Orienteering competitions consist in passing the distance with a map and compass and marking at control points (CP) located on the ground. An orienteer needs to have high physical qualities, know the topography perfectly, be fluent in a compass and confidently read a map, quickly and correctly choose the path of movement in an unfamiliar area, and have high volitional qualities.
Orienteering in our country - a young, actively developing sport. At present, it has firmly entered the standards of the TRP complex and the calendars of competitions of various ranks - from school to all-Union, which since 1981 have been held already in the rank of the USSR championship.
Competitions are divided into the following types: orientation in a given direction, on a marked track, optional. Relay races can be held for all types. Participants overcome the distance by running or skiing. By the time of the competition, there are day and night, one-day and multi-day, and by the nature of the offset - personal (the results are counted separately for each participant), team (the results of individual participants are counted for the team as a whole), personal-team (the results are counted separately for each participant and team in in general).
Orientation in a given direction- this is the passage of checkpoints marked on the map and located on the ground in a given order. In order to disperse the participants, it is allowed to use a different order for the passage of individual parts of the distance by different participants, but in the end everyone must go the same distance. Start of participants is recommended single.
The result is determined by the time spent on passing the distance from the technical start to the finish. If a participant violated the procedure for passing the CP or missed the CP, his result is not counted.
Marked route orientation- this is the passage of the distance with the location of the checkpoints installed on the route marked on the map. Most of the competitions are held in winter. The location of the checkpoint is marked on the map only at the next point by piercing it at the corresponding point with a composter or a needle. In the latter case, the puncture is marked with a colored pencil available on the CP by crossing out crosswise. The last CP is applied at the "line mark of the last CP".
For an error in applying the CP by more than 2 mm, the participant receives a penalty time of 1 min. for every complete or incomplete 2 mm. The maximum penalty that can be assigned for an error in setting one control is 3 minutes. At distances of mass discharges, the maximum penalty is 5 minutes. The result of the participant is determined by the sum of the time for passing the distance and the penalty time. In ski orienteering, world championships are held every two years.
In optional orienteering, the participant at the start receives a map with marked checkpoints. Each control is marked with a number that indicates its "cost" in points. The ultimate goal of the participants in this competition is to score the most points by searching for a CP in a certain time, the same for everyone (usually 1 hour). Each athlete independently chooses for himself the most valuable and realistic route according to his strength. Passing all the checkpoints is not required.
Orientation for beginners- this is the passage of a given number of control points from among those located in the competition area. The choice of CP and the order of their passage is arbitrary - at the discretion of the participant. Multiple access to the same checkpoint counts only once. Start of participants - general or group. All control points available in the competition area and their designations are put on the map. In the competition area, 1.5-2 times more CP is set than the number that needs to be found. The result of the participant is determined by the time spent on the passage of a given number of checkpoints.
The equipment of the distance for orienteering competitions includes: a map issuing point, a starting point, an orienteering start point, control points, a line and a finish place, and in case of competitions on a marked track, the path of movement of participants.
For the equipment of the checkpoint and the starting point of orientation, a sign is used in the form of a trihedral prism with a side of 30x30 cm. Each face is divided by a diagonal from the lower left to the upper right corner (above is a white field, below is orange or red).
Orienteering is one of the few sports where competitors act individually, out of sight of coaches, referees, spectators, even rivals. Therefore, to achieve the goal, good psychological preparation, manifestation of perseverance, determination, courage, self-control are necessary. There are two main components in the technical training of an orienteer: orienteering technique (working with a map and compass) and terrain movement technique (running or skiing).
Definition of distances. One of the most important ways to orient yourself or determine your location is to measure distances. The orienteer during the passage of the route constantly has to solve problems associated with estimating the distance. Usually, two methods of determining distances are used - by eye and by steps.
The visual method is successfully used when driving on roads, clearings, in a rare forest, in a field and in a meadow. This method requires constant training, during which the athlete evaluates the length of various segments, and then measures them using a map or steps. With a certain skill, the measurement error can be relatively small, up to 5%.
Measuring distances in steps is the most common method, which also requires certain skills. Most often, distances are measured by counting pairs of steps under the left leg. Previously, on various types of soil, the number of pairs of steps in a 100-meter segment is determined, which run repeatedly and with different speed. The resulting average values are tabulated and then used to measure distances during the competition.
Definition of directions. First of all, the determination of the northern direction is necessary for correct orientation maps, for which the map and the compass are placed side by side in a horizontal position or the compass is placed on the map. The map is then rotated so that the north ends of the magnetic meridian lines face the direction that the north end of the compass needle shows. At sunny weather you can roughly determine the cardinal directions by the sun, using a clock for this.
When determining the direction of movement or direction to a separate landmark, a compass is used, with the help of which the azimuth to a separate landmark or control point is determined, where the athlete rushes. To do this, first the north direction is determined by the compass, and then the angle between the north direction and the object of interest to us, that is, the azimuth is calculated. The azimuth value is counted clockwise from 0 to 360°.
In orienteering, special sports compasses are used (Fig. 12). The box of such a housing, where the magnetic needle 3 is placed, is filled with a special non-freezing liquid (a mixture of alcohol and glycerin). Thanks to this, the magnetic needle quickly calms down and almost does not fluctuate when the athlete runs. The body of the compass, together with the dial 2, is mounted on a plexiglass plate, along the edges of which divisions of the scale bar 5 are applied to measure distances on the map. Some models of sports compasses have a magnifying glass 6 to facilitate reading the small details of the map, a directing arrow 7, and are equipped with a pedometer puck 8 to record hundreds of pairs of steps taken, which frees the athlete from having to memorize them.
To determine the direction of movement on the ground (movement in azimuth, Fig. 13) between two points specified on the map, for example, between the start and CP 1, you need to perform the following operations:
1) align the edge of the compass plate with the line connecting the points "Start" - KP 1;
2) turn the compass bulb so that the double risks at the bottom of it "look" at the northern edge of the map;
3) holding the compass horizontally, turn in place until the north end of the arrow is aligned with the double risk on the bottom of the bulb. Mentally extend the direction along the compass plate - this will be the azimuth direction at KP 1.
For beginners, competitions can be held without a map - in azimuth and distance (azimuth route, Fig. 14). The participant is given a card with a task (for example, CP 1: 15°-250m; CP 2: 270°-300 m, etc.). Orienteers run or pass a given route, marking at checkpoints. To do this, you must be able to determine the distance by counting steps.
Reading a map and comparing it with the area. One of the basic techniques in orienteering is reading a map against the terrain. To read a map means to perfectly study the conventional signs, to be able to determine the general characteristics of the area on the map, the spatial relationship of individual landmarks, and to recreate a detailed picture of the area using conventional signs.
Reading a map on the ground begins with orienting it to the north. After this operation, the spatial locations of landmarks on the ground and on the map will correspond to each other.
In addition to orienting the map by compass, they also use an approximate orientation of it according to local objects and celestial bodies, or according to landmarks of the area and directions between objects.
Memory plays an important role in card reading technique. The point of using memory is that what you see on the map can be analyzed on the go. There are many exercises and tasks to train memory and work with the map. For example:
1) remember for 5-10 seconds. (Fig. 15);
2) find the numbers in order from 1 to 50 (Fig. 16);
3) move the CP from one map to another at a distance of 5-10 m;
4) fold the map (stick map sections on the cubes; by selecting the appropriate sections, fold the map);
5) write a topographic dictation;
6) read the map along the magnetic meridian line from south to north;
7) make a layout of the area according to this map;
8) draw parts of the map from memory after studying it for 3, 2, 1 minutes;
9) read the proofreading text;
10) make a map of the pieces (for the time being).
To work with the map and compass, there are various exercises and tasks that you can get acquainted with by studying the literature.
A lot of painstaking work on the study of orienteering techniques is carried out in specially equipped classrooms and on training grounds. The study room or class should have the following equipment: an epidiascope, a slide projector, a film projector for showing educational films, a tape recorder, compasses, tablets, educational posters, various schemes, graphics, a set of training maps, a three-dimensional model of a polygon or terrain. On the information boards are posted: a calendar plan, announcements, a ranking table, protocols of past competitions, a list of the bureau of the orienteering section, interesting clippings from newspapers and magazines, a list of recommended literature, compass models, a table of conventional signs. After the competition, maps with the routes of the winners of the competition are posted.
To speed up and improve the learning process, various devices, simulators, training stands, programmed learning systems, and machine control devices are being created.
The choice of the order of passage of the checkpoint and the methods of orientation. First, the most optimal order of passing the checkpoint is determined, which allows to overcome the distance in least time. To do this, you need to carefully study the map in order to get a general idea of the terrain, view the checkpoints and approaches to them, choose the most convenient from several options for passing the checkpoint. The methods of orientation that are most appropriate for the given area are used here.
Orientation method is a set of certain techniques, the use of which is most appropriate when passing a distance or its individual sections. Depending on which technical element is the leading one, a number of orientation methods can be distinguished.
1. By direction (by rough bearing). It is used on long stages, on poor landmarks and well-traversed terrain, when there is a large unambiguous landmark near the control. The athlete does not run to the CP, but to this landmark. Direction control is carried out by periodically looking at the compass, as well as by the sun and intermediate landmarks. Distance control is almost non-existent.
2. Direction with map reading. Having determined the direction of movement near the initial control, the athlete subsequently tries to maintain this direction, controlling himself according to intermediate landmarks. The method is used on a well-passable and visible terrain, not particularly rich in landmarks, at stages 400-600 m long. Distance control is based on intermediate landmarks.
3. By azimuth. The athlete uses, as a rule, two elements of orientation: the exact azimuth and the exact determination of the distance by counting steps. This one of the most reliable methods is preferable on a terrain that is not rich in landmarks, when you need to get to a point object, for example, a mound in an impenetrable forest, 150 m from the intersection of clearings.
4. Azimuth with map reading. To the movement along the exact azimuth, a detailed reading of the map and its constant comparison with the terrain are added. The method is expedient when driving along a terrain saturated with the same landmarks, more often when moving from a reference point to a control point, and is the most accurate and complex.
5. Running along linear landmarks. The participant uses mainly linear landmarks for running: roads, clearings, forest borders. The method is used when passing long stages on flat terrain with difficult forest and a large number of linear landmarks, it is the fastest, but leads to an increase in the length of the run distance.
6. Running with accurate map reading. The athlete uses various forms of relief for movement, various objects that are clearly visible from one another. The method is applied on terrain with good visibility and rich landmarks. The determination of the direction of movement and distances is carried out by the relative position of the objects.
Choice of a rational way of movement. The orienteer, taking into account his abilities and training, tries to find the best way to go to the checkpoint by reading the map. In this case, the chosen path should be simple, reliable and pass in the minimum time.
Before choosing a variant of the route of movement, it is necessary to determine a characteristic landmark (reference) near the checkpoint, from which you can easily and reliably get to the checkpoint. Only then should you choose the path to the CP through this binding.
Beginners should choose simpler, albeit relatively long options for clear landmarks (roads, clearings, borders) or open areas using reliable anchors.
Selection of the competition area and preparation of circulation of sports cards. Forested areas of the area with an area of 2-4 km 2 are selected for competitions - city parks and recreation areas located near educational institution. Areas of mass competitions must meet certain conditions (convenient access to the starting point by public transport; an area of at least 2 km 2; good landmarks that limit the competition area; lack of dangerous places; sufficient passability of the forest; availability of shelters from bad weather in the area of start-finish).
One of milestones in the preparation of mass competitions - preparation of circulation of sports cards. In a number of cities, they are made centrally by city or regional committees for physical culture and sports and then sold among organizations that hold mass competitions. In other cases, cards for competitions are purchased in physical education groups or sports societies that have enough of them. The production of large circulations of sports cards at once allows them to be used for a period of 3-4 years. After this period, the cards are corrected and the circulation is published again. Covering the cards with a transparent film allows you to protect them from rain during the competition, significantly extends their service life.
As a rule, a memo in the form of a table of symbols is printed on the maps, which facilitates their study and helps in passing the distance of the test competitions. For competitions of students and pupils, it is recommended to use multi-color cards, and only in their absence, resort to black-and-white, made by a photo method.
Distance and competition center equipment. For the equipment of the competition center and distances, 3-4 people are involved, with experience as head of the distance at orienteering competitions. The most important thing in the work of the distance service is the planning of the route, in which one should not get carried away with setting difficult checkpoints, but one should not allow the competition to turn into a cross on the roads.
The distance must be planned so that its parameters correspond to the requirements of the TRP complex specified in the regulations. If the terrain features do not allow these parameters to be maintained, small deviations in the direction of reducing the length of the distance with a simultaneous increase in the number of control points are permissible.
To prepare the distance in accordance with the recommended parameters, it is advisable to place the control points so that the average distances between them are about 500 m. This corresponds to their placement at the vertices of equilateral triangles with a side length of 500 m.
For CP equipment, either standard red and white prisms or stationary red and white columns are used. Sometimes trees, fence corners, pre-painted are used for CP. Checkpoints are equipped with marking means with which the competitors are most familiar. Most often, composters and colored pencils are used for these purposes. Of the various types of composters, the most convenient for participants and judges are composters with typewriter characters. They squeeze out a letter or number on the participant card. At one checkpoint, 2-3 composters are installed, depending on the number of participants.
When using pencils, they are firmly attached on a wire or rope to the CP. At each checkpoint, 2-4 pencils of the same color are hung out. They need to be selected in such a way that there is no CP with the same or similar color set of pencils. Pencils are stupidly sharpened on both sides and tied in the middle.
Start and finish places are equipped according to the type of start that will be used in the competition (group, general or individual). When holding mass competitions, a separate start is usually used, which allows, based on the results of the competition, to assign mass categories to participants. With a separate start, greater independence of the participants at a distance is also ensured.
With a large number of participants, the dispersion system at the first control points is used. To do this, they are determined at the start of the mandatory first CP by a corresponding mark on the map or participant card. Control over the mandatory passage of these checkpoints is carried out with the help of controllers who are located at the 2-3 closest checkpoints to the start.
When equipping the start and finish corridors, garlands of multi-colored flags are used, as well as start and finish shields. The finish is arranged in such a way as to ensure the reception of participants from all possible directions. To count the referee time, a flip clock-scoreboard is installed in a conspicuous place in the start-finish area.
It is recommended to equip an information board in the start-finish area. Samples of filling in control cards, control cards of the competition and operational information about the preliminary results of the finishing participants are posted on it.
Summing up the results of the competition. The processing of the results of the competition is carried out by 2-3 secretary judges. They count the results on the cards of the finishing participants, and also check the correctness of the mark on the CP. In each cell of the control card, any mark should be made with a pencil hanging on the CP, or an imprint of a composter. The number of marks must correspond to the number of CPs.
In case of ambiguity with a mark, a participant is called to the panel of judges and the issue of fulfilling the standard is decided on the spot. Often the reason for the violation of the mark is lack of awareness, chance. In such cases, it is allowed to set off the results by reducing it by one point (when determining the team championship) or adding a penalty time for an untaken or unmarked CP. In case of failure to take more than one CP or other violations, the result is not counted, however, the athlete has the right to re-participate in the competition on one of the following days according to the schedule.
On the basis of the processed cards, a personal protocol of the competition is compiled separately for men and women. It indicates the surname, initials of the student or student, the number of the study group, the result shown, the sports category performed and the norm of the TRP complex, as well as the number of points earned by the participant.
When holding a team championship, they also draw up a protocol for the competition of separate team results, which indicates the number of points scored by members of the group and the place taken. Protocols are made in two copies.
Orienteering is a sport in which participants, using a sports map and a compass, must pass control points (CPs) located on the ground. Results, as a rule, are determined by the time of passing the distance.
Orienteering competitions are held in different groups, which can be formed both by age principle and by the skill level of the participants. The complexity of the distance and its length are determined by the age group and the complexity of the terrain of the competition. At the same time, the distance (route) should be unfamiliar to all participants, combine the difficulties that an athlete can overcome, having the ability to navigate and good physical fitness.
Running orientation- competitions in orienteering running are held in a large number of different disciplines, for example: a given direction ("ZN"), by choice ("VO") and even on a marked track ("MT"). World Championships in orienteering running have been held since 1966.
Competitions in ski orienteering are held in conditions of stable snow cover in the disciplines: given direction, marked track, Orientathlon (Ski-O-thlon) - a combination of the two previous types. Competitions in a given direction are held using a special map on which the tracks are plotted, as well as the types of tracks in relation to the speed of movement on skis. World Ski Orienteering Championships have been held since 1975.
Competitions in cycling orienteering are held in disciplines: a given direction, a marked route, by choice or in a combination of these types. The sports map shows the types of roads in relation to cycling speed. The World Bicycle Orienteering Championships have been held since 2002.
The international name is Trail Orienteering (trail-O, also Pre-O, the old name is "trail orientation") - a sport that consists in accurately interpreting the situation on the ground using a map. During the control time, participants overcome (usually in a given sequence) a distance consisting of points, on each of which several prisms (flags) are located within sight. Participants must determine and fix which of these prisms (flags) on the ground corresponds to the legend indicated on the map and given (possibly none). At the same time, the map can intentionally missing some landmarks available on the ground.
The movement of participants is allowed only along the permitted paths (paths) or marked areas of the terrain. The athlete can choose to start either on foot (running), or on a bicycle, or on a single wheelchair driven by hands or an electric motor. The time of passing the distance is not taken into account, the result is determined by the number of correct answers. At some checkpoints called "Time-KP", the time for making a decision is additionally recorded, but even in this case, the time of movement between checkpoints are not taken into account.
World Trail Orienteering Championships (WTOC) have been held since 2004. Since 2013, the Sprint discipline has been included in the program of the World Championship. The sprint consists of one "Time-KP".
OB - orienteering running;
OL - ski orienteering;
OV - orienteering on bicycles;
KP - control point;
FSO - federation of orienteering;
PVK - point of issue of cards;
PO - evaluation point;
ZN - given direction;
MT - marked route;
IN - choice;
KB - combined distance;
GP - pursuit;
ES - relay race.
The sign “E” in the margins before the number of the paragraph of the Rules means that the specified paragraph is mandatory for competitions at distances of the MS class, and desirable for competitions with distances of the CMS class.
The signs "OB", "OL", "OV" in the margins before the number of the paragraph of the Rules mean that the specified paragraph is valid only for competitions with the specified method of movement.
1.1. The general content of the sport "orienteering"
Orienteering is a sport in which participants, using a sports map and a compass, must pass control points (CPs) located on the ground. Results, as a rule, are determined by the time of passing the distance (in certain cases - taking into account the penalty time) or by the number of points scored.
1.1.1.
These Rules govern the holding of competitions by means of movement (type of orientation):
- orienteering running - "OB";
- ski orienteering - "OL";
- Bicycle orienteering, "OV". All paragraphs of these Rules, unless otherwise specified, apply to all types of orientation.
Orienteering competitions using other means of transportation are regulated by other documents of the FSO of Russia.
1.1.2. Competitions may vary:
1.1.2.1.
By the time of the competition:
- daytime (during daylight hours);
- night (in the dark).
1.1.2.2.
According to the way the athletes start:
- individual (each athlete has an individual start time);
- relay (team members pass their stages sequentially);
- group (athletes have total time start).
1.1.2.3.
By the nature of the offset results:
- personal (results are counted separately for each participant);
- personal-team (results are counted for each participant and teams);
- team (the results of the participants are counted to the teams).
1.1.2.4.
According to the method of determining the result of the competition:
- single (the result of one single competition is the final result);
- multiple (combined results of one or more routes, overcome within one or more days, determine the final result);
- qualifying (participants pass one or more qualifying tracks to reach the final).
1.1.3. According to the method of performing tasks, the following types of orienteering competitions are held:
1.1.3.1. Orientation in a given direction, "ZN" - the passage of checkpoints marked on the map and located on the ground in a given order. The participants choose the path from one checkpoint to another at their own discretion.
1.1.3.2. Orientation by choice, "VO" - passing the CP from among the competitions available in the area. The choice of CP and the order of their passage is arbitrary, at the discretion of the participant.
1.1.3.3. Orientation on a marked track (“MT”) is the passage of a distance marked on the ground from start to finish, with the location of the checkpoints set on the map marked on the map.
1.1.4. Competitions may include a different number of disciplines (types of programs) of orienteering. The disciplines of orienteering, in accordance with the All-Russian Register of Sports (VRVS), differ in the length of the distance, the scale and symbols of sports maps, the method of movement, the determination of the result, the nature of the offset and the interaction of athletes.
1.2. Competition distance
1.2.1. Distance - the route of the competition from start to finish. The distance must be unfamiliar to all participants.
1.2.2.
The course must be planned so that:
- for its successful passage, physical training and the ability to navigate were equally required;
- the equality of the conditions of the struggle for all participants was observed;
- participants did not cross dangerous places (railways, roads with heavy traffic, badly frozen rivers, impenetrable swamps, etc.), did not move through areas prohibited for running (crops, forest plantations, etc.), through unfavorable environmentally friendly areas (landfills, sedimentation treatment facilities etc.);
- the participants did not move most of the distance through continuous thickets of nettles and other plants that irritate the body of athletes.
1.2.3. Distances according to saturation with orienteering tasks and requirements for physical fitness of participants are divided into classes depending on the age and level of training of participants. For competitions where the category requirements provide for the fulfillment of the standard of the master of sports of Russia, distances of the MS class (master of sports) must be prepared.
1.2.4. The basic, initial parameter when planning a distance of a particular discipline is the estimated time of the winner (RWP). RVP for the main group (men, women) cannot go beyond the time limits of the title of the discipline according to RVVS. When holding competitions in several age groups, the RVP is set for the main group (men, women, or juniors, juniors under 21). RWP for other age groups is determined by the table of coefficients.
1.2.5. The distance is also characterized by the following parameters, which are not fixed:
1.2.5.1.
Distance length.
In orienteering competitions in a given direction, the length of the distance is determined on the map by measuring and summing up the segments: technical start - CP - finish (without taking into account the terrain). If there is an impassable obstacle between two control points, the length of the distance is measured along the shortest detour. The length of the marked sections is measured on the map, and if they go beyond the map, then on the ground.
In orienteering competitions on a marked track, the length of the laid course is measured on a map or on the ground.
In competitions of choice, the length of the distance is not determined.
1.2.5.2.
Number of checkpoints (CP).
The number of checkpoints depends on the discipline, the nature of the terrain, the age and qualifications of the participants.
1.2.5.3.
The total climb.
The total climb must be given as the climb along the competitor's assumed best path.
1.2.6. For qualifying competitions, parallel race distances must be as similar as possible in terms of length and running conditions.
1.2.7. In relay events, the distances may be combined differently for different teams, but all teams must generally cover the same distances. For participants in the same stage, the distances should be as similar as possible in terms of length and conditions of passage.
1.2.8. In individual competitions, CPs can be combined in different ways for different participants (using the system of individual checkpoints - “with dispersion”), but in general, all participants must overcome the same distance. When applying dispersion, it must be taken into account that all options must be similar to each other in terms of length and conditions of passage.
1.3. Permitted and prohibited actions of competitors.
1.3.1.
Competitors are required to:
– comply with the Competition Rules;
- observe the order of starts and arrive at the start in time;
– start with the number determined by the draw;
– start with a number and a control card issued by the Organizer;
- protect the card and control card from accidental punctures and tears;
- to provide assistance during the competition to a participant who has received an injury; report it at the finish line;
– overcome each marked section obligatory for passage at a distance from start to finish;
- at the finish line, hand over to the judges the control card along with the packaging, and if the organizers require, then the card;
- when passing the baton, touch the hand of a teammate within the transfer zone;
"OL"– yield the track with both skis to the next competitor, when requested, if there is only one track or the track is narrow (except for the last 100 meters to the finish line);
"E"– undergo a doping control at the request of the Organizer and in accordance with the rules of the IOC and IOF;
"OL"- on a marked track with penalty laps, leave the PO only after receiving an assessment and independently count the completed penalty laps.
1.3.2. A participant who has retired from the race must, as far as possible, short term appear at the finish line, declare it at the finish line, hand over the control card and the map. He should in no way influence the course of the competition and help other athletes.
1.3.3.
Competitors are prohibited from:
- take doping in any form;
– make attempts to familiarize yourself in advance with the terrain in the planned competition area or with the map of the competition data, if this is not allowed by the Organizer;
- during the competition, use other cartographic material, except for the map received from the panel of judges and other navigational equipment, except for the compass;
- go to the distance location area before your start time;
- after the finish, go to the competition area without the permission of the Chief Judge;
- while being at a distance, remove or close the number from view, as well as bend or cut the number;
- apply any technical means movements other than those provided for in these competitions;
- go to the distance with mobile communications and other radio receiving and transmitting devices, with the exception of devices issued by the organizer.
- change the arrangement and equipment of the gearbox;
– draw attention to yourself by any signals during the competition (except for signals for help in case of injury or if the participant gets lost);
- reduce (cut) the distance in orienteering competitions on a marked track, as well as marked areas mandatory for passing in other types of competitions;
- interfere with the work of the judiciary;
– cross prohibited areas of the terrain;
- use any outside help (except for "TO"), except for medical (if necessary).
1.3.4. There are no clothing restrictions for participants.
“OB” 1.3.4.1. Shoes with metal spikes can be used if there is no prohibition in advance information.
2.1. Competition area
Competition area - a section of the terrain where competitions are held, in terms of area and saturation with landmarks, sufficient for setting distances of the appropriate level and type of program. The competition areas included in the calendar of the FSO of Russia are used in accordance with the Instructions of the FSO of Russia.
2.2. Competition map (hereinafter referred to as the sports map).
Sports cards are used in competitions. A sports map is a large-scale special scheme of the terrain on which there is no coordinate grid, true meridian lines, declination, geodetic reference points and a special system of accuracy for planned, angular and height measurements in accordance with the requirements of the IOF and the Federal Security Service of Russia, and the special content is the display terrain and individual characteristics depicted objects. Sports cards are issued in accordance with international system conventional symbols of the IOF, supplemented by national symbols approved by the Federal Security Service of Russia.
"E" 2.2.1. Errors and changes found on the ground after the release of the map must be included in the map if they can affect the results of the competition.
2.2.2. On the map given to the participant, the distance elements corresponding to each type of orientation are applied in purple (red, violet is allowed) color.
2.3. Control point.
Control point (CP) - a point marked on the map, on the ground equipped with a sign in the form of a trihedral prism with a side of 30x30 cm. Each face is divided by a diagonal from the lower left to the upper right corner into a white field at the top and orange (PMS 165) (red is allowed) at the bottom. The equipment of the checkpoint also includes a means of controlling the passage of the distance by the participants (marking means). The direct equipment of the control point on the ground depends on the type of orientation and is determined by the instructions.
2.3.1. Each checkpoint is given a numerical designation, for which two-digit and three-digit numbers, starting from 31. Numbers that can be ambiguously read (66, 68, 86, 89, 98, 99, etc.) are not allowed to be used to designate a checkpoint. The designation must be the same, no matter how many distances converge at a given checkpoint (except for “MT” competitions). In the area used for this type of program, different control points cannot have the same designation (except for “MT” competitions).
2.3.2. On a marked track, the designation of a checkpoint on a course is given in accordance with clause 3.4.7.1.4.
2.3.3. The KP designation is applied to all three white fields of the prism (“OB” and / or placed on the stand of the composter). The numbers are written in black on a light background 5-10 cm high with a line thickness of 5-10 mm.
“E, OB” 2.3.4. The KP designations are placed only on the marking means, but not on the KP sign (prism).
“OL” 2.3.5. In competitions in a given direction, it is allowed to place the KP designation on a plate attached to a cord next to the prism. The numbers must be on both sides of the plate.
2.3.6. The starting point of orientation is equipped with a prism without means of marking; in “MT” competitions, the designation “K” is placed on the prism or on the cord next to it, facing the competitor.
2.3.7. KP supply means of mark, which are attached in close proximity to the prism. The number of marking means must be such as not to delay the participants.
2.3.8. All checkpoints of the same distance are equipped with the same type and are provided with marking means of the same design.
"E" 2.3.9. Marking means must be of the type approved by the FSO of Russia.
2.3.10. A sample of the CP equipment is installed near the start no later than 30 minutes before the start of the 1st participant, so that the participants have the opportunity to practice marking.
2.4. KP Legends
2.4.1. Checkpoints must be located on landmarks marked on the map and clearly identifiable on the ground. The exact location of the control should be described using legends. The location of the checkpoint must be unambiguously determined using the map and the legend.
2.4.2. KP legends must be in the form of symbols in accordance with the instructions of the FSO of Russia (“Description of symbols for explaining KP legends”). Participants can be familiarized with the legends before the start, and at competitions held by the FSO of Russia (official Russian competitions) - before the meeting of representatives. At mass competitions and relay races, acquaintance with the legends is allowed from the moment the card is received at the card issuing point (PVC), if they are attached to the card. If there is a scatter of participants and in qualifying races, a list of all legends of the type of program may be published.
2.4.3. Legends can be placed in the marginal design of the map, attached to front side cards, issued separately to the participants and/or posted on the information board.
2.4.4. If the legends are not imprinted on the map, it is advisable to apply double numbering of the CP on the maps (serial number and its designation)
2.5. Distance equipment
2.5.1. The terrain is equipped with: a preliminary start (place of registration of starting participants), a map issuing point, a technical start, an orienteering start point, a checkpoint, marked sections, a finish (relay transfer point), as well as other objects necessary for each type of orienteering.
2.5.2. The pre-start must have a clock or other device showing the official time (the current time of the competition).
2.5.3. In the case of a group (general) start, it is necessary to provide a marked area of sufficient width from the start line to the starting point of orienteering, where participants can be distributed according to their strength without interfering with each other.
2.5.4.
The finish point (relay transfer point) is located in such a way that the finishing participant is visible at least 50 m away and that this segment of the distance is not a descent or a steep ascent and does not have sharp turns. At least the last 20m must be guarded and straight.
"OL" In the last 100 meters before the finish line, at least two tracks must be prepared.
"E" The finish corridor must be at least 3 meters wide.
2.5.5. Near some checkpoints or on the most probable routes of movement of participants, places for spectators and representatives of the press, food points, first aid points can be equipped - these points are also marked with special signs on the map and/or in the legends of the checkpoint.
"E" 2.5.5.1. The location of food points is calculated according to the expected time of the winner.
"E" 2.5.5.2. Food stations are located on the course if the expected time of the winner is more than 65 minutes. If necessary (for example, difficult climatic conditions), the Chief Judge may decide on the organization of food stations at shorter distances.
"E" 2.5.5.3. The winner must have access to the food station for the first time around 25-40 minutes, then every 15-25 minutes. The layout of the distance may make adjustments to the location of food points.
“E” 2.5.5.4. At the food point, all participants must be in equal conditions. The food offered must be, at a minimum, plain (uncontaminated) non-carbonated water and at an appropriate temperature. Dishes must be disposable, various drinks must be labeled. The Chief Referee may authorize and arrange for the delivery of athletes' individual meals to the catering facility. It is forbidden to use carbonated and fizzy drinks.
2.5.6. In the competition area, the following segments can be marked (marked) in a special pre-announced way, which are mandatory for all participants in the competition to pass from beginning to end:
2.5.6.1.
To refer participants:
- from the technical start to the starting point of orienteering;
- from the last CP to the finish line (in whole or in part);
- areas bypassing dangerous places;
- areas to which spectators are allowed;
- other sections indicated in the information, mandatory for passage.
2.5.6.2. Marked areas can be marked on the map with the appropriate symbol.
2.5.6.3. The distance of the competition on the marked track is marked on the ground from the starting point of orienteering to the finish line.
2.5.6.4. The marked sections of the distance are marked on the ground in such a way as to prevent the participant from leaving the marking.
2.5.6.5. The result of a participant who has not completed at least one of the marked segments available at the distance may be canceled.
2.5.6.6. Marked areas that are optional for passing can be marked on the ground - for approaching food points; medical care, etc. They must be marked in a way different from that used for marking the areas listed in paragraph 2.5.6.
2.6. Marking systems.
2.6.1. Control card - a document that controls the attendance of the CP by the participant.
2.6.2. The function of a control card can also be performed by a special device that is part of the electronic control system for visiting the checkpoint - (CHIP).
"E" 2.6.3. Only a card or electronic device that meets the standard approved by the Federal Security Service of Russia should be used. Competitors must be able to practice with the mark in model competition with a control card or electronic device used in competition.
2.6.4. When using an electronic marking system, the athlete must complete the preparatory procedures required for this system (clearing, activation), must have the opportunity to practice marking.
"E" 2.6.5. Control cards (electronic or otherwise) must be distributed at least one hour before the start.
2.6.6. If the Organizer issued control cards, the participant must use only the Organizer's control card. The competitor must prepare a control card (e.g. sign, seal, secure convenient way). You cannot crop the working field of the card.
2.6.7. In relay races and in mass competitions, the control card can be combined (fixed and issued together) with the card.
2.6.8. Competitors are responsible for marking their own cards at each control using the marking facilities provided.
2.6.9. The entry card must clearly show that all controls have been visited. The card must be able to make a backup mark. There must be at least two such cells (or memory cells in the CHIP).
2.6.10.
In the case of using an electronic system:
- if one of the blocks does not work, then the participant must use a backup (electronic or conventional composter). If there is no mark, the result of the participant may be canceled;
- if the CHIP does not contain a mark (the mark is made too quickly and no response signal is received), the result of the participant can be canceled, even if the control unit remembers the number of the CHIP;
- marking with reserve means (composter) is the basis for recognizing the fact of attending the CP only if the equipment of the CP or the sportsman's CHIP was faulty.
2.6.11. When systems with a visible mark are used, at least part of the mark must be in the appropriate box for that control or in the reserve box. A competitor is allowed one mistake, such as marking outside the correct box or jumping over the box, as long as all marks are clearly identified. The result of a competitor attempting to gain advantage by a sloppy mark may be annulled.
2.6.12. If the control card does not have the correct mark of any CP or it is not clearly defined, the result of the participant may be canceled.
2.6.13. The result of a participant who lost a control card, did not hand it in at the finish line, or passed a CP in a different order than the one specified by the Organizer, may be canceled.
2.6.14. The organizer has the right to check the control card at the designated checkpoints and/or make a mark.
3.1. Orientation in a given direction
3.1.1. Competitions in a given direction are held for all types of orienteering. The number of control points is recommended to be chosen so that the distance sets the task of orienteering for the athlete and ensures the entertainment and fairness of the competition.
3.1.2. Distances are equipped in accordance with clause 2.5., observing the following Additional requirements:
3.1.2.1. The start must be equipped in such a way that competitors and other persons starting later cannot see the maps issued to the participants, the choice of option and the direction to the first control. If necessary, the starting point of orientation is separately equipped and the path to it is marked.
“OB” 3.1.2.2. The location and height of the KP sign above the ground is chosen so that the prism is clearly visible to the participant who has reached the point of the corresponding landmark with the indicated map and legend.
3.1.3. The map given to the participant is marked with: the starting point of orientation, the checkpoints and their serial numbers, the marked sections that are mandatory for passing, the finish (if there is a marking from the last checkpoint to the finish, the finish may not be applied). The orienteering start point, CP and finish are connected by straight lines with the inclusion of marked sections. In addition, marked areas that are not mandatory for passing, passages in obstacles, food points, and medical care are applied. If legends are not used, in addition to serial numbers, KP designations can also be applied.
3.1.4. The result of the participant is determined by the time spent on the distance from the start (technical start, if any) to the finish.
3.2. Relay races in a given direction
3.2.1. When conducting relay races, team members alternately go through their stages - distances with a certain number of control points.
3.2.2. At the first stage in the relay, the procedure for issuing cards is determined by the Chief Judge. Participants of the second and subsequent stages in the relay take their own card at the card issuing point.
3.2.3. Distances can be prepared with the dispersion of participants in accordance with paragraph 1.2.7.
3.2.4. A participant can run only one stage, unless otherwise stipulated in the Regulations.
3.2.5. The start of the participants at the first stage is general, unless otherwise stipulated in the Regulations.
3.3. Elective competition
3.3.1. When conducting competitions in orienteering by choice, there are several options for holding:
3.3.1.1.
Passing a given number of checkpoints from among those available in the competition area. The choice of CP and the order of their passage is arbitrary, at the discretion of the participant.
The number of CPs to be taken for each group is indicated in the information. In the competition area, it is recommended to install more control points than the number that the participants need to take. The checkpoints are located in such a way that it is possible to select several approximately equivalent path options with an equal number of checkpoints.
The result of the participant is determined by the time spent on the passage of a given number of checkpoints from the start (technical start, if any) to the finish.
In the event that a participant has taken a smaller number of CPs than specified for his age group, his result may be canceled, or he may be charged a penalty added to the passing time. The amount of the penalty for each CP not taken (in minutes) is indicated in the information.
3.3.1.2.
Walkthrough most KP for the pre-arranged control time. CPs may have different points values depending on the difficulty of passing them, or CPs may have the same points value, with separated start and finish being recommended. It is recommended to install more control points in the competition area than the number that the winner can take in the appointed control time.
The result is determined by the number of CPs taken. Points are awarded for each CP. Control time is selected based on 100-200% of the winner's estimated time for the respective age group.
If a participant is late to the finish line after the control time has expired, a penalty is deducted from the participant's result (the number of points scored) for each full and incomplete minute of being late. The value of the control time, the number of points for each CP and the penalty is indicated in the information. If the participants scored the same number of points, then the participant with the best time takes the higher place.
3.3.1.3.
Passing all the checkpoints marked on the participant's card.
The result of the participant is determined by the time spent on passing the distance, similarly to clause 3.3.1.1.
3.3.2. In all variants of the holding, the capture of a specific CP is counted only once.
3.3.3. When holding competitions with several age groups, in order to reduce the load on the CP, it is allowed to map different control points for certain age groups.
3.3.4. When conducting competitions according to options 3.3.1.1. and 3.3.1.3. it is allowed to include in the distance mandatory sections of passage in a given direction or according to the marking (marking).
3.3.5. The map given to the participant is marked with: start, all checkpoints that the participant must or has the right to take with their designations, finish.
3.4. Ski orienteering competition
3.4.1.
Ski orienteering competitions can be held:
- In the given direction.
- On a marked road.
- In a combination of these species.
3.4.2. Competitions are held in the presence of stable snow cover.
3.4.3. When passing the distance, participants can use all styles of skiing, if the restrictions are not provided for by the Regulations (except for the cases specified in clause 3.4.5.4).
3.4.4. For ski orienteering competitions, competition distances are prepared in accordance with clause 1.2.
3.4.5. When holding competitions in all types of “OL”, the following requirements are observed:
3.4.5.1. The distance is covered on skis. Part of the distance can be covered by running, however, in this case, the participant must independently transport his own skis, poles, boots of the appropriate size and a tablet, if the participant uses it on the course, through all the checkpoints.
3.4.5.2. The athlete must position himself in the starting lane so that his bindings are behind the starting line.
3.4.5.3. In time trial competitions, the participant receives a card in advance, either one minute before the start or 15 seconds before the start. In competitions with a general start, the card is issued to the participant 15 seconds before the start.
3.4.5.4. In the general start after the “Start” command, each athlete moves in a classic move along his starting track to a special mark (at least 50 m from the start).
3.4.6. Competitions in a given direction on skis.
3.4.6.1. Distances are equipped in accordance with paragraphs 2.5., 3.1., Taking into account the following additional requirements:
3.4.6.1.1. The prism and control sign must be hung above the track so that they are clearly visible to the competitors. Marking aids must be installed so that it is convenient for the participants to use them at the checkpoint. The snow at the control point must be compacted to allow several competitors to check in and turn around to move in the opposite direction. The place where the control is to be installed is chosen in such a way that the track profile allows the athlete to stop easily and stand confidently on the control.
“E” 3.4.6.1.2. technical point, where the participant can replace the failed equipment, is equipped approximately in the middle of the distance, at any place where the participants must visit (one of the checkpoints, a marked area). The organizer must ensure the delivery of spare equipment of participants to this point.
3.4.6.2. On the map given to the participant, they put: the starting point of orientation (start), CP, their serial numbers and designations, marked sections mandatory for passing, finish (if there is a marking from the last CP to the finish, the finish is not applied). Start, CP and finish are connected by straight lines with the inclusion of marked sections. In addition, marked areas that are optional for passing, passages in obstacles, food points, medical care and a technical point are applied.
3.4.6.3. New ski tracks that are not shown on the map, if necessary, are shown on the ground with a special sign - a black cross on a plate measuring 20 x 30 cm.
3.4.7. Competitions on the marked track "MT".
3.4.7.1. Distances are equipped in accordance with clause 2.5., Taking into account the following additional requirements:
3.4.7.1.1. The course must be marked from start to finish in such a way that the competitors have no difficulty in determining the direction of travel. Control points are set on the course, as well as the boundaries of the mark of control points (abbreviated as “Mark line”) and, if necessary, points for assessing the correctness of fixing by the participants of the control (abbreviated as “Score point” or PO). The software must be equipped so that the participant can freely see his assessment.
3.4.7.1.2. The gearbox is equipped in accordance with clause 3.4.6.1.1. A “flat” prism with white-orange (red) fields and a KP designation on both sides is acceptable.
3.4.7.1.3. The distance of each group must be marked with its own color from the beginning to the end. In the case of passing two or more distances of different groups in one section, this section must be marked with the colors of all distances.
3.4.7.1.4. The designation of the checkpoint is its serial number at the distance. If the control is used for different distances, the serial numbers of this item must be indicated for each distance.
3.4.7.2. The starting point of orientation (start) is marked on the map given to the participant. A route marked on the ground is usually not put on the map. For younger age groups, it is allowed to draw a marked route on the map of participants, as well as to draw control points (true and false)
3.4.7.3.
Competitions on a marked track can be held:
Option A - according to the principle of calculating a fine according to the “correct-wrong” system with a mark in the summer type card or a CHIP;
Option B - according to the principle of calculating a fine, depending on the size of the error in drawing the CP with the CP marked with a pencil or a special composter on the map;
Option C - according to the principle of calculating a fine, depending on the magnitude of the error in applying the CP with a mark in the summer type card or with a CHIP.
3.4.7.3.1.
In any case, the participant is obliged to fix the location of the checkpoint:
- A puncture of the needle he has with a diameter of not more than 1 mm on the map received at the start. Fixation is made in any place of the track (loop of the track), but not later than at the next “Boundary of the mark”.
- Puncture with a needle or a fixture of the judging system on the map provided at the “Score Point” of the VP.
Fixation (puncture) of PO or RO is not performed.
For options A and C, no other marks are made on the map.
According to option B, the participant marks the fixation (puncture) of the CP with a cross with a pencil, which is equipped with the next CP. The last checkpoint is marked on the RO. It is possible to use a special winter composter that combines fixing and marking.
3.4.7.3.2. According to options A and C, the participant must mark the fact of passing each control equipped on the course, using the marking means available at this control, similarly to competitions in a given direction.
3.4.7.3.3. On the map with which the participant passes the distance, he has the right to make any notes.
3.4.7.4.
The fixation of the CP point is considered correct if the center of the puncture hole (the point where the card is touched by the fixator) is no more than 2 mm away from the true CP point.
In the event of a map break, the measurement is taken from the far edge of the break.
3.4.7.4.1. For an error in applying the CP by more than 2 mm, the participant receives a fine. The penalty on the average and classic MT is assigned in minutes. The penalty in the sprint and in the relay at the MT is assigned in the form of penalty loops. The length of the penalty loop is from 200 to 300 meters. According to this principle, competitions can be held at an average distance, as well as in combination.
3.4.7.4.2.
According to option A - the maximum penalty assigned at one checkpoint is equal to the "Fine Price" and is set at 1 minute or one penalty loop. At competitions of veterans, children's age groups, mass competitions, it is possible to set the "Fine Price" at 2 or 3 minutes or two penalty loops. The “penalty price” does not depend on the scale of the map.
Each missing or extra fixation of the CP point is considered as a participant's error, for which the “Fine Price” is assigned. Only one “Fine Price” can be assigned at one checkpoint.
3.4.7.4.3. According to options B and C, a "Fine price" equal to 1 minute is assigned for each next complete or incomplete 2 mm error in fixing the CP. The maximum fine assigned at one checkpoint is set at a rate of 2 to 5 minutes.
3.4.7.4.4. Each extra fixation (puncture) of the control point according to options A and C and each extra mark (cross or punch mark) according to option B is considered a participant’s mistake, for which the maximum penalty is assigned. The maximum fine is also assigned if the mark (center of the cross) deviates from the puncture by more than 3 mm (according to option B).
3.4.7.4.5. Each missing fixation (puncture) of the control point in the presence of a mark (with a punch in the card according to options A and C, with a cross pencil of the corresponding color according to option B) is considered a mistake for which the maximum fine is charged (options A and C), and the maximum fine plus one minute (option B).
3.4.7.4.6. Only one maximum penalty can be assigned at one checkpoint.
3.4.7.4.7. For option B - if there are several punctures at a distance of 3 mm or less from the center of the cross, then the measurement is made from the farthest puncture relative to the true CP point.
3.4.7.5. The result of the participant can be canceled if at least one mark (with a puncher on the card according to options A and C, a cross of the corresponding color or a special puncher according to option B) is missing or does not match the sample.
3.4.7.6. The result of the participant is determined as the sum of the course time and penalty time or as the sum of the course time and penalty loops. In case of equality of results the best place awarded to the competitor with the lowest penalty time (fewer penalty loops). If the penalty is also equal, places are determined according to clause 4.2.2.
3.4.7.7. The result of a participant who has received the maximum penalty by more than 2/3 of the CP may be annulled.
3.4.7.8. The passage by the participants of the penalty circles is recorded in the protocol by the controller or using electronic marking means (equipped similarly to the CP on the course). At competitions with distances of class MC and above, it is recommended to time the passage of penalty loops. If a competitor has not completed the designated number of penalty loops, their result may be annulled.
3.4.7.9. The participant is obliged to complete the penalty loops with the same equipment, including the tablet, with which he arrived at the assessment point.
3.4.7.10. To speed up and increase objectivity in determining the results on any of the varieties of marked tracks, judges can reverse side maps issued to the participants, put “targets” with centers at the control points on the given track. The reverse side of the card must be sealed (closed) in such a way that the participant could not see the “target”. The participant has no right to violate the integrity of the card and its protection (sticking on the reverse side), otherwise his result may be canceled.
3.4.7.10.1. A participant may be given a card to work on the course, and the assessment is made on the referee's card, issued at the assessment point.
"E" 3.4.7.10.2. For MC competitions, the marking of the targets on the back of the card is obligatory.
3.4.7.11. With the system of accruing a penalty in penalty circles, at the assessment point, personal information is posted on the assignment of a penalty to a participant (you can post a participant card). In this case, the figure of the penalty and the number of the participant must be at least 5 cm in size (the number is located at the top, the penalty is at the bottom). The Organizer is obliged to place the information on the scoreboard so that the athlete can read it without stopping.
3.4.7.12. The conditions for conducting competitions on a marked track, indicating the “variant of the conduct”, “appointment of a fine” and “fine price” must be determined in the Competition Regulations.
3.4.7.13. When conducting relay races on a marked track, team members alternately go through their stages with a certain number of control points.
3.4.7.14. It is allowed to hold competitions on a marked track according to the principle of calculating a penalty according to the “correct-wrong” system and fixing the control using an electronic device (CHIP) without additional punctures. In this case, CPs are applied to the participant’s card - true and false. True and false CPs are set at a distance. False CPs on the course and on the maps of the participants do not match. The participant is marked in the means of the mark, which, in his opinion, corresponds to the correct location of the control. For incorrect and missing marks, a fine is charged.
3.4.8. Competitions in a combination of types of ski orienteering.
3.4.8.1. Competitions are held in the form of a combination of a given ski direction and a marked course, ski orienteering and cross country skiing distances, ski orienteering distances and competitions of choice.
3.4.8.2. Competitions can be held in two days, two starts in one day, both types of programs in one start.
3.4.8.3. The combination program, the order of events, the order of start and the conditions for offset are determined by the organizing organization and are indicated in the Regulations.
3.5. Bicycle orienteering competitions.
3.5.1. The distance is covered by bicycle. Part of the distance can be covered by running, however, in this case, the participant must independently transport a bicycle through all the checkpoints.
3.5.2. The control card is rigidly attached to the bike. Marking at the checkpoint without a bike is prohibited
3.5.3. Distances are equipped in accordance with clause 2.5. 3.1., subject to the following additional requirements:
3.5.3.1. The prism should be placed above the road or next to the road on a stand.
3.5.3.2. The marking means must be accessible to all participants without dismounting the bike and be at the level of the handlebars of an adult and a teenager's bike.
3.5.3.3. The location of the control box is chosen in such a way that the road profile allows the athlete to stop easily and stand confidently on the control box.
3.5.3.4. The checkpoint cannot be equipped in potentially dangerous places: on narrow paths, slopes, areas with poor visibility.
3.5.3.5. When conducting relay races, the transfer of stages is recommended to be carried out without bicycles.
3.5.4. Bicycle (mountain bike) must match the physique of the athlete. It must have a reinforced frame and wide tires with high-quality tread for off-road driving, reliable brakes, and also, in case of poor visibility during the competition, reflectors, position lights, and a headlight. The panel of judges before the start must hold technical inspection participants' bikes. It is allowed to transport refreshment and a technical repair kit with you during the competition. Competitors are required to use hard helmets to protect their heads and must have an insurance policy.
3.6. Conducting night competitions
Distances are equipped in accordance with clause 2.5, observing the following additional requirements: in night competitions, the place of start, finish, orienteering start point, information boards are equipped in a lighted place, marked areas in unlit areas are equipped with reflective means. For the CP equipment, the following can be used: light sources that work constantly; operating in a pulsating mode (LEDs); reflective materials.
3.7. Conducting mass (children's, multi-day) competitions
3.7.1.
When holding mass, children's, multi-day competitions, simplifications in the application of these Rules are possible that do not distort the meaning, content, essence of the sport and preserve all the attributes of sports fairness and safety. All applied simplifications, changes and features during the competition should be communicated to the participants of the competition in as much detail as possible (preferably in writing).
It is not recommended to apply simplifications of the rules at mass multi-day competitions that have been given any official status, for example, qualifying competitions.
3.7.2.
When holding mass, children's, multi-day competitions, in particular, you can:
- use a free start (participants start as they are ready in turn);
- athletes independently transfer distances to their cards from the control;
- Issue cards one or two minutes before the technical start;
– to conduct an independent calculation of preliminary results for the participants from posted copies of the finishing protocols;
- use participants and representatives to perform refereeing duties that do not directly affect the determination of the results of participants;
- in competition with various types handicaps, where the places of the participants are determined in the order in which the athletes arrive at the finish line, to keep timekeeping with an accuracy of one minute;
- in competitions in a given direction, apply a mark on the CP with a colored pencil by crossing out the corresponding cell of the control card (or make a mark on the map);
- hold competitions in combinations of various types;
- hold competitions in orienteering by running on a marked track;
- in competitions of younger age groups in a given direction, “Race of patrols” (pair or group running along a distance) can be used, and in competitions on a marked track - drawing a thread of the distance on the participant’s card; with the determination of the results on the marked track according to the minimum fine using the control time.
- in competitions of younger age groups, it is allowed to use maps at a scale of 1:5000 and larger.
3.9. Start order
3.9.1.
Start can be:
- separate, in which participants start one from each group with an equal time interval, as a rule, 1-3 minutes;
- group, in which participants start at the same time for 2 people or more from each age or qualification group;
- sequential (as the participants of the previous stage of the relay race arrive);
- with different types of handicap (pursuit), determined by the Regulations;
- general, in which participants in one, several or all groups start at the same time.
3.9.2. The schedule of starts is established by the Chief Judge in accordance with the Regulations on the competition, the number of declared participants, the location of the distances and other features of the competition.
“OB” 3.9.4.2. The number is attached to the chest, at the four corners, maximum size numbers 25x25 cm.
“OL” 3.9.4.3. The number is attached to the four corners on the front surface of the left thigh, unless otherwise specified by the Organizer. The recommended maximum size of the number is 15x20 cm. The Organizer may require that an additional number be attached to the back.
"S" 3.9.4.4. The number is attached to the handlebars of the bike and on the back.
3.9.5. The senior judge of the start has the right not to allow the start of a participant whose number and control card does not comply with the requirements of these Rules.
3.9.6. In relay races, the change of stages between athletes of the same team is made by touching the starting athlete with the hand of the finishing athlete. The order of change of stages is possible, in which the finishing participant passes the map of the next stage to the starter.
3.9.7. The participants themselves are responsible for the correctness and timeliness of the transfer of the baton, even if the information service warns in advance about the team members arriving at the transfer zone.
3.9.8. By decision of the Chief Judge, in exceptional cases, the schedule of starts can be changed, about which the participants must be notified in advance.
3.9.9. If one of the participants did not appear on time at the start, the starting time of the following participants does not change. If the participant arrived at the start place late, the senior judge of the start allows him to enter the distance, but his result will be counted from his official starting minute. The current start minute at the start of the late competitor must be recorded on the start list in case the Jury or Chief Judge decides that the delay was due to a valid reason. Competitors who are late for the start due to reasons beyond their control must be given a new start time by the Chief Judge.
3.9.10. All competitors must have at least 30 minutes for a general warm-up and preparation before the start.
“OB” 3.9.11. The participant must independently take the card at the card issuing point.
“OB” 3.9.12. The card is issued at the start time or at the card issuing point, but if the cards are not sealed, then the participants must be given one minute before the start time to pack the card into a bag.
3.9.13. The chief referee must record in the start protocol the local time the start of the competition and give a summary of the number of starters and a list of numbers of non-starters to the chief secretary.
3.9.14. When using an electronic marking system, it is possible to fix the exact start time by marking the electronic station. The time of such a mark is the official start time of the athlete.
3.9.15. If, with a false start recorded by the judges, the gain in time is the starting interval or more, its result may be canceled. If the winnings are less than the starting interval, then the participant may be penalized for a time equal to one starting interval.
3.10. Finish and timing
3.10.1. For participants, the competition ends as soon as he crosses the finish line.
3.10.2. To the finish line, the athlete moves only along the finish corridor. The finish line must be at right angles to the finish corridors. The exact position of the finish line must be obvious to approaching competitors.
3.10.3. When the participant has crossed the finish line, he must return the control card, including packaging, and his card (the organizer has the right to leave the card to the athlete). When using an electronic marking system, the athlete is required to present a CHIP for reading information.
3.10.4.
The finish time is fixed at the moment when:
"LO"- any athlete's foot will cross the finish line;
"ABOUT"- the participant's chest crosses the finish line;
"OV"- any bicycle wheel crosses the finish line; or (when using the electronic marking system) when the competitor is marked at the finish line for any kind of orienteering.
3.10.5. The finish time is given in hours, minutes, seconds or minutes and seconds. Fractions of a second are omitted. It is allowed to record time to the nearest tenth and hundredth of a second if the appropriate equipment is used.
“E, OL” 3.10.6. In ski orienteering, the finish line must be crossed by two parallel tracks, the distance between which should ensure independent free movement of two athletes at the same time.
“E, OV” 3.10.7. In cycling orienteering competitions, the finish area must be wide enough to accommodate at least two cyclists.
"E" 3.10.8. At individual starts, electronic start and finishing systems definitions of time.
3.11. Control time
3.11.1. In order to limit the duration of the competition, the Chief Judge in all types of orienteering separately for each group of participants assigns a control time, which is communicated to the participants no later than one hour before the start.
3.11.2. The control time cannot be changed after the start of the first competitor.
3.11.3. Control time is assigned within 200-250% of the estimated time of the winner. In relay races, the control time is assigned separately for the first stage and for the sum of the stages.
3.11.4. The result of a participant or a relay team that has exceeded the control time may be canceled (except for competitions of choice).
3.12. Ensuring the safety of athletes during competitions
3.12.1.
During the competition, the following must be provided:
- notification in the technical information about the presence of dangerous places in the competition area, ways to bypass them, methods of fencing;
– appropriate safety measures on the roads passing through the competition area, if it is not possible to plan the distance so that the participants do not cross such roads;
– warning of representatives of teams and participants about unfavorable environmental conditions: the unsuitability of water bodies for drinking and swimming, the presence of dangerous insects, etc.;
– clearing of ski slopes, installation of warning signs in front of dangerous slopes, prevention of the possibility of participants entering snowless places or water bodies with thin ice;
– designation on the map and fencing on the ground of areas prohibited for running;
- notification of participants about the need to comply with certain precautions when passing certain sections of the distance;
– notification of participants about actions in case of loss of orientation.
3.12.2. When conducting competitions for beginners, the area must be clearly defined by visible landmarks or markings (of which the participants must be informed).
3.12.3. CP controllers and judges of the distance service located in the competition area have the right to indicate the way to the finish line for obviously lost participants. Checkpoint controllers must be informed about this.
3.12.4. With exceptionally unfavorable weather conditions, and in case of other unforeseen force majeure circumstances that threaten the safety of the participants, the Chief Judge (in agreement with the Competition Controller, if any) has the right to make changes to the competition program: reschedule the start time, the sequence of events, cancel the start. In the latter case, the entry (application) fees are non-refundable.
3.14. Environmental measures
3.14.1. The organizer and participants of the competition are obliged to comply with all environmental regulations in the area of the competition. The Federal Security Service of Russia and local federations have the right, based on environmental considerations, to impose restrictions on the number of mass starts in one area in certain areas. summer season, as well as the maximum number of participants visiting one CP.
3.14.2. In the case of creating field camps to accommodate participants, all environmental and safety requirements must be met.
3.15. Information support of competitions
3.15.1. Information support of the competition is aimed at obtaining timely, equally accessible information about the competition, terrain and distances for all its participants.
3.15.2. preliminary general information about competitions of the official calendar of the FSO of Russia (Bulletin No. 1) must be published (sent to all regional (territorial) FSO and other participating organizations) no later than 6 months before the competition, and must contain the most comprehensive information.
4.1. Ensuring fair competition
4.1.1. All persons participating in orienteering competitions must maintain honesty and justice, sports relations and the spirit of friendship towards each other, officials, journalists, residents of the competition area.
4.1.2. With the exception of accidents, external assistance to competitors is prohibited. All participants are obliged to help injured athletes.
4.1.3. In agreement with the host organization, the Organizer must announce in advance the venue of the competition and the areas allowed and prohibited for training.
4.1.4. Obtaining any information regarding the map and distances of the competition, in addition to the officially announced, is prohibited.
4.2. Results and places
4.2.1. The result of a participant (relay team) in competitions in a given direction is determined by the time spent on passing the distance from the start (technical start, if any) to the finish. A higher place is awarded to an athlete with a lower result. The result and place of the participant in the competitions of choice is determined in accordance with clause 3.3.1. The result and place of the participant in the competition on the marked track is determined in accordance with clause 3.4.7.6.
4.2.2. If in the competitions in a given direction with a separate start, several athletes have the same result, they are awarded the same place. They must appear on the scoresheet in the order in which they started. After the participants who showed the same result, there are as many unoccupied places as the number of participants with the same result, minus one.
4.2.3. The place in competitions with a general start, as well as in competitions with a delayed start (pursuit race) is determined by the order of arrival at the finish line. The place in the relay is determined by the order in which the athletes of the last stage arrived at the finish line.
4.2.4. If the result of the participant is canceled, the place is not determined for him. If the result of a relay team member is annulled, the place for the team is not determined.
4.2.5. The result and the place of the team in the individual-team competitions and the place of the team in the complex standings are determined according to the conditions defined by the Regulations. Places are determined only by the participants and teams specified in the Regulations.
4.2.6. The results are considered approved if 1 hour after the publication of the preliminary results and control charts, no protests or applications were received at the “MT” and “TO”, or immediately after the decision on the last protest or application was made.
4.2.7. If two or more participants have taken the same prize place, each of them must receive the appropriate prize, medal and (or) diploma.
4.3. Statements, protests, appeals
4.3.1. In case of disagreement with the preliminary result, a written application is submitted to the Chief Secretary. If the decision on the application does not satisfy the representative (participant), a protest is filed. Protests are considered by the Chief Judge. If the protest is related to the result, then it must be submitted no later than 1 hour after the publication of the preliminary result.
4.3.2. A protest for violation of the Rules or Regulations on competitions can be filed by a team representative, and in competitions where a participant can apply independently - by the participant himself or by the coach in writing no later than one hour after the finish closes.
4.3.3. A protest on admission to the competition of a participant must be filed no later than 1 hour after the publication of the start protocols and must be considered before the start. If it is impossible to make a decision before the start, the participant is allowed to start under protest, and the decision on the protest is made before the results are approved.
4.3.5. If the decision of the Chief Judge on the submitted protest does not satisfy the protester, he has the right to appeal to the jury. The appeal must be considered within an hour. If a longer consideration is required on the facts stated in the protest and appeal, then the decision must be made without fail before the approval of the results.
4.2.6. Protest, appeal are free of charge.
5.1. Competitors
5.1.1.
In order to maintain equality of conditions for the fight for all participants, competitions are held by age groups. An athlete's belonging to a particular age group is determined by gender and the calendar year in which he reaches the appropriate age.
"OL" For ski orienteering, the first competition of the winter season calendar is considered the beginning of the calendar year.
The symbol of the group (index) consists of the initial letter of the gender of the participants and the number that determines the maximum age of the athlete performing in this group for junior groups and minimum for groups of veterans. Within the age groups, groups can be formed according to the complexity and length of the distance and the sports qualification of the participants. The corresponding group designations are Zh21A, Zh21B, M21A, M21B, M21AK, etc. Groups ME - M Elite and ZhE - Zh Elite are used in competitions with distances of the "master of sports" class for men and women of the main age groups M21 and F21.
5.1.2.
Official competitions are held in the following age groups (the age indicated by the number located after the word "before" is not included in this age category)
boys, girls (up to 11 years old)
boys, girls 8-10 years old (M10, F10)
all disciplines;
boys, girls (up to 13 years old)
boys, girls 11-12 years old (M12, F12)
all disciplines;
boys, girls (up to 15 years old)
boys, girls 13-14 years old (M14, F14)
all disciplines;
boys, girls (up to 17 years old)
boys, girls 15-16 years old (M16, F16)
cross disciplines;
boys, girls (up to 18 years old)
boys, girls 15-17 years old (M17, F17)
skiing and cycling disciplines;
boys, girls (up to 19 years old)
boys, girls 17-18 years old (M18, F18)
cross disciplines;
juniors, juniors (under 21)
juniors, juniors 19-20 years old (M20, W20)
all disciplines;
men, women
21 years and older (M21, F21)
all disciplines.
5.1.3. The composition of the participants in the age group for specific competitions is determined by the Regulations.
5.1.4.
At competitions held by orienteering federations and other organizations, another age group formation is allowed:
- At competitions for athletes aged 20 years and younger, it is possible to form groups for each year of birth or for training classes.
- At competitions for men and women over 30 years old, it is allowed to form groups with an interval of 5 or 10 years. In this case, sports categories and titles are not assigned.
5.2. Admission to competitions
5.2.1. Admission to competitions is carried out on the basis of the Regulations.
5.2.2. Women (juniors, girls, girls) have the right to compete in their respective men's groups, unless prohibited by the Regulations.
5.2.3. Juniors, juniors, boys, girls, boys, girls have the right to compete in the next, older age group, from among those recommended by the Rules, if allowed by the Regulations, with the permission of the Competition Jury (or the Chief Referee), with a special permit from a medical institution and a coach .
5.2.4. Juniors, juniors, boys, girls, boys, girls have no right to compete in a younger age group.
Orienteering is a kind of sport. Beginners do not always immediately delve into its specifics, rules and its tasks. It is difficult for a person who is not familiar with orientation to explain its essence. Although at first glance it is simple - the fastest way to find and correctly mark the checkpoints
To understand what orienteering is, you have to try it yourself. After all, even after studying the definition, many questions remain. Orienteers often face questions from the outside: “Orienteering? And what is it? After that, long explanations of the specifics of the sport begin, or a concise description of the main task that the athlete faces at the start.
In the broadest sense, the essence of orienteering is that the athlete, with the help of a map, compass, chip, and his skills in orienteering and reading the map, can quickly and, more importantly, correctly cover the distance marked on the map. Immediately after the start, the athlete is left alone with nature. And in this nature there are checkpoints that he - the athlete must find and mark with a chip.
Almost everyone has come across cards in their life. These could be road maps of Russia, topographic maps of the world in the classroom at a school or university, electronic card on your smartphone and more. When you sit and calmly look at it, it seems that there is nothing difficult in choosing the path of movement from point A to point B and go through it. In orienteering competitions, the athlete simply does not have time to look at the map for a long time. You have to choose the path of movement, think it over right on the go, in conditions.
Another factor that makes the “competitive life” of an orienteer more interesting is psychological pressure. Everyone is trying to save precious time and choose a more profitable way of movement. In conditions of competitive struggle, athletes often make mistakes in choosing the path of movement or simply lose themselves on the map. All this is the result of the psychological pressure of the competitive moment. Therefore, one of the main qualities that an orienteer should possess are resilience and stress resistance.
So, the athlete goes to the start. He receives a card, starts and immediately disappears from the field of view of spectators and other athletes. On the sports map, everything that is located in a certain area is marked in the form of catch signs. In addition, checkpoints are marked on the map, on which the orienteer must make a mark. On the move, he must have time to choose the path of movement and read the map so as not to get lost. After passing the entire distance, the participant runs to the finish line, which is also marked on the map. The winner is determined by the best time and the correctness of the course.
Orienteering is a sport that cannot be won with just quick feet or a smart head. To become the best, an athlete must simultaneously develop physical qualities and learn to read the map correctly, quickly and accurately. This is achieved only through repeated training and gaining experience in competitions.
Preparing for certain conditions is almost impossible. Orienteering competitions are held all over the world. Starts can be in the mountains, and in the forests, and in the fields, and even in urban areas. Along the course, orienteers may encounter obstacles in the form of streams, rivers, deadwood, steep mountains, impassable bushes and any other creations of nature. An athlete in any other sport can only envy what orienteers have to face in competition.
Immediately after a beginner gets acquainted with the tasks and understands the essence of orienteering, he must also learn a number of important rules, without knowing which it will not be possible to successfully compete. So, for example, for violation of many rules, an athlete is simply disqualified from the competition. In order not to overshadow your performance, you must always be aware of new changes in the rules, although the basic rules of orienteering do not change from year to year.
First of all, the orienteer must pass the distance exactly in the order in which it is marked on his map. If the order of passing the distance is violated or other people's control points (control points) are marked, then the result of the athlete on the distance is canceled. Now this issue is very strictly controlled with the help of modern technology.
The athlete must meet the time allotted by the judges to overcome the distance. Otherwise, the participant will also be disqualified. Although, in general, the control time is more than enough to complete the distance completely.
On the map, special signs can mark areas of the terrain that cannot be crossed, or vice versa, they must be run. An example of the first can be areas of terrain that are dangerous to the life and health of an athlete, and of the second, marked areas or places for fording rivers or crossings through busy roads.
Before the start is given, the athlete must not leave the warm-up area and enter the competition map. This rule operates with the aim that the participant does not find the control points in advance and does not choose the path to them.
A large list of rules also applies to the organizers, who must ensure the safety of athletes at a distance different ways, for example, by marking all the same dangerous areas, to control the compliance of the location of checkpoints on the terrain with the map.
Previously, there was an interesting rule according to which a participant had no right to pursue another along the distance. Now such a technique is not prohibited by the rules. That is, a participant can simply run after another who follows an identical distance. No sanction will follow today for this, but the interest in sports is falling sharply, and besides, no one excludes the possibility of a mistake by the “leading” athlete.
In order to better become familiar with all the techniques and methods of orienteering, athletes and coaches study various literature. It may describe various interesting methods, ways and techniques that can improve the performance of an athlete. You can download this orienteering manual from the link:
It describes in detail all the concepts, terminology, techniques and methods of working with a map and compass, basic rules and psychological advice.
True, a number of provisions from this manual are already morally and technically outdated. For example, in modern competitions, participants use chips to mark, and the manual describes cards for marking. Previously, the mark at the checkpoints was made using a composter and a cardboard card for marks, but now it is practically not used anywhere.
To understand the essence of orienteering in the area, it will be enough to go to the start at least once, at least a training one, and plunge headlong into this wonderful sport, feel in your own skin how difficult and interesting it is at the same time. Indeed, many mistakenly believe that this is a simple running around the forests with a map.
In order not to overshadow the memories of the start, it is necessary to know and strictly follow the rules of orienteering. And in order to improve, it is necessary to study additional literature, manuals and communicate with more experienced athletes.
Orienteering- this is a sport in which participants, using a compass and a sports map, must find control points (CPs) located on the ground. Results in orienteering are determined, as a rule, by the time of passing the distance (sometimes taking into account the penalty time) or by the number of points scored.
Orienteering competitions are held in different groups, which can be formed both according to the age principle (both small children and 80-year-old veterans are engaged in it), and according to the skill level of the participants. The complexity of the course and its length is determined by the principle based on the fact that in order to successfully complete the course of the competition, it would be required to equally ability to navigate and physical fitness athlete. Competitions are held under any weather conditions: be it rain, heat or snowstorm.
Orienteering classes develop many useful skills and abilities in athletes, such as speed, memory and attention, as well as physical qualities: endurance, coordination, flexibility.
Types of orienteering:
Running orientation
Running orienteering competitions are held in most disciplines: a given direction (“ZN”), optional (“VO”), rogaine (“RG”) and even on a marked track (“MT”). There are also world championships in orienteering running.
ski orienteering
Ski orienteering competitions are held in the following disciplines: in a given direction, on a marked track, or in a combination of these types (Orientathlon, Ski-O-thlon).
For competitions in a given direction, a special map is used, on which ski tracks are marked. World championships are held in ski orienteering.
Bicycle orientation
Bicycle orienteering competitions are held in the following disciplines: a given direction, on a marked track, by choice or in a combination of these types. The map shows the types of roads in relation to cycling speed.
Trail orientation
Participants in trail orienteering competitions pass distances in a given sequence, consisting of points on which several prisms are located within sight. Athletes must determine and record which of these prisms on the ground corresponds to a given legend and is indicated on the map.
History of orienteering:
The first orienteering competition was held on October 31, 1897 by the Tjalve sports club near Oslo (Norway).
The first modern orienteering competition in its present form took place in 1918. Major Ernst Killander, President of the Stockholm Amateur Sports Association, decided to use the countryside environment for this new sport based on his military experience. He came up with cross-country competitions where people not only ran, but had to find and choose their own routes using a map and compass. By 1934, orienteering as a sport was already in Switzerland, the USSR and Hungary. Even before the Second World War, Sweden, Norway and Finland began to hold annual national championships for men and women. In 1946 the Scandinavian Orienteering Committee was formed. In 1960, the Open International Competitions were held in the Stockholm area, in which seven countries already participated. On May 21, 1961, the International Orienteering Federation was founded at a congress in Copenhagen.
The first members of the federation were 10 European countries - Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East Germany, Finland, Hungary, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Germany.
Today, various orienteering competitions are held all over the world, both locally and globally.
