The choice of treatment method depends on the composition of the water itself and the available facilities.
Tap water entering apartments has a different proportion of harmful components.
That's why there is a need to choose the optimal method of post-treatment which can effectively reduce the amount of harmful substances.
In some cases, a person has to use water from natural sources. In this case, the task of disinfection comes to the fore.
The main methods home water treatment without filter are:
it the most easily accessible and cost-effective way post-treatment.
The result of this process is the volatilization of gaseous chlorine and the precipitation of salts of heavy metals.
Settling is considered a simple but ineffective technique.. Only the upper third of the volume of water is released from chlorine. The lower layers contain an increased amount of pollutants.
According to the rules, water must be in an open container for at least 24 hours. After that, it is carefully drained by less than half the volume.
The settled water without any further treatment can be used for watering plants or filling an aquarium.
A simple, convenient, cheap and relatively effective way. The main purpose of boiling is the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms, chlorine and low-temperature gases (radon, ammonia).
However, the method also has its drawbacks:
In order to mitigate the negative effects, it is recommended to use already settled liquid for boiling and limit the bubbling time to 15 minutes. In this case, the water container must be open.
Attention! Not all microorganisms die with short-term heating to 100 degrees!
Most pathogenic bacteria (staphylococcus aureus, typhoid bacillus, shigella, Koch bacillus and others) perish when boiled after a few seconds. However, there are also more resistant microorganisms.
An example is the hepatitis A virus, which dies in boiling water only after 5 minutes. Anthrax spores, which can withstand boiling, show even greater endurance.
The method is based on a physico-chemical phenomenon, according to which, first of all, crystal clear water turns into ice.
The substance with impurities freezes last. Instructions for using freezing are simple.
Water is poured into an open container and placed in the freezer. When half of the liquid freezes, the ice is taken out, and the rest is drained. Thawed ice is ready to use without any additional processing.
Obtaining pure, salt-free water is based on distillation. The technological process in everyday life requires the presence of special equipment - a distiller. It is a system of a container in which water is heated, a tube through which steam moves and a container in which the purified liquid is collected.
The method has two undeniable advantages:
However, there are also disadvantages:
Important! Prolonged use of distilled water leads to leaching of potassium, iron, manganese and other physiologically important elements from the body.
Due to the porous structure the substance actively absorbs mineral and organic impurities.
The cleaning option is simple and convenient, but it also has disadvantages. The sorption capacity of coal is limited.
Home instructions for use are simple. Several tablets are placed in a gauze bag and placed in a vessel with water.
The dosage of the sorbent is 1 tablet per 1 liter of liquid. Functional analogues of charcoal are crushed coconut shells or ground fruit tree pits.
Silver is a metal with pronounced bactericidal properties. This is the basis for its use in the biological treatment of liquids.
According to the level of action, silver is equated to bleach. This metal is even used in swimming pools for disinfection. It is known that the water supplied to the international space stations is preserved with silver.
For bio-cleaning at home, it is enough to put a silver object in a container with water.
But with this method, the proportion of metal passing into water will be low.
For a more pronounced effect, it is necessary to use a solution where silver is in ionic form.
Carefully! It has been scientifically proven that in high concentrations, silver negatively affects a living cell. Therefore, it is undesirable to abuse this method.
Iodine is widely used in medicine as a disinfectant. This property is also used for domestic purposes. The advantage of iodine is its high bactericidal ability.
This greatly limits the use of iodination. An analogue of this method can be bromination. But the use of bromine is expensive, so it is not widely used at home.
Shungite is a fossil mineral with unique physical and chemical properties.
This is an excellent sorbent that absorbs:
Shungite has bactericidal properties. The composition of the mineral contains a large number of trace elements, due to this, the water is mineralized during infusion.
Important to remember that the mineral has a limited sorption capacity. Microbes, accumulating inside the stone, are able to live there. Therefore, the shungite filter should be periodically replaced with a new one.
To find the right water purification method, you need to know which pollutants are present in it in the greatest amount.
Before proceeding with household after-treatment of tap or natural water, it is worth collecting information about its composition.
The ideal option is a laboratory analysis or household tests. Such data will help to navigate in the choice of the desired method of water purification.
Important! If the same container is used for cleaning and disinfection, it must be washed periodically. In the light, water "blooms", that is, green algae appear in it, which remain on the walls of the vessel and degrade the quality of each subsequent portion of water.
The quality of water supplied to apartments and houses is regulated by sanitary and hygienic standards. Despite state control, the water supplied to the consumer does not always meet the standards. With the emerging problem, household methods of post-treatment help to cope.
The presented review makes it possible to objectively evaluate the entire range of methods and choose the most suitable one in specific conditions. Cleaning at home allows you to save on expensive modern ones.
With proper implementation and combination of methods, you can get water with good organoleptic and chemical indicators at the outlet.
At home, you can purify water using household filters, freezing, settling, boiling, as well as a combination of all these and some other methods.
Spring water does not flow from our taps. This problem has been going on for more than a decade, and there is still no global solution. Perhaps, somewhere in a faraway country, foreign utilities have already found a way to supply “clean tears” to homes. And we can only look for our own methods of water purification for each individual apartment.
The quality of tap water is far from any sanitary and simply human standards. Chlorination or, at best, fluoridation relieves it of infectious agents, but does not at all save it from additives such as pesticides, nitrates, salts of heavy metals.
Although industrial methods of water purification should become more perfect from year to year, in fact, only MPC standards change. The concentrations of harmful substances that are acceptable for domestic water are artificially inflated and simply legalize the chemical "cocktail" that enters our taps.
There are many home ways to purify water from harmful or simply undesirable impurities, but each of them fights with one group of substances or organisms. Therefore, to obtain the desired result, it is often necessary to take a whole range of measures.
Water purification at home is possible in several ways, but it is important to understand the physics of each process, since it is quite difficult to ideally separate liquid into drinking and technical.
This method not only allows the heavy sediment to be separated, it also gives the water time to self-purify itself of volatile ammonia and chlorine compounds. In order for the process to be as efficient as possible, the water is settled in a container with a wide top and without a lid for at least 8 hours. Then you can pour it into a clean container, trying not to mix the layers, and pour out the lower quarter altogether.
After each settling, rinse the walls and bottom of the main container with a solution of acetic or citric acid to remove lime deposits.
At one time, there was a boom in various filtration systems, the manufacturers of which promised trouble-free water softening at home and almost 100% cleaning result. Gradually, the less effective ones were eliminated, and the most reliable methods continue to be used in everyday life:
The method is as old as the world, and effective not only for the destruction of pathogens. During boiling, calcium salts are removed from the water. True, they do not disappear at all, but settle on the inner surface of the kettle, after which they have to be removed from the dishes. Other dissolved substances cannot be neutralized in this way, and water purification from odor during boiling is impossible.
For rough preparation and disinfection of at least 50-70 percent, the water should boil for at least 10-15 minutes, since most pathogens do not die immediately. A higher pathogen kill rate of 98-99% requires even more time - about half an hour. And in the case of anthrax, it will take at least an hour to boil water. So an electric kettle with auto-off is definitely not suitable for these purposes.
But boiling has a downside. Most urban water treatment plants resort to chlorination in the old fashioned way, and after boiling, the chlorine residues turn into a dangerous carcinogen - chloroform. In addition, a natural decrease in the volume of water increases the percentage of other impurities in it. So this method should be used only in conjunction with settling, and double - before boiling and after it. 
Simply put, evaporation. The same boiling, but the resulting steam will have to be collected. You will need a homemade water purification device that works on the principle of a distillation apparatus. The design can be the simplest:
In this case, all harmful substances will remain in the evaporator tank, and ideally pure water will be collected in the condensing coil. Of course, it tastes unpleasant, and you shouldn’t use distillate regularly - after all, the supply of minerals in the human body is replenished, including drinking water. Moreover, the distilled liquid will dissolve useful salts already in the cells and wash out the substances necessary for normal life.
Our distant ancestors knew how to purify water and make it safe. At least those who were rich enough to "drink and eat on silver." The disinfecting effect of pure argentum is indeed widely known, but only the precious metal is needed not technical and not even jewelry, which comes with the addition of low-melting copper. In silver dishes, water is defended for about a day. If there is no such container, you can simply put a silver object in a regular container.
Copper kitchen utensils give a similar effect, but it is not recommended to keep water in it for longer than 4 hours. Otherwise, instead of a disinfected liquid, you will get a solution of toxic compounds transferred from copper.
A surprisingly effective way to partially get rid of pathogenic bacteria and almost completely remove dissolved salts from the liquid. In this case, no complex device for water purification is required, except perhaps a sufficiently capacious freezer.
The liquid from the tap must be poured into plastic bottles, but not to the very neck, but leaving a couple of centimeters free. As it freezes, the water will expand in volume and may burst the container. For the same reason, glass cannot be used at all.
Send the prepared containers to the freezer, but monitor the condition of the water. When half to two thirds of the volume freezes, the remains must be poured out - they contain a large amount of mineral impurities that do not allow the liquid to solidify quickly at the set 0 ° C. Ice can be thawed and used for its intended purpose, or additional water purification methods can be applied to improve the result.
Safe cleaning methods aimed specifically at water disinfection are used in modern ozonation systems. 20 minutes of operation of such a device is enough to destroy most harmful microbes. For some time, this effect persists, so it is very useful to wash food products with ozonated water so that they become safe for humans.
The method is very similar to settling tap water in a separate container, but with the addition of minerals. Silicon for water purification should be taken smaller so that the total surface area of the stones is maximum. It has a disinfecting effect and even benefits the body. has a rejuvenating, immunostimulating effect, strengthens the walls of blood vessels.
You can buy this miracle mineral in a pharmacy, and it is not difficult to use it: pour it with water and leave it to infuse for a day or two. Silicon attracts impurities and pathogenic microbes, so only the upper layers of water can be used, otherwise the whole point of purification is lost. After that, the precipitate is removed and the next portion is poured. But first, inspect the pebbles so that they do not have a thin coating. If the silicon is contaminated, it must be washed under running water with a clean toothbrush.
Shungite for the same purposes is recommended to be taken larger - one 100-gram stone is needed for each liter of liquid. The preparation is almost the same as the silicon water recipe: steeping for 3 days and pouring over the top layers. The mineral needs cleaning every six months.
Shungite water should not be drunk by people prone to oncology, blood clots and with high acidity of gastric juice.
Many plants common in our latitudes also have cleansing properties. For example, when using rowan branches, even complete purification of water from the smell is possible - you just need to put fresh cuts into it for a couple of hours. Willow bark, juniper and bird cherry leaves give the same bactericidal effect after 12 hours.
For quick cleaning of harmful impurities, use activated charcoal at the rate of 1 tablet per glass. After a quarter of an hour, the water can be filtered and subjected to disinfecting treatment. Alternatively, use a homemade charcoal filter by laying several layers of gauze with crushed powder. Or simply wrap the tablets in a clean piece of bandage and leave them in a container of water overnight.
Tap water passes through treatment facilities and according to sanitary standards Decree of the Chief Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation "On the Enactment of Sanitary Rules". considered drinking. The problem is that they clean it with mechanical filters and chlorine. They kill bacteria, but pass salts of heavy metals and other impurities. Water enters the apartment through water pipes, from which rust, metal filings, sand, microbes and salts of heavy metals get into the water.
All this "compote" is pouring from the tap. If you drink such water once, nothing fatal will happen. But if you drink tap water regularly, then serious health problems can appear.
In general, many factors affect the quality of tap water. For example, the ecological situation in the region, the presence of heavy industry, mining, the efficiency of treatment facilities. For example, in 2017 the cleanest tap water was State report "On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population in the Russian Federation in 2017" . in St. Petersburg, Sevastopol, Voronezh and Astrakhan regions. The dirtiest and undrinkable is in the republics of Mari El and Bashkortostan, the Murmansk region, Altai and Stavropol territories.
Tap water contains dangerous impurities that are odorless, tasteless and colorless. They are not removed by boiling and accumulate in the human body, causing serious illness. For example, tap water may contain:
The most technologically advanced and effective way is reverse osmosis filter. Water is purified using a special membrane that does not absorb any more substances. Therefore, harmful impurities and hardness salts remain on the membrane and are washed off into the sewer. The output is bottled water, only from your tap. Soft, completely free from rust, heavy metal ions, toxins, bacteria and viruses. These filters are used by bottled water manufacturers around the world. Only at home, water will cost much less. For example, for a family of three, an average of 1.7 rubles per liter will come out in the first year after buying a filter and 70 kopecks in the future.
Health
You can't argue with the statement that water is the basis of life and the guarantee of our health. Therefore, water purification is the most important household process, which must be given due attention.
We bring to your attention an overview of the most popular water filters that you can make yourself at home without significant material costs.
However, you can get a similar effect by observing two conditions:
Despite its simplicity and popularity,this method has significant disadvantages:
This method of water purification involves settling tap water for 8 - 12 hours(this is how long it takes for the evaporation of chlorine and other volatile impurities).
To speed up the process of evaporation of harmful substances it is recommended to stir the water periodically.
But keep in mind that heavy metal salts remain in settled water, which settle at the bottom, so it is not recommended to mix the water an hour and a half before the end of purification.
In order to get water purified from heavy metals at the outlet, it is recommended to carefully pour 2/3 of the liquid into another container: this must be done so that the sediment remains at the bottom.
Freezing is a simple and effective method that allows not only to purify water from salts and other harmful compounds, but also to improve its quality by saturating it with oxygen.
The benefits of melt water are undeniable:
How to get melt water? Very simple:
Activated carbon is a budget-friendly, but at the same time effective water purifier that absorbs various harmful impurities and unpleasant odors.
By the way, household water filters are equipped with carbon filters.
We suggest making such a reliable filter yourself.For this you will need:
Let's start making a three-layer filter:
Our filter is ready! At the same time, it is important that the filter layers fit tightly to each other, then the water will be purified not only from harmful impurities and odors, but also from mechanical particles and rust.
If you have neither the time nor the desire to manufacture a carbon filter, we offerlightweight water treatment option:
This method of purifying water from microbes, viruses, bleach and other harmful substances was practiced by many generations of our ancestors.
Cleaning water with silver is easier than ever - just enough place any piece of silver in a container of water for 8-10 hours.
Silver not only disinfects water. This metal has a positive effect on the immune system, improves the condition of the skin and hair, speeds up metabolic processes, and normalizes the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract.
Important! Do not use colloidal (or liquid) silver for water purification! It, accumulating in the body, provokes poisoning and can lead to the development of a serious disease called argyrosis, which is characterized by darkening of the skin, which acquires a darkish gray tint.
The procedure for purifying water with silicon is simple, but at the same time effective.
For its implementation, you will need a stone weighing 5 - 10 g, which can be purchased at a pharmacy.
Silicon Water Purification Procedure:
Water purified with silicon has a beneficial effect on the immune and circulatory systems, and also has a rejuvenating effect.
Another stone used for water purification is shungite, which, like silicon, can be purchased at a pharmacy.
This mineral attracts and absorbs chlorine, phenol and acetone compounds, removes harmful bacteria and microorganisms from the water, which has a positive effect on the functioning of the whole organism.
To purify a liter of water, you will need 100 g of shungite.
Shungite water purification procedure:
After each use, the stone should be thoroughly washed, brushed once a month, and replaced with a new one every six months.
Unlike silicon, water purified by shungite hascontraindications:
Therefore, before using this stone in the form of a cleansing filter, it is better to consult with your doctor.
Traditional medicine offers a lot of water purification methods, but we will consider the most popular and effective ones.
And let's start with apple cider vinegar, a teaspoon of which is diluted in a liter of water, after which the liquid is allowed to brew for 2 to 3 hours so that microbes die.
Instead of vinegar 5% iodine can be used, which is added to water at the rate of 3 drops of iodine per liter of water. Let the water brew for 2 hours, after which you can use it.
Immediately make a reservation that water purified using vinegar or iodine (and some recommend using these components for cleaning at the same time) has a rather unpleasant odor and unusual taste.
In addition, it should be remembered that an excess of iodine in the body can lead to malfunctions in its work:
Therefore, with the purification of drinking water with iodine, you should be careful.
Pleasant smell and tasty water, purified bunches of rowan. By the way, some experts put the use of mountain ash in terms of efficiency on a par with water purification with silver or activated carbon.
To purify water, simply dip a carefully washed bunch of ripe mountain ash into a container of water. Natural antibiotics, which this plant is rich in, will destroy bacteria no worse than chlorine in 3 hours.
Instead of bunches of mountain ash, you can use onion husks, bird cherry leaves and juniper branches to purify water, but then, in order to purify, the water must be infused for at least 12 hours.
Important! To enhance the cleansing effect, it is recommended to filter the water after infusion.
Despite their simplicity, folk methods are not able to completely purify water from chlorine compounds and microbes, so you should not place special hopes on them.
In any case, from the proposed list, you can choose the most suitable treatment option for yourself, thanks to which the water will become not only healthy, but also tastier!
It so happened that tap water is often the only source of water for a modern city dweller. At the same time, such water in our country almost never meets the quality criteria, either for drinking or for cooking.
Not everyone can afford special filters, devices, their components. What can be done in this case, how to purify water at home on your own?
These methods are simple and do not require any costs, or these costs are negligible. The most famous of them are boiling, freezing, settling, as well as purification with activated carbon, silver, shungite.
The main advantage of boiling is the guaranteed total destruction of bacteria. Boiling decomposes such chemical elements as chlorine, ammonia, radon and some other heavy compounds.
Boiled water is safe to drink. Some cleaning by boiling exists, but has its drawbacks:
Firstly, this is a change in the structure of water. Boiling "dead" water, because in this process, along with the destruction of harmful substances, oxygen is removed.
Secondly, in the process of evaporating some of the water, the concentration of salts in the remaining liquid increases. Salts in the form of scale and lime deposits are deposited on the walls of the dishes. Particles of these sediments enter our stomach every day.
It is not difficult to imagine the consequences of such processes: these are kidney stones, arthrosis, and liver dysfunction.
Important! A few years ago, scientists proved that in the process of boiling one unsafe substance is formed - chloroform. It is derived from ordinary chlorine and, if ingested for a long time, promotes the formation of cancer cells. Conclusion - the method of boiling should not be the main and only method of water purification.
The essence of the method is to filter the liquid by the method of its crystallization. Freezing gives the best cleaning result. But in order to get truly purified water, it is not enough just to freeze and thaw it. To get high-quality cleaning, you need to make sure that the freezing process occurs smoothly.
After freezing, you need to remove the frozen water located in the middle of the container, it is this that should not be consumed. When the liquid freezes, the main component crystallizes in the coldest place. That is, only pure water freezes first, and if it is separated from contaminants and heavy metals, the purification is a success.
You can remove the frozen liquid from the middle as follows:
This method is based on the fact that heavy metals will settle, and the upper layers of the water will become cleaner.
Most often, settling is used to clean tap water from chlorine.
The method is suitable if nothing else can be done. Water should stand for at least 2-3 hours and not be mixed.
After settling, the percentage of chlorine in the upper third of the tank will decrease significantly.
But upholding does not solve the problem of cleaning from dirt, bacteria, pathogens. Therefore, after settling, water still cannot be eaten without boiling.
Activated carbon is a part of many coagulants (lat. coagulatio coagulation), so we can assume that this method really works. Activated carbon is able to cope with unpleasant and specific odors, if any, and also, as a sorbent, it will “pull out” all harmful impurities from the liquid.
The cleaning process is as follows:
No less entertaining is the method of purifying water with silver, which came to the world from Ancient India. The ancient inhabitants noticed the amazing properties of silver and copper dishes, especially the effect of water was strong if the contents of the vessel were exposed to the sun. Water, charged with silver ions, is not only 100% disinfected, but also improves metabolic processes, has a beneficial effect on the immune system.
"Silver Water" has long won many adherents of this method around the world. Hundreds of scientific treatises have been written on the topic of water positively charged with silver ions. The whole “salt” is as follows: water enters into a chemical reaction with silver molecules, enriching it with positively charged ions.
Important! A concentration of 20-40 micrograms makes silver water healthy and safe to drink.
For external use - masks, lotions, treatment of dishes - doctors recommend a concentrate - 10,000 mcg, which in its action can be compared with a powerful antiseptic.
Carefully! It is absolutely impossible to drink such a solution - this will entail poisoning. Like everything useful, silver water has a downside, so the main thing is not to overdo it.
To purify water with homemade silver, just dip a silver spoon, bracelet or other silver jewelry into the decanter.
Water interacts with silver for 2-3 days and only after that it becomes ionized. With such an ionization period, there is no risk of obtaining a concentrate - this would take much longer.
Another method that has gained wide popularity in recent years is water purification with shungite.
Shungite is a natural mineral. The uniqueness of the stone is due to the rare form of carbon molecules called fullerenes. Shungite is used for water conditioning. When interacting with a liquid, the globular carbon of shungite shares its miraculous properties with it. Possessing bipolar properties, it is able to mix with the components of animate and inanimate nature.
Shungite water is prepared as follows:
“Water” and “life” are related and complementary concepts. No water, no life.
The human body consists of two thirds of water and everyone, on average, drinks neither more nor less during their life - about 75 tons of water. That is why it is very important to monitor the purity of this vital product.
How to purify water at home is up to you. The main thing is to make the right choice and enjoy the taste - there is nothing more amazing than real pure water.
