Underground, consider the advantages and disadvantages various materials, required diameter and connection options.
The market offers us pipes for underground sewerage of various diameters, materials and connection options.
To make an informed choice, you need to consider:
External sewer pipes must meet numerous requirements: to be durable, reliable, wear-resistant. Properly selected sewer pipes for specific conditions will ensure effective waste disposal for many years.
Underground sewerage can be laid using the following materials:
Two latest options are used very rarely, and more and more users are choosing pipes made of cast iron and plastic.
Advantages:
Flaws:
Flaws:
It is also worth noting that the characteristics PVC pipes may vary depending on the manufacturer. In addition, such pipes can vary in hardness, and depending on it used on different depths. The stiffest class S pipes can be used at depths of up to 8 m, medium-stiff class N pipes can be used at depths up to 6 m, and light class L pipes can be used at depths up to 2 m.
Advantages:
Flaws:
On sale there are smooth and corrugated ones, which have greater strength.
Advantages:
Flaws:
Despite the huge number of advantages, plastic has low strength, so outer surface pipes are made corrugated, increasing their rigidity. Inner surface at the same time it remains smooth so as not to retain runoff.
To produce such pipes, a mixture of Portland cement and asbestos fiber is used.
Advantages:
Flaws:
These disadvantages negate all the advantages of asbestos-cement pipes, so they are practically not used today.
Ceramics have been used to make sewer pipes since antiquity and are still used today this material is still used for these purposes.
Advantages:
Flaws:
It is precisely because of their high fragility that it is very difficult to use ceramic pipes, and they have almost been forced out of the modern market.
When choosing the diameter of a sewer pipe, it is necessary to take into account the external and inner dimensions, since the wall thickness can vary significantly.
For domestic external sewerage 110 mm standard applies. This diameter is sufficient for maintenance. When combined into one sewer network several houses or an entire village, the diameter should increase in accordance with the calculations for the project.
All the time we were talking about pipes with round, which are used in the vast majority of cases, because wastewater moves through them as quickly as possible. However, this is far from the only option. Sometimes used ellipsoidal pipes: they are necessary when the soil creates strong pressure on the pipes or when the load of waste on them is too high. When the sewerage system is not too deep (up to 1 m), you can use pipes with semicircular and rectangular cross-section. It is also worth noting that if the sewer system is not deep enough, it must be insulated to avoid pipe rupture during the cold season.
– the most complex, requiring special knowledge and application of equipment. Welding is performed on metal and plastic pipes. Such connections are extremely inconvenient in cases where repairs are necessary.
By analyzing which underground sewer pipes are most suitable in a particular case, you will get rid of many problems associated with the difficulties of cleaning and repair.
Underground sewerage includes a whole complex of engineering structures, equipment, as well as sanitary cleaning work that ensures their uninterrupted operation. Sewerage is integral part water supply and drainage systems.
All wastewater is transported through the system to a settling tank. The system consists of two independent branches, for domestic drainage and for drainage of atmospheric water ( storm drain). It is customary for them to be transported through separate pipelines.
Laying underground sewerage is the most expensive, both in terms of time and material costs. When laying out the system, it is necessary to take into account many criteria that will ensure long-term and uninterrupted operation. One of the criteria is pipe insulation. If the insulation is not done well, the pipes may freeze in severe frost and the drainage will stop. Application plastic pipes, are less dangerous due to the fact that they are not afraid of deformation, since cast iron will not burst.
The depth of laying the external sewer pipe in the ground depends on the depth of soil freezing in your area and is calculated 30 cm deeper than this depth. It is customary to lay underground sewerage to a depth of at least 70cm, and for areas with low winter temperatures, this depth is set to at least 1.2m. Today, the industry produces special polypropylene pipes that have good thermal insulation characteristics. The use of thermal insulation can significantly reduce the depth of sewerage in the ground, and, therefore, reduce the cost of installation and subsequent repair and maintenance work.
Light pipe weight
Easy to install.
Minuses:
Soft, easily deformed when pressure increases,
Pipes with thick walls are very expensive,
They become unusable when exposed to sunlight.
There are smooth and corrugated. The latter, by the way, are more durable.
Pros:
Possibility of laying pipes to a depth of up to 15 m, since they do not deform under the weight of the soil,
Smooth inner walls
Small mass
Easy installation due to the presence of connectors and tees,
Service life more than 50 years.
Minuses:
Deforms at temperatures above 65° C,
They become unusable when exposed to sunlight,
Installs only in the ground.
Despite all their advantages, polyethylene pipes have little strength, so their rigidity is increased due to the outer corrugated layer.
Such pipes are made from a water mixture of cement and asbestos.
Pros:
Resistant to any chemical substances,
Service life up to 100 years,
Easy to install and simply connect to each other,
Small mass
They rarely get clogged.
Minuses:
Very fragile (this must be taken into account when purchasing and carefully inspect the pipes for chips and cracks),
Difficult transportation, again, due to fragility.
These two disadvantages overshadow all the advantages of such pipes, so they are now practically not used.
Ceramic pipes were used even before our era, but even now they are also used in sewer construction.
Pros:
Easily tolerate temperature changes,
Resistant to any chemicals, even the most caustic ones,
Easy to install,
They practically do not clog due to the slight roughness of the internal walls.
Minuses:
Very fragile and this makes their installation and delivery difficult,
Small length, which leads to a large number of joints between them.
Due to their fragility, ceramic pipes have almost disappeared from the market as they are difficult to use.
When choosing the diameter of a sewer pipe, you need to pay attention to both the internal and external diameters.
For sewerage of a small private suitable for home pipe with a standard diameter of 110 mm. When combining several sewers into one network, the diameter of the pipe must increase. Pipes for polyurethane foam are used largest size diameter
In most cases, pipes with a round cross-section are used. But there are cases when pipes with a rectangular or elliptical cross-section are used.
Rectangular pipes can be installed if the sewage system is located at a depth of up to 1 meter, and ellipsoidal ones in the case where soil or drainage creates very strong pressure on the pipes.
It should also be remembered that if the sewer system is located shallow, then it must be insulated, otherwise you may experience pipe rupture at sub-zero temperatures.
There are three connection methods:
1) welding- the most difficult method, as it requires certain skills and special equipment. Used to connect plastic and metal pipes. In case of repair, such connections create some difficulties;
2) bell-shaped- a thin section of the pipe is inserted into the wide end of the second pipe (socket), rubber seals and sealants are used for tightness, and tow is added at the end;
3) coupling (flange, socketless)- the two pipes are pressed tightly against each other with their cuts, a rubber cuff is placed on top and tightened with a clamp. This is the most convenient method for sewer repair.
From all this we can conclude: before choosing a particular type of pipe, it is necessary to analyze all the factors for specific situation to avoid problems in the future. For example, calculate the slope of a sewer pipe depending on the site.
Basically, PVC products are used for the construction of modern sewers, which have many advantages and disadvantages. But pipes of other materials, which have their own characteristics, can be used. Due to the fact that the consumer is primarily interested in which pipe to use for underground sewerage in accordance with his budget, we will consider suitable and affordable varieties.
Preparing trenches for laying sewer pipes
Pipelines with standard sizes. Their diameter is determined by GOSTs, that is, pipes can have sizes of 10, 50, 90, 110, 300 and 160 mm. There are also products of large diameters, but they are not suitable for private construction.
Basically, the connection of plastic pipes is made using a similar technology by inserting into a fitting or other pipeline. Fittings include tees, angles, crosses, bends, revisions, plugs.
All plastic products are light weight, density 0.95-1.4 g/cm3, and differ in dielectric properties. Pipes have a slippery and smooth surface, which protects them from deposits.
PVC pipes are resistant to alkalis, acids and mineral oils. They are characterized by long-term operation, but at a temperature of 70 degrees their strength begins to lose. Therefore they are not suitable for industrial sewerage equipment. Also, PVC pipes are hard and slightly brittle and have low sound insulation.
Polyethylene pipes differ from PVC products in being more slippery and pliable. Polyethylene is characterized by better noise absorption, resistance to mechanical damage, and better chemical resistance to acids, biomass and alkalis. Polyethylene can be used to produce corrugated products intended for underground installation, resistant to pressure and soil displacement. But there is a risk of pipe deformation during loading hot water.
installation of inspection wells
A more durable material for the production of pressure pipes is polypropylene. Its softening temperature reaches 140 ºС, melting temperature – 175 degrees. Polypropylene sewerage resistant to boiling water drainage, but at temperatures below 5 ºС the material becomes brittle. Because of this, pipelines need to be laid underground or thermally insulated. Polypropylene is highly resistant to wear, so it can be used for draining wastewater with a high content of solid abrasive elements.
Cast iron pipes can often be found in old buildings, but they are no longer recommended for new buildings. The only advantage of cast iron pipes over plastic ones is their high noise absorption. Otherwise, they are characterized by a large mass, high cost, difficult installation. They can be used for laying under roads due to their high strength. If you have chosen these pipes, then it is better to choose products treated with an anti-corrosion compound.
When constructing a sewer system in cities and enterprises, ceramic, reinforced concrete and asbestos-cement pipelines can be used. But they are not used in domestic conditions.
Mostly, home owners refuse cast iron products due to difficult installation and large mass, preferring their plastic counterparts. Plastic pipelines can be laid independently without specialists. In addition, plastic is characterized by resistance to aggressive environmental influences and durability.
For laying internal sewerage It is better to choose polyvinyl chloride products that are resistant to wastewater at different temperatures. The pipes withstand freezing and soil pressure, do not form cracks and there is no loss of shape. In addition, plastic structures are sealed and corrosion resistant.
The rules for laying sewers have one condition that must be strictly adhered to - avoid sudden changes in levels and turns. When laying sewerage, you must comply regulatory documentation SNiP P-G.3-62.
security correct angle sewer pipe slope
If you study SNiP 2.04.01-85, it describes in detail the calculation for choosing the size of pipes for sewerage. It turns out that suitable diameter sewer pipes in a private house are 50 mm, to which plumbing equipment for the kitchen and bath can be installed. For the riser and toilet, structures with a diameter of more than 10 cm are chosen, since in such places a large water flow is created.
The toilet should be mounted to the riser via a separate pipeline. There is no need to connect products with a smaller size to its drain, otherwise the flow may block the cross-section of the pipeline and create a vacuum in the connected pipe. Because of this, the siphons of other equipment may become dry.
As a result of this, the optimal choice would be pipes with a diameter of 50 mm for horizontal surfaces that go to the kitchen or bathroom, and for the riser and toilet - 110 mm.
For individual drain points (shower, bidet, sink) you can use smaller pipe diameters of 22-40 mm. Here rubber cuffs or couplings with a transitional size are used.
For apartment buildings (with 5 floors), pipes with a diameter of 100 mm are suitable, and in buildings with more floors, pipelines larger than 150 mm should be laid.
Pipes connecting several risers with access to a sewer well can be up to 20 cm in size.
In addition to choosing the appropriate pipe size, you should consider the details of laying the sewer system. The diameter of the horizontal pipeline cannot be larger than the riser for drainage. Installation of horizontal connections is carried out with oblique angles and tees. Right angles are allowed only when connecting the riser to a horizontal section.
At sewer bends, inspections are installed - openings with covers for cleaning pipes.
First, a system design is created, which takes into account the following factors:
The project reflects the placement of all drain points in the house, on the territory, the location of the water intake point, and the septic tank. The turning points, sewer pipe installation lines, and inspection installation are also indicated.
At this stage, the material used, the need for thermal insulation, drainage system and the number of adapters are determined. For bends and adapters, a slope of 45ºC must be created; from the pipe to the septic tank the slope must be at least 2 cm per linear meter. If the sewerage system is laid above the freezing point of the soil, it is insulated and the connections are sealed with sealant or silicone.
laying sewer pipes at the foundation stage
Do-it-yourself installation of sewer pipes begins after marking the system on the territory, calculating the installation depth, and selecting pipes required diameter, cleaning facility.
Preparatory work involves digging a pit for a septic tank or cesspool, after which a trench is dug for pipe installation. They need to be dug 20 cm lower than the planned level of laying sewer elements.
Plastic is resistant to low temperatures, but to prevent water from freezing in such pipes, they are wrapped with thermal insulation and covered with a dry mixture of cement and sand in a ratio of 1/3.
laying a drain pipe to a sewer septic tank
In order for the sewer system to work properly, the slope of the pipes specified in the project must be observed. The depth of the trench on a flat surface near the house should be less than near the treatment plant. With a natural slope from the building to the septic tank, a trench is dug with a uniform depth along the entire length of the pipes.
At steep slope It is better to divide the sewer system into compartments with different levels, where drop-off or distribution wells are installed.
The bottom of the trench is compacted and covered with a crushed stone or sand layer. Pipes can be laid in a trench to any depth. When the groundwater level is high and the soil is deeply frozen, a buried trench is dug into which the pipeline is laid high. When the water level is low, it is placed near the bottom or in the center of the trench.
Before laying pipes in trenches, you should check the inside for cleanliness. Laying of the pipeline begins from the drain points in the house, after which the sewer is mounted to the side treatment plant, connect to the remaining branches of the street drain.
You should remember to install pipes using an O-ring or silicone grease, installing them in areas of turns and branches of auditors. After carefully laying the pipes, they are carefully wrapped with thermal insulation. Inspection wells, auditors and a ventilation pipe are installed near the house. If the pipeline is long, it will be necessary to create 1 or 2 ventilation pipes.
Before backfilling the system, a control drain should be performed, which will reflect the quality of the pipe installation.
At the end of all work, the sewer pipes are first filled with a mixture of sand and cement to a depth of 15 cm, and then with soil. Inspection wells and revisions are installed 20 cm above the ground level.
Additionally, you can familiarize yourself with video instructions on laying a sewer system, which you can do yourself if you follow the appropriate rules.
Any type of human activity has a colossal impact on the environment. Especially if it's industrial production, the waste from which poses a huge danger.
Enterprise wastewater, which has a structure modified by physical or chemical methods and a number of impurities, can cause serious damage to the environment. That is why the problem of industrial wastewater disposal has been relevant since the emergence of industrial enterprises. At the moment, the most effective solution to this problem is the installation of a sewer network. Two types of sewerage can be used as a local sewerage system at a production facility: external and underground.
External sewerage is a complex of structures and systems located outside the enterprise building. It is a network of sewer pipes located on overpasses (supports) and laid to cleaning devices. Underground sewerage includes a set of engineering systems and equipment, sewer pipes to which are laid in dug trenches or punctures.
Ground installation is carried out in most cases in areas with permafrost soils. The pipes are located on channels and trays that are above ground or partially grounded. The method of installing such a sewer network depends mainly on the conditions of the given facility.
Not very aesthetic appearance is the main disadvantage of external sewerage
For installation of pipes with small and medium diameters, steel or reinforced concrete masts and supports are used, for pipes with large diameters - reinforced concrete overpasses. Thermal extensions of the sewerage system are equipped with bent expansion joints. Maintenance is carried out from special sites. If necessary, it is possible to install special bridges for crossing.
In terms of cost, as well as the price of installation and maintenance, external sewerage is more profitable than underground sewerage, but it spoils the aesthetic impression and is not always appropriate.
Underground sewerage installation somewhat different. There are two types of laying a sewer network underground: channelless (installation of pipes directly in the ground) and channel (laying in special channels).
The first method has a lower cost and is completed much faster than the second. The safety of pipes is ensured special insulation and thickening of the shell. The second provides a high degree of protection of the pipe from mechanical damage and environmental influences. In addition, the channels used in this method are also divided into several types:
Underground sewerage used much more often than aboveground. It provides good pipe protection, is more compact, and retains its appearance. environment. However, it also costs much more.
It is unlikely that you will be able to save money on installing an underground sewer system
Aboveground sewerage ideal when crossing difficult terrain or water obstacles. In addition, it is very popular in areas with frozen soil that does not allow underground installation.
Which method is better is a moot point. It all depends on the purpose of the sewer, environmental conditions, aesthetics, convenience and a number of other factors. However, each type has undoubted advantages, which, if used correctly, will serve uninterruptedly for many years.
The construction of communications brings into country life real comfort, but their open location does not have the best effect on the aesthetic component of the site. It's a completely different matter if sewer pipeline buried in the ground: it is not visible, the highway does not interfere with movement.
However for underground device system requires compliance with rules and regulations. They should be studied, don’t you agree?
The fundamental laws and subtle nuances according to which sewer pipes are laid in the ground are presented on our website. Based on the information we offer, you will build a trouble-free external sewer system.
A pipeline constructed in accordance with our advice will work perfectly at any time of the year. The article presented to your attention scrupulously describes the technology for constructing the underground part of the sewer system.
The material describes the nuances of design and installation details. Recommendations for implementation preventive measures and compliance with sewerage operating rules. To make it easier to understand, the information is supplemented with photo images and video instructions.
Today, almost every household has necessary set amenities for a comfortable stay: washbasin, sink, toilet, shower or full bath, washing machine and other benefits of civilization. Many houses are equipped with not one, but several bathrooms and bathrooms.
This entire facility, when fully operational, produces a large amount of waste per day and Wastewater. According to standards, the amount of liquid waste per person per day is from 5.4 to 9.5 liters, which must be discharged somewhere.
As a rule, country houses where people live permanently have many different plumbing fixtures, which makes it necessary to equip an autonomous sewer system
Therefore, the drainage system is a mandatory part engineering communications individual house. It consists of an outlet from a residential building and an external sewer network laid on the site.
Many owners of private houses, paying Special attention internal system, for some reason they do not always treat the arrangement of external networks properly.
Indeed, the process of laying a pipeline seems simple; it is enough to dig a trench, connect the pipes to each other, the intra-house system and the collector, and then cover everything with earth.
But this is only at first glance. In fact, in this, as in any other work, there are many nuances that must be taken into account. Failure to comply with technological standards and improper installation of the pipeline may in the future lead to siltation and other significant problems.
If the site has a natural slope that exceeds the recommended standards, it is possible to lay a sewer system with several vertical transitions. In this case, on horizontal sections of the pipeline it is necessary to comply with regulatory indicators.
If you have not insulated your sewer pipes, or have not insulated them sufficiently, and they are frozen, first of all, you need to identify the damaged section of the pipeline in order to choose a method to solve the problem. Metal pipes can be heated using a blowtorch.
If the pipeline is made of plastic, open fire cannot be used. You can pour hot water into the sewer, in which you have previously dissolved salt (2 kg per 10 liters of water). You can direct a stream of steam or hot water to the revision closest to the frozen area.
If the damaged pipe is located in the middle of the main line, you can use a steam generator to warm the soil. However, this process can take quite a long time. It is best to prevent the system from freezing, and when laying pipes, provide them with high-quality thermal insulation.
This video covers the process of laying external sewerage in great detail, and also provides regulatory indicators that must be adhered to during installation:
This video shows how to lay sewer pipes in the ground:
Despite its apparent simplicity, the work of laying sewer pipes requires a competent approach and knowledge of regulatory laying rules. Only if the necessary indicators are met and correct execution work, you can build a truly effective and durable sewer system.
Are you trying to install sewer pipes yourself? Or maybe you don’t agree with the material presented? We welcome your comments and questions – the contact form is located below.
The sewage system of a private house consists of internal and external pipelines. Installation of the internal part of the drainage system is complex and requires professionalism and the use of special equipment. In areas where there are outbuildings, plantings or roadbed, special equipment is used and sewer pipes are laid using the horizontal puncture method.
When choosing pipes, you need to consider:
Sewage pipes have their advantages and disadvantages, which vary depending on the material from which they are made:
| Pipe material | Advantages | Flaws |
|---|---|---|
| cast iron | durability, | heavy weight, difficulty in transportation and installation, roughness of the internal surface, high cost |
| steel | resistance to mechanical impact, smoothness of the inner walls | instability to moisture, susceptibility to corrosion |
| asbestos cement | durability, lightness, low cost | instability to mechanical stress, roughness of the internal surface |
| polyethylene | low cost, ease of transportation and installation, durability, resistance to chemicals, smooth internal surface | withstandable temperature - up to 50 degrees, instability to ultraviolet radiation |
| polypropylene | withstandable temperature – up to 80 degrees | low rigidity, susceptibility to deformation under mechanical stress |
| polyvinyl chloride | variety of types and sizes, ease of transportation and installation, smooth inner surface, wear resistance | withstandable temperature - up to 40 degrees |
Pipes made of polymers, in addition, can be smooth-walled or corrugated: the former are cheaper, the latter are more durable and elastic.
There are also insulated pipes and pipes with built-in heating cable– their use in the installation of shallow sewerage.
Installation of external sewerage into the ground occurs in three stages:
Before digging trenches for laying sewers, calculate the network configuration and determine:
In this article, we will help you figure out which pipe is best for underground sewerage, consider the advantages and disadvantages of various materials, the required diameter and connection options.
The market offers us pipes for underground sewerage of various diameters, materials and connection options.
To make an informed choice, you need to consider:
External sewer pipes must meet numerous requirements: to be durable, reliable, wear- and frost-resistant. Properly selected sewer pipes for specific conditions will ensure effective waste disposal for many years.
Underground sewerage can be laid using the following materials:
The last two options are used very rarely, and more and more users are choosing pipes made of cast iron and plastic.
Gray cast iron is inferior in its characteristics to ductile cast iron. IN modern version SML cast iron socketless pipes are recommended (you can learn more about them and select them on this page).
Advantages:
Flaws:
PVC pipes intended for outdoor use are produced orange color. Gray ones have a wall thickness of 2.7 mm and are not able to withstand soil pressure, therefore they are used exclusively for the installation of internal sewage systems. Corrugated pipes are intended for laying in the ground without boxes to a depth of more than two meters.
Advantages:
Flaws:
It is also worth noting that the characteristics of PVC pipes may vary depending on the manufacturer. In addition, such pipes can vary in hardness, and depending on it used at different depths. The stiffest class S pipes can be used at depths of up to 8 m, medium-stiff class N pipes can be used at depths up to 6 m, and light class L pipes can be used at depths up to 2 m.
Advantages:
Flaws:
On sale there are smooth and corrugated ones, which have greater strength.
Advantages:
Flaws:
Despite the huge number of advantages, plastic has low strength, so the outer surface of the pipes is made corrugated, increasing their rigidity. The inner surface remains smooth so as not to retain wastewater.
To produce such pipes, a mixture of Portland cement and asbestos fiber is used.
Advantages:
Flaws:
These disadvantages negate all the advantages of asbestos-cement pipes, so they are practically not used today.
Ceramics have been used to make sewer pipes since antiquity, and the material is still used for this purpose today.
Advantages:
Flaws:
It is precisely because of their high fragility that it is very difficult to use ceramic pipes, and they have almost been forced out of the modern market.
When choosing the diameter of a sewer pipe, it is necessary to take into account the external and internal dimensions, since the wall thickness can vary significantly.
For domestic external sewerage 110 mm standard applies. This diameter is sufficient for maintenance country house. When combining several houses or an entire village into one sewer network, the diameter must increase in accordance with the calculations for the project.
All the time we were talking about pipes with a round cross-section, which are used in the vast majority of cases, because wastewater moves through them as quickly as possible. However, this is far from the only option. Sometimes used ellipsoidal pipes: they are necessary when the soil creates strong pressure on the pipes or when the load of waste on them is too high. When the sewerage system is not located too deep (up to 1 m), pipes with a semicircular and rectangular cross-section can be used. It is also worth noting that if the sewer system is not deep enough, it must be insulated to avoid pipe rupture during the cold season.
By analyzing which underground sewer pipes are most suitable in a particular case, you will get rid of many problems associated with the difficulties of cleaning and repair.
