares (hare and hare), elk, fox, and marten. The forests are home to sika and red deer; on the high banks of streams you can see badger holes; Beavers settled along quiet and shallow rivers. Roe deer, Ussuri raccoon dog, and muskrat have been acclimatized. The avifauna includes 235 species of nesting birds. The greatest species diversity is characteristic of passerines, chariformes and Anseriformes; 19 species of birds are included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation (mainly raptors - osprey, white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, peregrine falcon, etc.). Of the over 40 species of fish, bream, roach, pike, etc. are of commercial importance.
The ecological situation is acute and moderately acute, mainly due to industrial pollution of the atmosphere and waters, and agricultural pollution of soils. Emissions harmful substances into the atmosphere from stationary sources amount to 43 thousand tons, the discharge of polluted Wastewater 20.5 million m3 (2003). About 3/4 of wastewater is discharged into the waters of the Uvod River. Settlements along the banks of the Gorky Reservoir are subject to flooding.
In the Ivanovo region there is one state nature reserve of federal significance - Klyazminsky, in which the Klyazma River valley is protected as a habitat for beavers and muskrats; 3 reserves of regional significance, 643 natural monuments (2005).
N. N. Kalutskova.
Population. The majority of the population of the Ivanovo region are Russians (93.6% - 2002 census); among others - Ukrainians (0.9%), Tatars (0.7%), Belarusians (0.3%).
Natural population decline is characteristic (2005): mortality (22.0 per 1000 inhabitants) is 2.5 times higher than the birth rate (8.7 per 1000 inhabitants); infant mortality rate is 10.7 per 1000 live births. The share of women is 55.5%. The share of the population under working age (up to 16 years) is 14.6%, over working age 24.5%. Average life expectancy is 62.1 years (men - 55.1, women - 70.3). Migration outflow of the population (6 people per 10 thousand inhabitants) is mainly within Central Russia(about 59%). Average population density 50.7 people/km 2 ; in the eastern regions of the region the population density is below average. The Ivanovo region is the most urbanized region of the Central Federal District: the share of the urban population is over 80% (2007; 82.3% in 1989). Large cities (thousands of people, 2007): Ivanovo (409.0), Kineshma (92.9), Shuya (59.3), Vichuga (38.8), Furmanov (37.7).
D. A. Pulyaeva.
Religion. In the Ivanovo region there are (2007): 196 parishes in 16 deanery districts of the Ivanovo-Voznesensk and Kineshma diocese (formed in 1929) of the Russian Orthodox Church Moscow Patriarchate; 14 communities of Christians of the evangelical faith - Pentecostals; 8 Seventh-day Adventist communities; 5 communities and 1 religious association of Evangelical Christians-Baptists; 5 communities of Jehovah's Witnesses; 5 communities of evangelical Christians; 2 Jewish communities; 1 parish of the Russian Orthodox Old Believer Church; 1 parish of the Roman Catholic Church; 1st parish of the Novonakhichevan and Russian Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church; 1 community of the New Apostolic Church; 1 community of the Church of the Sovereign Icon Mother of God; 1 community of the Church of the Holy Spirit; 1 Muslim regional religious association. Official sociological studies of the number and percentage of believers in the Ivanovo region have not been carried out.
There are 12 monasteries of the Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, the oldest of which are: Makariev-Reshemsky Monastery (founded at the end of the 14th century, converted into a nunnery in 1901, closed in 1927, reopened in 1998 as a monastery); St. Nicholas Tikhonov Monastery (founded in 1498, renewed in 1995); Assumption Convent (founded at the end of the 17th century, reopened in 1991); Nikolo-Shartomsky Monastery (known since the 15th century, restored in 1990).
Historical sketch. The oldest archaeological sites on the territory of the modern Ivanovo region belong to the Mesolithic (Butovo culture) and date back to around the 7th millennium BC, but the presence of Paleolithic sites in neighboring territories suggests an earlier appearance of people here. In the Neolithic, on the basis of these traditions, the Upper Volga culture arose, which was replaced by the Lyalovo culture and the Balakhna culture, and later by the Volosovo culture. In the Bronze Age, the newcomers Fatyanovo culture spread here, then the Abashevo culture. On the basis of the Volosovo, Abashevo and Fatyanovo traditions, the so-called Fatyanovo antiquities are formed (the territory of the Ivanovo region is part of the area of the Chirkovo culture). In the middle of the 2nd millennium BC, carriers of the Late Dnyakov culture penetrated here. As a result of the synthesis of local and alien traditions at the end of the Bronze Age, a textile ceramics culture emerged, the development of which continued at the beginning of the Early Iron Age. On its basis, by the middle of the 1st millennium BC, one of the variants of the Dyakovo culture developed in the Upper Volga region, which includes the Ivanovo region. The continuation of these traditions is associated with the formation of Mary and Murom, the monuments of which on the territory of the Ivanovo region date back to the 2nd half of the 1st - early 2nd millennium AD.
From the middle of the 10th century, Slavs appeared on the territory of the Ivanovo region. Their earliest monuments are known in the southwest of the Ivanovo region and are probably associated with the Suzdal Opolye. The settlement of the Upper Volga region mainly came from the Novgorod land; in the Kineshma region, the influence of Slavicized Finno-Ugric peoples from the Klyazma River basin was traced; in the Yuryevets-Puchezh area, a new population probably came along the Volga from Gorodets-Radilov. By the 12th and 13th centuries, the local population was Slavicized and its culture became part of the Old Russian one. The modern territory of the Ivanovo region was the outskirts of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir; at the turn of the 12th-13th centuries, the ancient cities of Plyos and Yuryevets arose here. In the 14-15 centuries, the Volga region became part of the Moscow Grand Duchy, during this period the first monasteries arose - Makariev-Reshemsky, Nikolo-Shartomsky, etc. In the 15-16 centuries, the territory was subjected to raids by the Kazan khans. In 1410, the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily I Dmitrievich restored the Plyos fortress and restored Yuryevets. The first mention of the cities of Lukh and Kineshma dates back to 1429, and to 1539 - about Shuya. During the reign of Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible, the territory of the Ivanovo region entered the oprichnina. In the 16th century, the lands here were owned by the princes Shuisky, Velsky, Mezetsky, Baryatinsky, in the 17th century - by the princes of Cherkasy, Pozharsky, Golitsyn, and the nobles Pushkin (the ancestors of A.S. Pushkin owned the village of Lezhnevo).
In the fall of 1608, during the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth intervention of the early 17th century, detachments of Poles and “Tushins” - supporters of False Dmitry II - captured Gavrilovskaya Sloboda (now the city of Gavrilov Posad), the city of Plyos, and the village of Ivanovo. In February 1609, detachments formed in Kineshma under the leadership of local governor F.A. Boborykin inflicted defeat on the Poles and “Tushins” near the village of Dunilovo. In May of the same year, Kineshma was ravaged by A.I. Lisovsky’s detachment.
At the end of 1611, envoys from Nizhny Novgorod, including K. Minin, an agreement was reached here that Pozharsky would lead the Second Militia of 1611-12. In the spring of 1612, residents of Yuryevets and Kineshma joined the militia and also provided financial assistance.
The infertility of the lands forced the peasants to engage in various crafts - blacksmithing, pottery, leatherworking and sheepskin-fur crafting. Trade also developed. The main transport arteries of the region were the Volga, Teza, Nerl, Lukh, and Uvod rivers, along which “plowing” was carried out in the 17th century. Until the mid-19th century, one of the main ports was the city of Plyos on the Volga River. One of the important land roads of Russia - the Stromynsky trade route - passed through Gavrilovskaya Sloboda, the village of Lezhnevo, the cities of Shuya and Lukh. After the split in the Russian Orthodox Church, numerous settlements of Old Believers arose in the Volga region.
In accordance with the provincial reform of 1708, Shuisky and Lukhsky districts became part of the Moscow province, Kineshma district became part of the Arkhangelsk province. From the beginning of the 18th century, textile production developed, the main raw material for which was flax grown in the region. The first textile manufactory arose in the village of Kokhma around 1720 and belonged to the Dutch industrialist J. Tames. Textile manufactories were also opened by the merchants Gryaznovs and Talanovs in Kineshma, the Kholshchevikovs, Nosovs, Shilovs, Kornilovs in Shuya, and the Karetnikovs in the village of Teykovo. They produced linen fabrics (including for army uniforms) and canvas for the navy.
Since 1778, the northern and eastern parts of the modern Ivanovo region were part of the Kostroma province, the southern and western parts - the Vladimir province. In the 1st third of the 19th century, American cotton began to be used in the local textile industry. A significant part of the industrial potential was concentrated in villages (Bonyachki, Vichuga, Navoloki, Rodniki, Tezino, Teykovo, Sereda, Yuzha), located near large factories where peasants worked.
In the 2nd half of the 19th century, the Shuisko-Ivanovskaya railway was built, as well as the lines Aleksandrov - Ivanovo-Voznesensk (1872-96), Nerekhta - Sereda (1898), Yuryev-Polsky - Teykovo (1899), etc.
During this period, the largest enterprises were the factories of the Karetnikovs (Shuisky district), the Derbenevs (Kovrovsky and Shuisky districts), the Krasilshchikovs (the village of Rodniki, Yuryevetsky district), and the Konovalovs (the village of Bonyachki and the village of Kamenka, Kineshma district). Many textile enterprises were corporatized. The manufacturing partnership of A. Karetnikova and her sons (founded in 1877) owned calico printing (opened in 1787), paper spinning (early 1800s) factories in Shuisky district, near the village of Teykovo; Partnership of the manufactory of the brothers G. and A. Gorbunov (1882) - a manufactory for processing yarn (1826), weaving (1869) and spinning (1892) factories near the village of Sereda in Nerekhta district (now Furmanovskaya spinning and weaving factory No. 2). The Partnership of N. T. Derbenev's Sons Manufactories (founded in 1887) owned calico printing (1837), bleaching (1892), weaving (1893) and spinning (1897) factories located in Kovrovsky and Shuisky districts. The manufactory partnership of A. Krasilshchikova and her sons (founded in 1894) owned a full-cycle textile complex; dyeing and bleaching (1820), weaving (1860s), spinning (1898) factories; in 1918, on their basis, the Rodnikovsky manufactory "Bolshevik" was formed (since 1928, the Rodnikovsky melange plant "Bolshevik"; now the enterprise belongs to the company "Rodniki-Textiles" "). The largest was the Partnership of Manufactures of Ivan Konovalov and his son (the charter was approved in 1898), which owned a complex of enterprises in the factory villages of Bonyachki and the village of Kamenka; in 1913 its fixed capital was about 7 million rubles.
In 1914, there were 154.9 thousand workers at the enterprises of the region, including 151.3 thousand people in the textile industry. The industry was distinguished by a high concentration of production [8.2 thousand people worked at the Krasilshchikov factory in Rodniki, 6.5 thousand people at the Skvortsov factory in Sereda, 6 thousand people at the Karetnikov factory in Teykovo (founded in 1787).
After the February Revolution of 1917, Soviets were created in the main industrial centers, headed by the Bolsheviks. At the end of October 1917, power passed to them peacefully, since the Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries and other parties did not enjoy influence among the population. On June 20, 1918, the Ivanovo-Voznesensk province was created. During the Civil War of 1917-22, its territory was not affected by large-scale military clashes; detachments of “greens” - peasants dissatisfied Soviet power. The industry of the province stopped working in 1918-20, as the main raw material - cotton from Central Asia, cut off from the RSFSR. Factory villages were transformed into cities: Sereda, Teykovo and Rodniki (1918), Vichuga, Yuzha and Kokhma (1925), etc. Folk crafts developed: in 1934, an artel of miniaturists began working in the village of Kholui, which marked the beginning of the art of Kholui miniatures.
In 1929, the territory of the Ivanovo-Voznesensk province, in accordance with the new zoning of the USSR, was included in the formed Ivanovo industrial region. On March 11, 1936, an independent Ivanovo region was formed on its territory (included 3 districts of the Vladimir province and 7 districts of the Kostroma province). It was divided into 19 districts.
During the years of industrialization, many enterprises were reconstructed, among them - the Yuzhskaya Cotton Factory (1850s, now owned by the Yuzhskaya Spinning and Weaving Factory company); New Ivanovo-Voznesenskaya manufactory (founded in 1840 as the factory of Z. L. Kokushkin, in the 1950-90s it was named after N. A. Zhidelev).
In 1944, part of the territory of the Ivanovo region (with the cities of Alexandrov, Vladimir, Vyazniki, Gorokhovets, Gus-Khrustalny, Karabanovo, Kovrov, Kolchugino, Strunino, Sudogda, Suzdal, Yuryev-Polsky) was transferred to the newly formed Vladimir region.
K. I. Komarov (archaeology), K. E. Baldin (history).
Farm. The Ivanovo region is part of the Central Economic Region. The volume of industrial products (manufacturing, mining, electricity production) is 5 times higher in value than the volume of agricultural products (2005). In the country's economy, the region is distinguished by the production of fabrics (56.7% of Russian production) and truck-mounted cranes (41.8%).
In the structure of GRP (%, 2004): share of industry 34.0, non-market services 14.5, trade and commercial activities 10.2, transport and communications 9.2, construction 7.5, Agriculture 7.3, other industries 17.3. The ratio of enterprises by type of ownership (by number of organizations,%): private 80.7, state and municipal 10.3, public and religious organizations (associations) 1.5, other forms of ownership 7.5.
The economically active population is 575 thousand people (2005), of which 93.2% are employed in the economy. Structure of employment by type of economic activity (%): manufacturing 27.4, wholesale and retail trade, various household services 17.7, agriculture and forestry 8.8, education 8.7, healthcare and social services 7.7 , transport and communications 6.3, real estate transactions 5.1, construction 4.6, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water 3.6, provision of other utilities and personal services 3.5, other activities 5.6. Unemployment rate 6.8%. Cash income per capita is 5.6 thousand rubles per month (45.5% of the average for the Russian Federation; July 2007); about 53% of the region's population has incomes below the subsistence level.
Industry. The volume of shipped manufacturing products is 27.4 billion rubles (2005). Sectoral structure of production (%): light industry - 33.5, food industry 25.6, mechanical engineering 19.3, metallurgy and production of metal products 10.3, chemical 4.0, building materials industry 2.9, woodworking 1.9 . See table 1 for the main types of products.
Mining production is insignificant (production volume is 247 million rubles). They extract sand and gravel mixture (Konstantinovsky quarry, Ilyinsky district), crushed stone (Ivanovo quarry management, Novotalitsy village), peat (Yuzha-Peat, Yuzha city).
The region is energy deficient. Ivanovskaya State District Power Plant is operating (Komsomolsk city; the first block of steam and gas turbine units with a capacity of 325 MW has been commissioned).
The machine-building complex has traditionally been focused on serving the needs of light industry (now, due to a lack of orders, enterprises are being repurposed); Since the 1950s-60s, heavy and precision engineering has been developing. Leading enterprises: "Avtokran" (Ivanovo; one of the leading Russian manufacturers truck-mounted cranes with a lifting capacity of 16-50 tons), Kranex (Ivanovo; one of the leading Russian manufacturers of crawler hydraulic excavators), Ivanovo Heavy Machine Tool Plant (heavy, woodworking, universal machines, machining centers, etc.), Tochpribor "(Ivanovo; testing equipment: systems for temperature tests, etc.), "Avtoagregat" (Kineshma; components, parts and spare parts for VAZ, GAZ, UAZ, etc.), "Strommashina" (Kokhma; automobile and tower cranes , metal structures), etc.
Enterprises chemical industry specialized in the production of synthetic dyes and solvents, finishing materials for the textile industry; Since the late 1990s, the range of products has been expanding. Leading enterprises: "Ivkhimprom" (Ivanovo; auxiliary substances for the oil and gas industries, paints and varnishes etc.), "Dmitrievsky Chemical Plant" (Kineshma; various solvents, including butyl acetate, food grade acetic acid), chemical plant (Zavolzhsk; including dyes for the textile industry, paints and varnishes), “Ivanovoiskozh” (Ivanovo; artificial leather, film materials), etc.
The woodworking industry is represented mainly by small enterprises: “Ivanovomebel”, “Factory of paper and technical products” (Ivanovo), furniture factory(Shuya), “Eggerdrevprodukt” (Shuya; particle boards), etc. Construction materials are produced by “Ivanovo Silicate Plant” (brick), “ISMA” (Ivanovo; abrasive tools), etc.
Traditionally, the leading industry in the Ivanovo region is light industry (textile, knitwear, linen and clothing). Enterprises in the industry are united into large holdings. The Nordtex production corporation [comprises the Samoilovsky Textile (Ivanovo) and Rodniki-Textile (Rodniki) plants, the Shagovets (Vichuga) and Progress (Rodniki) factories] produces cotton fabrics, workwear, home textiles, etc.; industrial group "Rosko" [finishing factory "ZiMa" (Ivanovo), weaving factories in Vichuga and the village of Lezhnevo] - gray fabric, waffle fabric, chintz, calico, flannel; "Association TDL" [plants "Tomna" (Kineshma), "Navtex" (Navoloki), finishing factory "Krasnaya Talka" (Ivanovo)] - cotton fabrics, home textiles, etc.; group of companies "Alliance "Russian Textile"" ["Teykovsky KhBK", "Teykovsky Cotton Regeneration Factory" (Teykovo)] - cotton and blended fabrics, garments; "Unistyle-Holding" [factory of the company "Unistyle" (Ivanovo), clothing factories in Ivanovo and Kineshma] - development and production of children's and women's clothing; “Ivanovo Textile Association” [production company “Maxima-Style” (Ivanovo), spinning factory “Tezinka” (Shuya), weaving factory (Kolobovo village)] - cotton fabrics, bed linen, home textiles. Other enterprises in the industry include “New Ivanovo Manufactory” (cotton fabrics), “Kohmatekstil” (Kokhma; cotton fabrics), “Yakovlevskaya Manufactory” and “Yakovlevsky Flax Mill” (Privolzhsk; bed linen, tablecloths, terry products, linen yarn), cotton the Shuya Calico plant, the Ivango clothing factory (Ivanovo; men's suits), the Ivanovo parachute factory Polet, etc.
The main products of the food industry are vegetable oils(Shuisky oil extraction plant, Ivanovo margarine plant), meat (Shuisky meat processing plant, Ivanovsky Broiler, Podvyaznovsky village) and confectionery (Krasnaya Zarya confectionery plant, Ivanovo) products, alcoholic beverages ["Petrovsky Distillery" (Petrovsky village ), "Ivanovo Brewing Company" (Ivanovo), "Shuiskaya Vodka" (Shuya)]. Jewelry factory "Krasnaya Presnya" (Privolzhsk).
Folk arts and crafts are developed: lacquer miniatures (urban-type settlement Palekh, Kholuy village), icon painting (Palekh), stitch embroidery (the cities of Puchezh, Shuya, Ivanovo, urban-type settlement Verkhniy Landeh), production of accordions (Shuya).
The leading industrial center of the region is Ivanovo; other large centers are Kineshma, Shuya, Vichuga.
Agriculture. Agriculture in the region does not have a clearly defined specialization. The value of gross agricultural output is 7.0 billion rubles (2005), including 53% of livestock products. The area of agricultural land is 741.2 thousand hectares (34% of the region’s territory, including 73.2% arable land; 2004). The Ivanovo region is located in a zone of risky agriculture. They grow (Table 2) forage crops (62.6% of the sown area, 2005, mainly perennial grasses, including clover and cereals), grains (26.5%, including winter wheat, rye and spring oats, barley) , potatoes and melons and vegetables (9.4%), industrial crops (1.5%, mainly flax).
Intensive-extensive livestock farming, mainly with livestock kept in stalls. The main industries are dairy and beef cattle breeding, pig farming, and poultry farming (Tables 3, 4).
Most of the agricultural land (93%, 2004) belongs to the lands of agricultural organizations, 5% are in the personal use of citizens, peasant (farm) farms occupy 2% of agricultural land. Agricultural organizations produce 96.2% of grain, 58.8% of livestock and poultry for slaughter, 64.1% of milk; in households - 89.1% potatoes, 82.2% vegetables, 40.6% livestock and poultry for slaughter, 34.9% milk.
Transport. The majority of domestic freight and passenger transportation is provided by road transport. The length of paved roads is 3603 km (2005). The federal highway Vladimir - Kostroma runs through the region. Length railways 345 km. Main railway lines: St. Petersburg - Samara, Moscow - Kineshma. Shipping is mainly on the Volga. The length of inland waterways is 220 km, and an important river port is Kineshma. The Saratov-Cherepovets gas pipeline and the Almetyevsk-Kirishi oil pipeline pass through the Ivanovo region. Ivanovo-Yuzhny International Airport is located in the city of Ivanovo (under reconstruction, 2007).
D. A. Pulyaeva.
Healthcare. In the Ivanovo region there are 51.1 doctors per 10 thousand residents, average medical personnel- 135.7, hospital beds - 125.9 (2005). Specialized medical care is provided in two clinical hospitals and three dispensaries (oncology, cardiology and anti-tuberculosis). The Center for Restorative Medicine and Rehabilitation, the Center for Treatment and Preventive Medicine “Medicom”, the Center for Family Medicine “Medis”, and the Research Institute of Maternity and Childhood named after V. N. Gorodkov operate. Preparation medical personnel carried out by Ivanovo State medical Academy. The overall incidence is 850.6 per 1000 inhabitants (2004). The most common diseases are the circulatory system, injuries, poisoning, and malignant neoplasms. There are 110 cases of drug addiction per 100 thousand inhabitants (2006). Resorts: Zeleny Gorodok, Obolsunovo.
V. S. Nechaev.
Education. Cultural institutions.
B 409 preschool institutions over 37 thousand children are being educated, 384 secondary schools over 100 thousand schoolchildren attend, there are 27 educational institutions for children with disabilities, 14 orphanages, 58 additional education institutions (over 75 thousand children), 29 primary institutions (over 14 thousand people) and 31 secondary vocational institutions (about 15.9 thousand people) education. Higher education Over 15 thousand students were covered. There are 8 state universities in Ivanovo, major museums. The region also operates: Shuya State Pedagogical University (1952; current status since 1996), branches of Russian universities; 424 state and municipal libraries; Kineshma Art and History Museum (1919), State Museum of Palekh Art (1934, Palekh village), Shuya Museum and Cultural Center named after M.V. Frunze (1939), State Museum of Kholuy Art (1959, Kholuy village), Memorial Museum of D. A. Furmanov (1958, city of Furmanov), Plyos Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve (1980, opened in 1982; includes the I. I. Levitan House Museum), local history museums in Yuryevets (1924), Shuya (1968) and etc. The main scientific institutions are located in Ivanovo.
Mass media. Leading regional publications (2007): newspapers “Rabochy Krai” (published since 1917, published 5 times a week, 28.6 thousand copies; about 97% of the circulation is distributed by subscription), “Ivanovskaya Gazeta” (1991, published 5 times a week , 26 thousand copies); weekly magazines - “Ivanovo-Voznesensk” (1991, 15 thousand copies), “Ivanovo-Press” (1997, 18 thousand copies), “Chronometer” (1998, 58 thousand copies). Business weekly publications - “Professional” (2004), “Ivanovo Business Magazine” (2003, 8.8 thousand copies). Broadcasting of television and radio programs is carried out by the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company "Ivanovo-TV" (Ivteleradio; 1991), TV and Radio Company "BARS" (1997). The largest cable operator in the region is Inter-TV (1997, broadcasts 31 channels). Radio Ivanovo is one of the oldest Russian radio stations, operating since 1925.
Architecture and fine arts. The Ivanovo region, starting from the 17th century, was characterized by large commercial and industrial villages, the center of which was a trading area with 2 churches - winter and summer. A large number of Old Believer settlements and a small number of cities and noble estates determined the archaic nature of temple architecture, which for a long time was guided by old models. The earliest surviving architectural monuments date back to the 17th century. In the south they belong to the Vladimir-Suzdal school, in the north to the Kostroma school, sometimes combined with Nizhny Novgorod influence. At the turn of the 17th-18th centuries, in the southern part of the Ivanovo region, a unique version of a double-height, 5-domed temple, completed with 2 tiers of walls with false kokoshniks (Pokrovskaya Church in Dunilov, 1704) appeared. The influence of the Naryshkin baroque is noticeable in the churches of the Transfiguration in the village of Pischugovo (1702), the Resurrection in Puchezh (1717, not preserved), and the Nativity in Lezhnev (1725-39). Baroque monuments include a temple complex in the village of Nizhny Landeh (2nd half of the 18th century). On the territory of the Suzdal diocese (southern regions) from the mid-18th century to the 1st quarter of the 19th century, there was a special architectural school, which was characterized by a fusion of features of Old Russian architecture, Naryshkin baroque and baroque of the 18th century (Church of the Assumption in Sotnitsy, 1783, Trinity in Krasnoarmeisky, 1797).
IN last quarter In the 18th century, general plans were approved for the cities of Plyos, Shuya, Yuryevets, Kineshma with a rectangular street network configuration and the city of Lukh with a fan-shaped one. The main type of temple in the era of classicism was the traditional pillarless quadrangle with classicist decor. Rotundal churches are typical for the Volga regions; in the Vladimir districts they preferred the composition “eight on four.” Some temple complexes were supplemented with high tiered bell towers (Shuya, Lezhnevo). In the 1st half of the 19th century there was active construction of residential and public buildings, including exemplary projects (the house of S. I. Maklashin in Plyos).
In the 2nd half of the 19th century, large villages (Dunilovo, Vasilyevskoye, Pistsovo, Parskoye) received “model” plans (were developed in the workshop of K. A. Ton) and began to resemble small towns in appearance. Many churches are being built in the Russian-Byzantine style and in the Russian style [including the All-Merciful Savior in Ivanovo (1898-1903, architect F. O. Shekhtel, not preserved), Resurrection in Vichuga (1911, architect I. S. Kuznetsov)] , for factory buildings they prefer the so-called brick style. Throughout the 19th century, the Ivanovo region was characterized by the massive construction of textile factories, as well as social facilities - schools, hospitals, and charitable institutions. Workers' settlements are being built, including the village of Bonyachki (now within the city of Vichuga) at the textile factory of I. A. Konovalov, in which the concept of a garden city was embodied (late 19th - early 20th centuries, architects I.V. Zholtovsky, V. D. Adamovich, P. P. Malinovsky, etc.).
In the 1920s - the first half of the 1930s, the Ivanovo region became a kind of experimental platform where new types of urban developments and public buildings were tested (worker settlements, folk houses, communal houses, cinemas, kitchen factories, etc.), as well as new architectural trends - mainly constructivism [bank in Ivanovo, 1927, architect V. A. Vesnin (see Vesnin), etc.]. Traditional artistic crafts - Palekh miniature, Kholuy miniature, stitch embroidery, hand weaving (Ryapolovo village). Among contemporary artists Ivanovo region - painters M. I. Malyutin, M. S. Ageev, V. V. and N. P. Rodionov, graphic artist E. A. Gribov.
I. L. Buseva-Davydova.
Theater. Music. In the 1870s, amateur theater groups began to be created in Ivanovo-Voznesensk (now the city of Ivanovo). In 1898, a summer theater was built in the working-class village of Yamy, in which amateur troupes performed and professional groups toured. In July 1918, performances by a professional troupe under the direction of M. E. Zalesov began in Ivanovo-Voznesensk at the Merchant Club. At the same time, Proletkult was organized, the theater studio of which in 1924 was transformed into the 1st workers' theater of Proletkult. On February 5, 1933, the Ivanovo Drama Theater opened with the play “Street of Joy” by N. A. Zarkhi, which in 1935 merged with the 1st Workers’ Theater; Since 1940 he has been working in a new building (architect A.V. Vlasov). There are also musical theaters (1986, founded in 1930 as the Musical Comedy Theater) and puppet theaters (1935), and a philharmonic society in Ivanovo. In 1897, in Kineshma, with the assistance of the wife and brother of A. N. Ostrovsky, the Drama Theater named after A. N. Ostrovsky was opened. At first, amateur and then professional troupes performed in the theater; Each season the theater begins with a performance based on Ostrovsky's play. The festival “Days of Russian Culture” is held annually.
Lit.: On the land of Ivanovo: Historical and local history essays. Yaroslavl, 1983; Archaeological map of Russia. Ivanovo region. M., 1994; Baldin K. E., Ilyin Yu. A. Ivanovo region in the history of the Fatherland. Ivanovo, 1998; Merchant construction in the Ivanovo region / Comp. E. G. Shcheboleva. M., 1998-2004. Vol. 1-2; Collection of architectural monuments and monumental art of Russia: Ivanovo region. M., 1998-2000. Parts 1-3; Badelin V.I. Land of Ivanov: Historical and literary essays. 2nd ed. Ivanovo, 2001; Ivanovo region: Administrative-territorial division. Ivanovo, 2001; On the land of Ivanovo: past and present of the Ivanovo region. Ivanovo, 2005.
Ivanovo- this is the “chintz edge”, Ivanovo- this is the “city of brides”, Ivanovo is the textile capital of our country. Ivanovo is located 290 km northeast of Moscow on the banks of the Uvod River. The city is almost equidistant from its closest neighbors Vladimir, Kostroma and Yaroslavl, approximately 100 km. The Ivanovo region borders on the Nizhny Novgorod, Kostroma, Yaroslavl and Vladimir regions.
The exact date of the founding of the city is unknown, and, despite the lack of documentary evidence, it is officially accepted that it is 1561. It is reliably known that in 1630 there were 123 households in Ivanovo and the village belonged to the Shuisky family, and after 37 years the number of houses doubled.
It is interesting that modern Ivanovo was called Ivanovo-Voznesensk until 1932 and was formed only in 1871 with the merger of Voznesensky Posad and the village of Ivanovo.
Now Ivanovo is one of the largest centers of the textile industry in our country. This traditional craft dates back to the 17th century, and in the 19th century it reached the apogee of its development. Despite the fact that in recent years there has been a significant decline in textile production, and the number of weaving enterprises has decreased slightly, the city managed to survive the crisis and find new distribution channels for its weaving products.
Ivanovo is located in a zone of temperate continental climate. The weather in the city changes quite often, the reason for this is cyclones that regularly visit these areas. They bring with them coolness during the summer months and very coldy with arctic air in winter.
In the summer, real heat sometimes reigns in Ivanovo, which is brought with it by hot dry air masses that originated in the vastness of the Kazakhstan steppes.
Winter in the city comes into its own in December and continues until early March. Spring is quite warm, and summer begins at the end of May and ends at the end of August. The weather is mostly influenced by the air masses of the Atlantic, Arctic and Siberia.
Thus, Ivanovo is characterized by rather hot summers and cold winters with a fairly large snow cover. The average annual temperature is 3.6 degrees. The coldest time in the city is in January. average temperature which is at 11-12 degrees below zero. It is warmest in July; the average temperature in this month is 17-19 degrees Celsius.
Ivanovo is a fairly developed industrial center, and therefore it cannot be said that the environmental situation here is good. The air in the city is subject to regular pollution from industrial and clothing production, as well as a large number of both cargo and public and personal transport of citizens. Ivanovo and its ecology noticeably suffer from transit passenger and freight traffic, because the road to Moscow passes through the city.
However, it cannot be unequivocally stated that the city is going through a period of environmental disaster, and the ecology is at a critical level; far from it, ecologists give it a satisfactory assessment. Thus, Ivanovo ranks only 19th among 82 Russian cities that are recognized as safe for the life and health of residents. This was also facilitated by the fact that in the 90s of the last century a number of industries, most of them textile, were closed. But it is not included in Ivanovo.
One of the main problems of Ivanovo is the problem of providing citizens with clean drinking water. The thing is that city rivers and reservoirs are significantly polluted, including by household waste. Water is supplied to the homes of Ivanovo residents from the Uvodsky reservoir, which is the favorite vacation spot for city residents. It is not surprising that its condition is of great concern to environmental services.
Not long ago, an environmental forum was organized to protect the Uvod River, its tributaries, and the reservoir.
According to the latest data, 409,223 people live in Ivanovo. The absolute maximum population of the city was recorded in 1992, when this figure was 480,400 people. Then, over the course of 12 years, there was a stable demographic decline, mortality significantly exceeded the birth rate, and during this period the city lost about 75,400 people.
In recent years, statisticians have noted a slight increase in the number of Ivanovo residents, but not at all due to the fact that there are more people being born and fewer people dying. Unfortunately, no, the growth is associated with migration of the population and, above all, the population of neighboring countries.
People from Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Armenia and other countries come to Ivanovo to live and work. Here they stay, receive citizenship, and their children go to school along with the children of ordinary Ivanovo residents.
The city is not only experiencing a natural decline in the indigenous population, but also a process of natural aging. Every year the proportion of people of working age decreases and the number of pensioners increases. The average age of Ivanovo residents is 41 years, and the average family size is 2.3 people.
Ivanovo lives up to its fame as a city of brides; there are more women and girls here than men, and among students there are an average of 15% more girls.
The standard of living of the city cannot be called high, despite the fact that according to statistics the average salary is at the level of 29 thousand rubles, in real life the salaries of public sector workers are in the range of 5-12 thousand. Pensioners receive an average of 8 thousand per month.
Many talented and famous figures in the field of culture, fashion, art and politics were born, lived, and studied in Ivanovo.
In 1938, the now world-famous fashion designer Vyacheslav Zaitsev was born here. He studied in Ivanovo and graduated from the Chemical Technology College. Director Andrei Tarkovsky was born in the Ivanovo industrial region in the village of Zavrazhye (now Kostroma region, Kady district).
The Ivanovo region became the homeland for the artist M. S. Ageev, ballerina M. S. Bogolyubskaya, artist O. K. Ptitsin, soloists of the group “Disco Accident” and many others.
Such political figures as A. S. Bubnov, I. E. Lyubimov, P. P. Postyshev, as well as revolutionary activists - O. A. Varentsova, S. G. Nechaev, M. V. Frunze were born in Ivanovo.
Ivanovo is known for such philanthropists as: N.P. Sheremetyev (owner of the village of Ivanovo), D.G. Burylin, P.N. Derbenev, Ya.P. Garelin (founder of manufacturing).
Historically, Ivanovo was formed and developed as an industrial center with a predominance of textile production, which first appeared here in the 17th century. Ivanovo’s heyday as a textile center occurred in the 19th century, but at the end of the 20s there, as throughout the country, there was a significant decline. Now Ivanovo is a city with a subsidized economy.
Despite the fact that in Lately There has been a significant reduction in textile production; a significant number of large and small clothing enterprises still operate in the city.
Mechanical engineering is also developed in Ivanovo. The city operates such enterprises as Ivenergomash (production of drilling machines, cellular communication towers, loaders), Truck crane, KRANEKS (earthing equipment), IZTS (machine tool industry).
There are also several chemical production facilities in the city. Recently, food production enterprises have been actively developing.
As throughout Russia, the service sector and trade are rapidly gaining momentum. Every day, a huge number of shop tourists from nearby regions and cities are brought to the city as part of the shopping tourism program.
Currently, the Ivanovo region ranks only 57th in the ranking of investment attractiveness and 47th in the ranking of regions with risks for investment. Note that throughout recent years the region rose in the ranking of regions with risks for investment from 60th position. In total, the Expert RA agency’s assessment included 83 regions.
The undoubted advantage of the region is its geographical position- in the central part of Russia. Ivanovo is not far from Moscow and the main transport routes that connect the capital and the western regions of our country with the eastern ones pass through it.
Ivanovo Airport can accommodate aircraft of all types, which helps to improve cargo flows.
Administrative authorities are doing everything possible to attract new investors by reducing administrative barriers and tax burdens. Among the main directions further development regions, the following can be distinguished:
Not so long ago, almost all residents of our country knew such Ivanovo giants as the 8 March factory, the Worsted and Melange factories, and BIM. They have now ceased to exist.
Among the textile industries, the following can be distinguished:
Among the enterprises in the mechanical engineering industry, the largest are:
Food industry enterprises are represented by:
One cannot ignore IVKHIMPROM, which produces wide range chemical products.
There are many in Ivanovo shopping centers, many of them are located in the workshops of former textile enterprises:
Modern Ivanovo was formed by the merger of the village of Ivanovo and Voznesensky Posad. This fact greatly influenced the planning and development of the city. At the beginning of the last century, Ivanovo included about twenty merchant mansions and many private houses.
With the development of textile production, the city's population increased, which led to a housing problem. To solve this problem, the construction of workers' settlements began, which were often formed in close proximity to industrial enterprises.
Ivanovo acquired its modern appearance in the mid-20th century. The city is characterized by a lack of integrity in the central part. It’s as if there is no center at all.
Active development of the city continues today.
The cost of housing in Ivanovo depends on several factors. First of all, the area has an influence; the closer it is to the center, the more expensive it is. Price square meter It also depends on the availability of developed infrastructure, on the type of heating, on the developer company and on what material (brick, panels) the house is built from.
The average cost of apartments is as follows:
The average price per square meter depends on how many rooms there are in the apartment:
The most expensive apartments are in the Leninsky district of the city; the average price per square meter here is:
The cheapest apartments are in the Sovetsky district of the city; the average price per square meter here is:
Ivanovo is divided into four districts:
The most densely populated district is Leninsky, 36.5% of the city’s total population lives here, the least number of Ivanovo residents live in the Sovetsky district - 15.5%. 21% live in the Oktyabrsky district, and 27% live in the Frunzensky district.
The districts differ from each other not only in location, population, but also in the development of infrastructure, as well as their reputation among citizens. The Sovetsky district is considered the poorest and most undeveloped; dilapidated housing stock predominates here.
Each of the four districts is in turn subdivided into microdistricts. Some of them are small villages attached to the city, for example, Bukharovo, Avdotino, Mineevo.
Ivanovo is the city of the Golden Ring, but you shouldn’t look for the same abundance of cultural and historical monuments here as in Vladimir, Suzdal, Kostroma and Yaroslavl. Ivanovo is a relatively young city and it developed primarily as a center of textile production.
But, nevertheless, tourists have something to see in Ivanovo.
Art Museum. Here tourists can see an exhibition dedicated to culture Ancient world, including Rome, Greece, Egypt. In addition, get acquainted with the works of ancient icon painters, as well as with the decorative and applied arts of the region.
Kazan Church - the church was built in 1905 and was originally called Trinity and was part of the Trinity Monastery complex. In 1817, it was moved to the Assumption Cemetery and consecrated as the Assumption Cemetery.
Grachev's estate. The manor was built in the 18th century by a wealthy peasant who owned and operated a calico printing and weaving factory. Later the estate came into the possession of Garelin. The house is a monument of the era of early classicism.
img alt="Holy Dormition Monastery" src="https://сайт/uploads/images/2015/05/svyato-uspenskiy-monastyr.jpg" style="height:515px; width:700px" title="Holy Dormition Monastery" />!}
Holy Dormition Monastery. The temple was built between 1834 and 1843. The church was located in a cemetery that was destroyed during the Soviet era. Only in 1955 the looted church was returned to the Orthodox Church.
Shchudrovskaya tent. Here are the monuments of the ancient village of Ivanova. Initially, it was the administrative center of the entire village.
It will also be interesting to visit the Museum of History and Local Lore, the Calico Museum, and the Museum of Art and Industry. In the Museum of the First Council you can see exhibits dedicated to the first meeting of the Council of Deputies in 1905. In the Bubnovs' house you can see the environment in which People's Commissar Bubnov lived. And the memorial museum displays the office of the revolutionary Frunze.
There is also a zoo in Ivanovo where you can see monkeys, birds, ungulates and predators.
Fans of club entertainment can check out Bomba, A113, Iceberg, and Taganka.
Lovers of delicious food should go to the restaurants “Baku Yard”, “Golden Fleece”, “Amsterdam”, “Sheremetyev”, “Shesh-Besh” and others.
Fans of roller skating and roller skating will be able to spend their free time at Olympia. Theatres, philharmonic societies and cinemas await those who love cultural programmes.
Posted Thu, 13/07/2017 - 11:45 by Cap
The Ivanovo region is located in the central part of the East European Plain, between the Volga and Klyazma rivers. The surface is low-lying, slightly hilly in places. In the north-west there is a ridge of moraine hills (height up to 196 m), in the south-east (the left bank of the Klyazma) there is the Balakhninskaya Lowland. On the left bank of the Volga there is the Unzhinskaya lowland. The main river is the Volga. River bass. Volgas: Klyazma, Nerl, Uvod, Teza. There are many small lakes (glacial, floodplain, karst), the Gorky Reservoir. Minerals: phosphorites, peat, etc.
Geography.
The Ivanovo region is located in the center of the non-chernozem zone of the European territory of Russia. Territory area - 21,400 km2.
Climate.
Moderate continental. The sum of active temperatures is 1950-2050oC. The growing season is 110-140 days. The transition in spring through 0°C occurs on April 4-8, through +10°C - on May 4-10, on May 7-14 the average daily temperature exceeds +15°C. The transition in autumn through +10°C occurs in mid-September, through +5°C - October 7-10, through 0°C - October 27 - November 1. Frosts in the atmosphere can be observed until mid-June and begin in early September.
Frosts on the soil surface occur even in the third ten days of June and in mid-August. Important feature areas are late frosts, which are observed annually. During spring, on average, there are 5-6 days with frost in the air and 10-14 on the surface of the soil. The average date of the last frost in the air is May 15-23, on the soil surface May 21-31.
In autumn, the most likely date for the first frost in the air is September 18-24; the earliest frost in the air occurs in early September, and in some years at the end of August. Frosts on the soil surface also occur in the first ten days of August, but the likelihood of them occurring at this time is extremely low.
In the first ten days of September, the probability of air temperature decreasing at night to 0°C is 10-20%, in the second ten days the probability of such a decrease increases to 35-45%, and in the third to 50-60%. IN autumn period on average there are 8-9 days with frosts in the air and 10-15 with frosts on the soil surface. The Ivanovo region receives about 88 kcal/cm2 of solar heat per year. This heat is distributed by season as follows: in winter 6, in spring 30, in summer 40, in autumn 12 kcal/cm2.
The radiation balance is positive and is about 28 kcal/cm2. A positive balance is observed from April to October. From November to March the balance is negative. The amount of precipitation during the growing season is 300-350 mm. In years with snowy winters, there are cases of winter crops getting wet and dampened. About 30% of precipitation falls during winter. Stable snow cover is established on average around November 15-20. The maximum height of snow cover during the winter occurs in the first ten days of February: on February 10 it is 30-50 cm (the long-term average value).
The growth of snow cover usually continues until the first ten days of March, the height of the snow cover by the beginning of March reaches 40-60 cm. The snow lies in a continuous cover. By the end of winter, water reserves in the snow in the fields average 100-125 mm. In some years 150-200 mm, sometimes 45-55 mm. Greatest value soil freezing reaches at the end of March. The average freezing depth is 75 cm, the greatest is 110-150 cm. The area is in conditions of excess moisture. There are no droughts observed in the Ivanovo region, but drought phenomena do occur. It is rare that a year in the region goes by without dry winds.
On the territory of the Ivanovo region, in the Yuzhsky district, there is the Klyazminsky reserve, which is part of national park“Meshchera” is the only specially protected territory of federal subordination in the region.
The reserve was founded in 1978 on the basis of two local reserves
The total area of the protected territory is 21 thousand hectares.
Marsh moshars (overgrown lakes), centuries-old pine trees, whitish moss on the stones - the gloomy fairy-tale landscape is somewhat reminiscent of the northern, Karelian one. It’s not for nothing that the lake Yuzhsky district is compared to this region.
The reserve is home to muskrat, muskrat, beaver, elk, marten, various species of ducks, wood grouse, black grouse, and hazel grouse. Quite rare birds include hollow nesters, goldeneyes, eagle owls, and kingfishers.
Included in the Ramsar list of the most valuable wetlands in the world.
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The reserve is a floodplain of three rivers, a forest with a lot of swamps and lakes. It's no joke, but relatively small area There are about 160 reservoirs. The majority are elongated, narrow oxbow lakes, formed from the former bed of the measured Klyazma, along which the southern border of the reserve now runs.
The name of one of the large lakes - Dolgoye - speaks for itself.
And on Orekhovoy, the water chestnut listed in the Red Book grows (chilim, floating bagel, devil's nut, flyers), mallards, teals, and goldeneyes nest.
Chilim is the same age as crocodiles; it appeared in the Cenozoic era and still exists on the planet, but may die under human influence.
On the quiet surface of a body of water, be it a lake or a river bay in summer time you can see a beautiful rosette of floating green water chestnut leaves, which, closer to autumn, change their color to orange-yellowish, decorating the water surface.
Closer to September, the flyers ripen, as if a small ship is sailing with a rosette of leaves, loaded with nuts hanging in the water like anchors. In late autumn, the leaves of the chilim rot, and the fruits fall to the bottom, clinging to it with their small horns.
Inside the fruit there is a white seed that can be eaten. For example, in India, about forty thousand people eat chilim fruits every year; they eat them with salt and spices, cook stew and even bake bread.
Water chestnut is specially bred for this purpose in China, Japan, and also on the island of Sri Lanka.
The property of the reserve is, of course, the muskrat. Initially, it was created precisely to protect a small animal with a funny name and valuable fur.
The muskrat is a mammal of the mole family. Belongs to the class of insectivores. In the past, it was an object of active hunting. Currently, the animal is listed in the Red Book of Russia and is under protection..
By the early 2000s, there were about two thousand individuals here, but now they have decreased significantly.
The depressing statistics are also explained by natural factors.
Winter floods flood the muskrat's burrows and they simply have nowhere to go.
There is a hypothesis that the numbers were also affected by the mink, which had seriously proliferated in the reserve. Usually the muskrat and the mink are neighbors, but they can also compete.
This is how the population of the animal, which is not inferior in age to mammoths, is declining. But as long as there are habitats, there is hope that the animal will reproduce,
But the main pride of the reserve is the white-tailed eagle. .jpg)
A large bird with a wingspan of up to 2.5 meters is a rarity in our region. Some nature reserves and sanctuaries claim that they see this bird, but often only on migration. The white-tailed eagle nests in Klyazminskoye!
It lives in remote places where there is almost no access to people.
In my own way appearance, behavior and ecology, the white-tailed eagle is very similar to the American bald eagle, which for some ornithologists has become the reason for combining the two species into a superspecies.
Districts of Ivanovo region
Verkhnelandekhovo district.
Located in the southeastern part of the region. From the east, west and north, it is separated from other areas by tracts of mixed forests. The territory is 626 km2. The Lukh River flows from north to south along the border of the region. Dairy farming. They grow grains, flax, potatoes, and cabbage.
Vichugsky district.
Cattle breeding, sheep breeding, pig breeding. Territory area - 1005 km2. Cattle breeding, sheep breeding, pig breeding. They grow wheat, rye, oats, barley, peas, potatoes, carrots, beets, and fodder.
Gavrilovo-Posad district.
Located in the southwest of the Ivanovo region. Territory area - 960 km2. The area is located in a partially forested steppe climate zone. The uniqueness of the area is manifested in the presence of elements of a more southern zone in the south and southwest of the area. 12 rivers more than 10 km long flow through the region, incl. Nerl, Irmes. 14 swamps with an area of more than 100 hectares, 4 lakes. Dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, horse breeding (Vladimir heavy trucks). They grow grains, potatoes, cabbage, beets, and carrots.
Zavolzhsky district.
Located on the left bank of the Volga River. It is rich in natural reservoirs: rivers, swamps, lakes. The entire southern part of the region is located on the banks of the Volga. The rivers Kistega, Koldoma, Loksha, Mera, Shokhma and many smaller rivers flow through the area, which are tributaries of the Volga and other rivers. The entire watercourse feeds the Volga. There are about 40 swamps in the area, but 22 of them are already overgrown with forest. In the Leontievsky, Beloye and other swamps there are cranberry fields where lingonberries also grow. The Zavolzhsky region has unfavorable soils for growing cereals, and for this reason the yield of grains and potatoes here is lower than in other regions. Meat and dairy cattle breeding. They grow grains, flax, potatoes, vegetables, and fodder.
Ivanovo district.
Located in the center of the Ivanovo region. Territory area - 1080 km2. Grow vegetables (VG).
Ilyinsky district.
Located in the west of the Ivanovo region. They grow grains.
Puchezhsky district.
Located in the east of the Ivanovo region. Territory area - 784.6 km2. From the east it is washed by the waters of the Gorky Reservoir. Meat and dairy cattle breeding.
Teykovsky district.
Located in the southwest of the Ivanovo region. Territory area - 1290 km2. Potatoes are grown.
Yuzhsky district.
Located in the southeast of the Ivanovo region. Territory area - 1341 km2. The climate is moderate continental, with cold winter and relatively warm summers. The average annual temperature is +3.3°C, the coldest month of winter is January, the average daily temperature is -11.9°C, the warmest summer month is July, the average daily temperature is +18.6°C. Stable snow cover is established from mid-November. The duration of the period with snow cover is 150-160 days, the average height of snow cover is 40 cm. Most of the region belongs to the Balakhinskaya lowland. The Klyazma River flows along the southwestern border of the region; the width of the floodplain is 3-5 km. The Teza River (the left tributary of the Klyazma) flows in the western part of the region. The river valley is well developed, the width is about 2 km, at the mouth up to 5 km. The third largest river, Lukh, flows in the eastern part of the region and has a winding channel with a large number of branches. There are 88 lakes in the region. Along with floodplain, residual glacial lakes, there are lakes of karst (sinkhole) origin, and some artificially created by man. Lake Svyatoe (Mugreevsky village) covers an area of 220 hectares, a depth of 4.6 m, and is of residual glacial origin. The second largest lake is Bogoyavlenskoye (Lamenskoye). Its area is 119 hectares, of karst origin, depth up to 7 m. The depth is not too big lake Zapadnoye, near the village of Mosta, reaches 27 m. Lake Sorokino is a residual floodplain, area 43.3 hectares, depth 3-4 m, there are holes up to 12 m. In the reservoirs you can catch pike, perch, carp, crucian carp, roach, bream, sterlet, pike perch, catfish, burbot, chub, carp, chebak, rudd, tench, ide, asp. The forest vegetation is dominated by pine forests; in the depressions there are often aspen-birch small forests and thickets of willow and alder. There are more than 800 species of wild, alien and cultivated plants in the area, of which 600 are used in scientific and folk medicine. Blueberries, wild strawberries, raspberries grow in abundance, and in Lake Svyatogo - princeling. Meat and dairy cattle breeding. They grow grains and potatoes.
Yuryevetsky district.
Located in the northeast of the Ivanovo region. Territory area - 788 km2.
Ruled the city for many years. The rulers came from the Starodubsky family. The princes did not bother to record information about their possessions in the chronicles. The first mentions of Palekh date back to the 17th century.
At this time, the lands had already been given by Tsar Mikhail Romanov to the steward Ivan Buturlin. The title is not connected with money, as it seems now. In Rus', the lower court ranks were called stolnik, initially those who served at the table in the palace. Later, during Buturlin’s time, this was the name given to any of the tsar’s employees.
Firebird - flag of the city of Palekh .png)
Under the new rulers, the Palekh principality became the center of icon painting. Now the technology developed by the city’s residents is no longer associated only with religious cults. In Palekh, boxes, furniture, and cigarette cases are painted. Palekh painting is highly valued; the material used for it is tempera.
These are paints obtained by mixing dry pigments. Previously, such dyes were extracted from natural raw materials. Antimony, for example, was processed into orange powder. Other colors were also obtained from minerals and plants. Now Palekh craftsmen also use synthetic analogues of natural pigments.
Palekhov tempera always includes gold. The composition is made on the basis of egg emulsion. This trick allows the tempera to dry quickly, unlike the Fedoskino samples. Another plus is the ability to apply several layers, making complex, multifaceted patterns. Classic tempera dissolves when recoated.
Paints are applied to the varnish with which they are treated wooden crafts. The background is usually black, blue or red. The technique of lacquer miniatures is mastered at an art school. It bears the name of Maxim Gorky and is located on Shuiskaya Street.
You can also get acquainted with the ancient craft at the lacquer miniature factory. Tour groups and even single travelers are allowed into the premises. The company's products were purchased for private collections and public museums by the Spaniards, Japanese, Belgians, and Americans.
Roquel Kent even left a note in the guest book of the Palekh State Museum of Art: “The creations of the masters of this city deserve to be among greatest works of all times." Kent is a famous artist from the USA, his opinion carries weight in creative circles.
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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
Author of the material: Anna Parysheva, “Working Region”
Nature of the Ivanovo region
Sights of the Ivanovo region.
Geography of the Ivanovo region.
Wikipedia website
Gorky Reservoir - state register.
Article on the topic “ Vegetable world Ivanovo region" for students in grades 7 - 9
Article on the topic “Flora of the Ivanovo region” for the lessons of geographical local history
Skorykh Nadezhda Evgenievna, deputy director for VR, teacher of geography and history, OGKOU Cherntsy boarding school for orphans and children without parental care with disabilities, Ivanovo region
