From 1994 to 2000, Tatarstan was a state associated with Russia, and in 2000 it became a subject of the Russian Federation with sovereign powers. Tourists mainly visit the capital of the republic Kazan, the city with a thousand-year history of Elabuga and the monasteries of Sviyazhsk.
There are local airfields in Bugulma, Menzelinsk, and Chistopol. They are used sporadically by civil aviation.
Kazan, Novy Urengoy, and Bugulma have direct railway connections with Moscow. From St. Petersburg - Kazan.
The main highway in the region is M7. You can use it from Kazan to Moscow, Naberezhnye Chelny, Ufa, Izhevsk, Perm.
Other routes:
P239: Kazan - Almetyevsk - Bugulma and further beyond the region.
P241 - from Kazan to Ulyanovsk.
A dense network of roads exists around the center of the oil and gas industry - the city of Almetyevsk.
Pahlave - sweetness with walnuts- today it is known far beyond the borders of Tatarstan. Also known is chak-chak - a traditional Tatar honey delicacy.
As for edible souvenirs, chak-chak is usually brought from Tatarstan.
In 1240 Volga Bulgaria subjugated itself Golden Horde. After the collapse of the Horde, the Kazan Khanate was formed here. This was in 1438. Kazan became the capital of the new state. The Khanate existed for just over 100 years, and in 1552 it was defeated by Ivan the Terrible.
Since 1552, the Kazan Khanate became the Kazan Kingdom under the rule of the Moscow Tsar. In 1708, the Kazan kingdom turned into the Kazan province, consisting of 12 counties. The province existed until 1917.
During Civil War, from 1917 to 1920, the status of this territory was not regulated. First they wanted to organize the Idel-Ural Republic here, then the Tatar-Bashkir Soviet Republic. However, both projects were not implemented. The founding date of Tatarstan is considered to be May 27, 1920. In 1922 it became the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (TASSR).
After the collapse of the USSR, the status of this territory was discussed. In 1990, a declaration of sovereignty was adopted, but in practice Tatarstan did not become a sovereign state. From 1994 to 2000 it was an associated state with Russia. In 2000, Tatarstan became a subject of the Russian Federation with sovereign powers.
The area of Tatarstan is 68 square meters. km. The length from north to south is 290 km, from west to east - 460 km.
The Republic of Tatarstan is part of the Volga Federal District. It borders on the Kirov, Orenburg, Samara and Ulyanovsk regions, as well as the republics of Bashkortostan, Mari El, Udmurtia and Chuvashia.
Cities: Aznakaevo, Almetyevsk, Bavly, Bugulma, Buinsk, Elabuga, Zainsk, Zelenodolsk, Kazan, Leninogorsk, Naberezhnye Chelny, Nizhnekamsk, Nurlat and Chistopol.
Districts: Agryzsky, Aznakaevsky, Aksubaevsky, Aktanyshsky, Alekseevsky, Alkeevsky, Almetyevsky, Apastovsky, Arsky, Atninsky, Bavlinsky, Baltasinsky, Bugulminsky, Buinsky, Verkhneuslonsky, Vysokogorsky, Drozhzhanovsky, Elabuga, Zainsky, Zelenodolsky, Kaybitsky, Kamsko-Ustinsky, Kukmorsky, Laishevsky, Leninogorsky, Mamadyshsky, Mendeleevsky, Menzelinsky, Muslyumovsky, Nizhnekamsky, Novosheshminsky, Nurlatsky, Pestrechinsky, Rybno-Slobodsky, Sabinsky, Sarmanovsky, Spassky, Tetyushsky, Tukaevsky, Tyulyachinsky, Cheremshansky, Chistopolsky and Yutazinsky.
GENERAL INFORMATION
Location: in the center Russian Federation, on the East European Plain, at the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers.
Square: 67,836.2 sq. km.
Capital: Kazan(1,231,878 people).
Population: population - 3,893,800 thousand people (2017), Tatars - 53.2%, Russians - 39.7%.
Administrative division : 43 municipal districts and 2 urban districts (Kazan and Naberezhnye Chelny).
The Republic of Tatarstan consists of districts and cities of republican significance, the list of which is established by the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan. Districts consist of cities of regional significance, urban-type settlements and rural settlements with their subordinate territories, which constitute the primary level in the system of administrative-territorial structure of the republic. Cities of republican significance may be geographically subdivided into districts within the city.
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1) Agryzsky |
16) Vysokogorsky |
31) Novosheshminsky |
Head of the Republic: President of the Republic of Tatarstan - Minnikhanov Rustam Nurgalievich
Government: Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan. Prime Minister of the Republic of Tatarstan -
Pesoshin Alexey Valerievich
Parliament: unicameral State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan. Chairman of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan - Mukhametshin Farid Khairulovich
STATE STRUCTURE
Since 1990, the republic has adopted three important documents: the Declaration of State Sovereignty, the Constitution and the Agreement on the Division of Competence and Mutual Delegation of Powers with the Russian Federation. All three documents together constitute not only the legal framework, but also the foundation for the political stability of society and the basis for economic reforms.
On April 19, 2002, the State Council of Tatarstan adopted new edition Constitution of the Republic. The Constitution proclaims that a person, his rights and freedoms are the highest value, and the duty of the Republic of Tatarstan is to recognize, respect and protect the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. The Constitution of Tatarstan enshrines such principles as universal suffrage, freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, the possibility of participation in political parties and organizations, etc.
Since June 2000, the institution of the Commissioner for Human Rights in the Republic of Tatarstan has been functioning in the republic. In 2010, the position of Commissioner for Children's Rights was established in the Republic of Tatarstan.
The Constitution of Tatarstan establishes the separation of legislative, executive and judicial powers.
The head of state and highest official of the Republic of Tatarstan is the President. He heads the system of executive bodies state power in the republic and directs the activities of the Cabinet of Ministers - the executive and administrative body of state power. The Cabinet of Ministers is responsible to the President. The candidacy of the Prime Minister is approved by the Parliament of Tatarstan at the proposal of the President.
The highest representative and legislative body of state power of the Republic of Tatarstan is the unicameral State Council (parliament).
Local government is independent within the limits of its powers. Organs local government are not part of the government system.
Judicial power is exercised by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Tatarstan, federal courts of general jurisdiction, the Arbitration Court of the Republic of Tatarstan and justices of the peace. Legal proceedings and records management in courts are conducted in accordance with federal law.
SYMBOLISM
State flag of the Republic of Tatarstan
The state flag of the Republic of Tatarstan is a rectangular panel with horizontal stripes of green, white and red. White stripe is 1/15 of the width of the flag and is located between equal-width stripes of green (cobalt green light) and red (cadmium red light) colors. Green stripe at the top.
The ratio of the width of the flag to its length is 1:2.
The author of the State Flag of the Republic of Tatarstan is T.G. Khaziakhmetov.
State emblem of the Republic of Tatarstan
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The authors of the State Emblem of the Republic of Tatarstan are N.G. Khanzafarov (idea), R.Z. Fakhrutdinov (performance).
In the color image of the State Emblem of the Republic of Tatarstan, the sun is red (cadmium red light), the leopard, its wings and rosette on the shield are white, the frame is green (cobalt green light), the shield, the ornament on the frame and the inscription “Tatarstan” are golden.
The state emblem of the Republic of Tatarstan is an image of a winged leopard with a round shield on its side, with a raised right front paw against the background of a disk of the sun, placed in a frame of Tatar folk ornament, at the base of which is the inscription “Tatarstan”, the wings consist of seven feathers, a rosette on the shield consists of eight petals.
State anthem of the Republic of Tatarstan
http://tatarstan.ru/file/gimnrt.mp3
MAP OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN
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GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND CLIMATE
Tatarstan is located in the east of the East European Plain, at the confluence of two largest rivers - the Volga and Kama, Kazan is located at a distance of 797 km east of Moscow.
The total area of the republic is 6783.7 thousand hectares. The maximum length of the territory is 290 km from north to south and 460 km from west to east. Tatarstan has no borders with foreign countries.
The territory of Tatarstan is an elevated stepped plain, dissected by a dense network of river valleys. By the wide valleys of the Volga and Kama, the plain is divided into three parts: Pre-Volga region, Pre-Kama region and Trans-Kama region. The Volga region, with a maximum height of 276 m, occupies the northeastern part of the Volga Upland. The southern ends of the Mozhginskaya and Sarapulskaya uplands, separated by the valley of the Izh River, enter the Eastern Predkamie from the north. The highest heights here reach 243 m. The highest in Tatarstan (up to 381 m) is the Bugulma Upland in Eastern Trans-Kama. The lowest relief (mostly up to 200 m) is characteristic of Western Trans-Kama region.
17% of the territory of the republic is covered with forests, consisting of trees mainly of deciduous species (oak, linden, birch, aspen), coniferous species are represented by pine and spruce. The territory of Tatarstan is home to 433 species of vertebrates, as well as several thousand species of invertebrate animals.
The territory of Tatarstan is characterized by a temperate continental type of mid-latitude climate, with warm summers and moderately cold winters. The warmest month is July with an average monthly air temperature across the territory of 18 - 20 °C, the coldest month is January with average monthly temperatures from -13 °C. The duration of the warm period (with a stable temperature above 0 °C) varies across the territory within 198-209 days, the cold period - 156-167 days. Precipitation is distributed relatively evenly throughout the territory, the annual amount being 460 - 540 mm.
Soils are different great variety- from gray forest and podzolic in the north and west to various types black soils in the south of the republic.
The Volga-Kama State Natural Biosphere Reserve and the Nizhnyaya Kama National Park are located on the territory of Tatarstan. The Volzhsko-Kama State Natural Biosphere Reserve is located on the territory of the Zelenodolsk and Laishevsky municipal districts of the Republic of Tatarstan. Two separate sections of the reserve - Saralovsky (4170 hectares) and Raifsky (5921 hectares) are separated from each other at a distance of about 100 km. National Park“Lower Kama” is located on the territory of two municipal districts of the Republic of Tatarstan: Elabuga and Tukaevsky. Several land and water tourist routes through forests are planned within the park, as well as water routes along the water area of the reservoir, along the Kama and Kriusha rivers.
POPULATION
3893.8 thousand people live in Tatarstan. The Republic of Tatarstan ranks eighth in Russia in terms of population after the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, Krasnodar region, Republic of Bashkortostan, Moscow, Sverdlovsk and Rostov regions. In the Volga Federal District, the republic is the second largest in population.
Compared to January 1, 2017, the population increased by 8.6 thousand people, or 0.2%. In Tatarstan, the share of the urban population as of January 1, 2018 was 76.8%. The capital of the republic, Kazan, leads in number of residents.
Tatarstan is one of the most multinational territories of Russia. According to the All-Russian Population Census of 2010, representatives of over 173 nationalities live in the territory of the republic, including 8 nationalities whose population exceeded 10 thousand people: Tatars, Russians, Chuvash, Udmurts, Mordovians, Mari, Ukrainians and Bashkirs. Among the peoples inhabiting Tatarstan, the predominant population is the Tatars (more than 2 million people or 53.2% of the total population of the republic). Russians are in second place - more than 1.5 million people. or 39.7%, in third place are the Chuvash (116.2 thousand people or 3.1%).
ECONOMY
Tatarstan is one of the most economically developed regions of Russia. The republic is located in the center of a large industrial region of the Russian Federation, at the intersection of the most important highways connecting the east and west, north and south of the country.
The Republic of Tatarstan has rich natural resources, a powerful and diversified industry, high intellectual potential and a qualified workforce.
The Republic of Tatarstan is traditionally among the leading regions of the Russian Federation in terms of main macroeconomic indicators. In terms of gross regional product, the republic ranks 6th among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, agriculture - 3rd place, volume of investment in fixed capital - 4th place, industrial production and construction - 5th place, housing commissioning - 8th place, retail trade turnover - 8th place.
The volume of the gross regional product of the Republic of Tatarstan in 2017, according to estimates, amounted to 2,115.5 billion rubles, or 102.8% in comparable prices to the level of 2016. The main contributions to economic growth were made by industrial production, agriculture and trade.
In the structure of the gross regional product of Tatarstan, the share of industry is 43.2%, construction - 9.0%, transport and communications - 6.5%, agriculture - 7.5%.
The industrial profile of the republic is determined by the petrochemical complex (oil production, production of synthetic rubber, tires, polyethylene and wide range oil refining products), large engineering enterprises producing competitive products (heavy trucks, helicopters, airplanes and aircraft engines, compressors and oil and gas pumping equipment, river and sea vessels, a range of commercial and passenger cars), as well as developed electrical and radio instrument making.
At the end of 2017, the industrial production index amounted to 101.8% compared to 2016, the volume of shipped products reached 2,254.2 billion rubles. In mining, the production index amounted to 101% compared to 2016, in manufacturing - 102.6%, in supply electrical energy, gas, steam; air conditioning - 99.9%, water supply; water disposal, organization of waste collection and disposal, pollution elimination activities - 103.9%.
The volume of agricultural products in 2017 increased by 5.2% in comparable prices compared to the level of 2016 and amounted to 256.1 billion rubles.
Retail trade turnover at the end of 2017 amounted to 843.9 billion rubles, or 102.8% in comparable prices compared to 2016.
The share of small and medium-sized businesses in Tatarstan's GRP is about 25%.
In 2017, the foreign trade turnover of the Republic of Tatarstan amounted to 16,899.7 million US dollars, including exports - 13,028.7 million US dollars, imports - 3,871 million US dollars.
Average monthly wage working at enterprises and organizations of the republic in 2017 increased by 6.2% compared to 2016 and amounted to 32,418.9 rubles. At the end of December 2017 in government institutions Employment services registered 11.8 thousand unemployed citizens, or 0.58% of the labor force.
A network of technology parks is actively developing in the Republic of Tatarstan. CJSC Innovation and Production Technopark “Idea”, industrial site KIP “Master”, IT park, technopolis “Khimgrad” are successfully operating.
A key role in the Kama cluster is assigned to the special economic zone of industrial production type “Alabuga”.
To date, 56 companies have been attracted to the special zone as residents, of which 23 residents conduct industrial and production activities, 16 of them with foreign participation (from the Republic of Turkey - 6, Germany - 4, USA - 3, Denmark - 1, France - 1, Finland - 1).
Today, Alabuga provides residents with such infrastructure opportunities as developed social infrastructure and ready-made production space for rent.
Is in a stage of intensive development unique project to create the city of Innopolis, in which all the necessary local government bodies have currently been formed. Today Innopolis is 1200 hectares of territory formed within the boundaries of an urban settlement. About 3 thousand people are in the city every day. There are 142 organizations and individual entrepreneurs registered in the city.
HISTORY, CULTURE, RELIGION
Story
The first state in the region was Volga Bulgaria, created at the turn of the 9th-10th centuries AD. Turkic tribes. In 922 Islam became the state religion. In 1236, Bulgaria became part of the empire of Genghis Khan, and then became part of the Golden Horde, as a result of the collapse of which a new state arose - the Kazan Khanate (1438). In 1552, the Kazan Khanate was annexed to the Russian state.
In 1920, the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed.
On August 30, 1990, the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Republic was adopted. In 1994, an Agreement was signed between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan on the delimitation of jurisdiction and mutual delegation of powers between government bodies of the Russian Federation and government bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan, and in 2007, an Agreement was signed on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between government bodies of the Russian Federation and government bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan, which became a kind of “successor” of the 1994 Treaty.
Culture
The republic is home to peoples with different historical backgrounds and cultural traditions. At least a combination three types cultural mutual influences (Turkic, Slavic-Russian and Finno-Ugric) determine the uniqueness of these places, the originality of cultural and historical values.
The fates of many outstanding cultural figures are connected with Tatarstan: singer Fyodor Chaliapin, writers Leo Tolstoy, Sergei Aksakov and Maxim Gorky, Vasily Aksenov, poets Evgeny Boratynsky, Gavriil Derzhavin, Marina Tsvetaeva and Nikita Zabolotsky, artists Ivan Shishkin and Nikolai Feshin. The classic of Tatar poetry Gabdulla Tukay, the poet-hero Musa Jalil, composers Farid Yarullin, Salikh Saidashev, Nazib Zhiganov, Sofia Gubaidulina and many others made up the glory of Tatar culture.
Religion
The traditional confessions for the republic are Islam and Orthodoxy. Tatars and Bashkirs (i.e., about half of the republic's population) profess Islam. Another part of the population: Russians, Chuvash, Mari, Udmurts, Mordovians are Christians who profess Orthodoxy. Catholicism, Protestantism, Judaism and other faiths are also represented in Tatarstan.
Maintaining a balance of interests of two major faiths and the equality of all religions before the law is the basis of interfaith harmony in the republic.
EDUCATION AND SCIENCE
Preschool, school and vocational education
As of January 1, 2014, there are 1,958 preschool educational organizations with 168.5 thousand places in operation in the Republic of Tatarstan. Coverage preschool education children aged 1 to 7 years in the republic are 71.8%. There are 1,431 schools with 361 thousand students.
Higher education
On the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan currently educational activities carried out by 27 educational organizations higher education, including 17 state, 10 non-state. In addition, there are 49 branches of educational organizations of higher education, of which 27 are state and 22 are non-state. In total, 180 thousand people are trained in higher education programs in educational institutions of higher education located on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan.
The science
Tatarstan is rightfully considered one of the leading scientific centers in Russia. The Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan and the Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences operate in the capital of the republic, Kazan. Fundamental and applied research in advanced areas of science. Scientific schools began to take shape in Kazan back in the 19th century. The most famous is the Kazan school of chemists, created under the leadership of N.N. Zinina, A.M. Butlerova, A.M. Zaitseva. The Kazan school of mathematicians also emerged in the 19th century. Its most prominent representative is N.I. Lobachevsky.
Innovation
Currently in Tatarstan there are: Russia's largest special economic zone of industrial production type "Alabuga", 4 industrial parks, the Khimgrad technopolis, 14 technology parks, an IT park. The area of nanotechnology is a priority for the Republic of Tatarstan.
SPORT
The Republic of Tatarstan is one of the sports leaders among the regions of the Russian Federation.
The widespread creation of conditions for sports, the construction of sports facilities in Tatarstan became the basis for the formation healthy image life among the general population.
To develop mass cultural work among the population, new forms of popularizing a healthy lifestyle are used. Spartakiads are held among students of the republic, among universities and colleges, civil servants and municipal employees, among pensioners and the disabled.
The following events are organized annually: the Spartakiad of students of the Republic of Tatarstan, the School Basketball League Championship among teams of educational institutions of the Republic of Tatarstan, the republican stages of the All-Russian sports competitions for schoolchildren "Presidential Competitions" and the All-Russian sports games for schoolchildren "Presidential sport games", All-Russian football tournament "Leather Ball".Every year, mass sports competitions are held in the republic - “Ski Track of Russia” and “Ski Track of Tatarstan”, “Cross of the Nation” and “Cross of Tatarstan”.
The development of the sports and urban infrastructure of Kazan, the capital of Tatarstan, the largest scientific, educational and student center in the country, was also facilitated by the fact that large international sports projects are being implemented in the republic.
The most significant event in sports life is the XXVII World Summer Universiade 2013.For the 2013 Universiade, 64 sports facilities were used, of which 30 were new construction facilities.The largest facilities built specifically for the competition: fUtball stadium "Kazan Arena" with 45 thousand seats,Castle Aquatic species sports, ATennis Academy,Martial Arts Palace "Ak Bars" and others.
The sports glory of Tatarstan is enhanced by the victories of such famous teams as Ak Bars, Rubin, UNICS, Zenit-Kazan, Sintez, KAMAZ-master, Dynamo-Kazan and others.
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| Subject of the Russian Federation (AE level 1) | |||||
| Republic of Tatarstan | |||||
| Tatarstan Republics Tatarstan Republic |
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| Anthem of Tatarstan | |||||
| A country | |||||
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| Included in | - Volga Federal District - Volga economic region |
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| Administrative center | |||||
| The president | Rustam Minnikhanov | ||||
| Prime Minister | Alexey Pesoshin | ||||
| Chairman State Council |
Farid Mukhametshin | ||||
GDP
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RUB 1,937.6 billion (2016) (8th)
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| official languages | Tatar, Russian | ||||
| Population | ↗ 3,894,284 people (2018) (8th place) | ||||
| Density | 57.40 people people/km² | ||||
| Square | 67,847 km² (44th place) | ||||
| Timezone | MSK | ||||
| ISO 3166-2 code | RU-TA | ||||
| OKATO code | 92 | ||||
| Code of the subject of the Russian Federation | 16 | ||||
| Internet domain | .tatar | ||||
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| Official site | |||||
| Audio, photo and video on Wikimedia Commons | |||||
Stamp "50 years of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic". USSR Post 1970
USSR postage stamp, 1980
Reverse of the commemorative coin of the Bank of Russia
Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan, Tataria; tat. Tatarstan Respublikası) - a subject of the Russian Federation, a republic (state) within it. It is part of the Volga Federal District and is part of the Volga Economic Region. Established on the basis of the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of May 27, 1920 as the Autonomous Tatar Socialist Soviet Republic.
According to paragraph 2 of Article 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan of 1992, the names “Republic of Tatarstan” and “Tatarstan” are equivalent.
Official languages: Tatar, Russian.
Tatarstan is located in the center of the East European Plain, at the confluence of two rivers - the Volga and Kama. located east of at a distance of 800 km (according to highways) / 720 km (as the crow flies).
The total area of Tatarstan is 67,836 km². The length of the territory of the republic is 290 km from north to south and 460 km from west to east.
The highest point of Tatarstan is the Chatyr-Tau hill.
The territory of the republic is a plain in the forest and forest-steppe zone with small hills on the right bank of the Volga and the southeast of the republic. 90% of the territory lies at an altitude of no more than 200 meters above sea level.
More than 18% of the territory of the republic is covered with deciduous species (oak, linden, birch, aspen), coniferous species are represented by pine, spruce and fir. The local fauna is represented by 430 species of vertebrates and invertebrates.
The climate is temperate continental, characterized by warm summers and moderately cold winters. The warmest month of the year is July (+19…+21 °C), the coldest is January (−13…−14 °C). The absolute minimum temperature is −44…−48 °C (in Kazan −46.8 °C in 1942). Maximum temperatures
reach +37…+42 °C.
The absolute annual amplitude reaches 80-90 °C.
Average precipitation is from 460 to 520 mm. The growing season is about 170 days.
Climatic differences within Tatarstan are small. The number of hours of sunshine during the year ranges from 1763 (Bugulma) to 2066 (Menzelinsk). The sunniest period is from April to August. The total solar radiation for the year is approximately 3900 MJ/sq.m.
The average annual precipitation is 460-540 mm. During the warm period (above 0 °C) 65-75% of the annual precipitation falls. The maximum precipitation occurs in July (51-65 mm), the minimum in February (21-27 mm). The Pre-Kama and Pre-Volga regions are most moistened by precipitation, the western Trans-Kama region is the least wet.
Snow cover forms after mid-November and melts in the first half of April. The duration of snow cover is 140-150 days a year, the average height is 35-45 cm.
The soils are very diverse - from gray forest and podzolic soils in the north and west to various types of chernozems in the south of the republic (32% of the area). On the territory of the region there are especially fertile powerful chernozems, and gray forest and leached chernozem soils predominate.
There are three soil regions on the territory of Tatarstan:
The main subsoil resource of the republic is oil. The Republic has 800 million tons of recoverable oil; The size of the predicted reserves is over 1 billion tons.
127 fields have been explored in Tatarstan, including more than 3,000 oil deposits. The second largest deposit in Russia and one of the largest in the world- Romashkinskoye, located in the Leninogorsk region of Tatarstan. Among the large deposits, the Novoelkhovskoye and Sausbashskoye deposits, as well as the medium Bavlinskoye deposit, stand out. Along with oil, associated gas is produced - about 40 m³ per 1 ton of oil. Several minor deposits are known natural gas and gas condensate.
108 coal deposits have been identified on the territory of Tatarstan. However, in industrial scale Only coal deposits associated with the South Tatar, Melekessky and North Tatar regions of the Kama coal basin can be used. The depth of coal occurrence is from 900 to 1400 m.
Other minerals
In the depths of the republic there are also industrial reserves of limestone, dolomites, construction sand, clay for the production of bricks, building stone, gypsum, sand and gravel mixture, peat, as well as promising reserves of oil bitumen, brown and hard coal, oil shale, zeolites, copper, bauxite. Highest value have zeolite-containing rocks (about half of the nonmetallic reserves of the republic), carbonate rocks (about 20%), clay rocks (also about 30%), sand-gravel mixture (7.7%), sands (5.4%), gypsum (1 .7%). 0.1% is occupied by phosphorites, iron oxide pigments and bitumen-containing rocks.
The largest rivers - the Volga (177 km across the territory of the republic) and the Kama (380 km), as well as two tributaries of the Kama - Vyatka (60 km) and Belaya (50 km), provide a total flow of 234 billion m³/year (97.5% of the total flow of all rivers). In addition to them, about 500 small rivers with a length of at least 10 km and numerous streams flow through the territory of the republic. Large reserves water resources concentrated in two largest reservoirs- Kuibyshev and Nizhnekamsk. There are also more than 8 thousand small lakes and ponds in the republic.
The hydropower potential of rivers is realized on the river. Kama of the underutilized Nizhnekamsk hydroelectric power station generating about 1.8 billion kWh/year (according to the project - 2.7 billion kWh/year). The depths of the republic contain significant reserves of groundwater - from highly mineralized to slightly brackish and fresh.
The largest water bodies of Tatarstan are 4 reservoirs, providing the republic with water resources for various purposes.
On the territory of the republic there are 731 technical structures, 550 ponds, 115 treatment facilities, 11 protective dams.
The groundwater
As of 2005, 29 underground deposits have been explored in Tatarstan fresh water with reserves of approximately 1 million cubic meters/day, approximately a third of the reserves have been prepared for industrial development.
The reserves of mineral underground waters are also quite large. As of 2004, the total reserves of mineral groundwater are 3.293 thousand cubic meters per day.
On the territory of Tatarstan there are more than 150 specially protected natural areas with a total area of approximately 150 thousand hectares (2% of total area Tatarstan). The protected areas include:
In general, the environmental condition is satisfactory. The forest cover of Tatarstan is 16.2% (for the Russian Federation as a whole - 45.4%). Deterioration trend environment emerged after 2000. By 2009, the condition of the atmospheric air had especially deteriorated.
Since 2000, it has been included in the Priority List of cities with the highest levels of air pollution. Cities were excluded from this list in 2007, but air pollution in these cities is characterized as high. 59.5% of the amount of pollutants emanating from all stationary sources of emissions was captured and neutralized, including solids - 92.3%, VOCs - 60%.
The largest sources of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere: OAO Tatneft - 79.8 thousand tons; PJSC "Nizhnekamskneftekhim", city - 39.8 thousand tons; JSC "Tatenergo" - 29.2 thousand tons.
In 2007, 5216.14 million m³ of water was used in recycling and re-sequential water supply systems, saving fresh water - 93%. Water losses during transportation amounted to 107.64 million m³ (about 14% of the total water intake in the republic). The volume of wastewater discharged into surface water bodies in 2007 amounted to 598.52 million m³, including 493.45 million m³ of contaminated wastewater (82%), there is no normatively treated wastewater.
In 2007, work on the construction of a drinking water treatment station was completed in Nizhnekamsk, for which 164.5 million rubles were spent; PJSC "Nizhnekamskneftekhim" - reconstruction work continued sewer networks and structures (costs - 54.6 million rubles); OJSC Nizhnekamskshina - work on the reconstruction of sewer networks and structures (costs - 25.9 million rubles).
During 2007, 17 cases of environmental emergencies were recorded in the republic, including:
At the beginning of 2007, the republic's enterprises had 1.5 million tons of production and consumption waste on their balance sheets; During the year, 3.7 million tons of waste were generated, of which 54% was used and neutralized. Taking into account the transfer of waste for use, neutralization, burial, and disposal, at the end of 2007, 1.35 million tons of waste remained on the balance sheet of enterprises. On the territory of the republic there are the following places of organized waste disposal: solid waste landfills - 50 pcs. (48 comply with current standards) on an area of 321.9 hectares, authorized solid waste dumps in municipalities - 1322 pcs. on an area of 913.4 hectares, industrial waste landfills - 3 pcs. (all comply with current standards) on an area of 64.7 hectares.
The main sources of waste generation: OJSC KAMAZ - 991 thousand tons; OJSC "Zainsky Sugar" - 513 thousand tons; OJSC "Buinsky Sugar Factory" - 302 thousand tons.
The history of human settlements in this area dates back to the 8th century BC. e. Later, on the same territory there was a medieval state of the Volga Bulgars. In the 13th century, Bulgaria was conquered by the Mongols and, after the division of Genghis Khan's empire, was included in the Ulus of Jochi (Golden Horde).
At the beginning of the 15th century, Khan Ulu-Muhammad announced the creation of the Kazan Khanate after the collapse of the Golden Horde. The new state began to independently build relations with other countries, including the Moscow state. In the middle of the 16th century, during the reign of Ivan IV the Terrible, in 1552 Kazan was conquered by Moscow and included in the Moscow state.
As part of Russia, the Kazan Khanate was first called the Kazan Kingdom, after the reforms of Peter I - the Kazan Governorate (formed by the merger of the Astrakhan and Kazan kingdoms and the subsequent separation of other entities from it, with the reduction of the subject to the size of modern Tatarstan). The territory did not have self-government: the head of the province was the governor, appointed directly by the Emperor. Until 1920, the territory of the present Republic of Tatarstan was never officially or unofficially called either “Tataria” or “Tatarstan”. After the revolution, on the initiative of V.I. Lenin, on May 27, 1920, a decree was signed on the formation of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the territories of part of the Kazan and Ufa provinces as part of the RSFSR. Since August 30, 1990, the official name of the republic is the Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic (as well as the Republic of Tatarstan), and since February 7, 1992 - the Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan). On April 21, 1992, the renaming was approved by the Russian authorities.
The population of the republic, according to Rosstat, is 3 894 284 people (2018). Population density - 57,40 people/km (2018). Urban population - 76,79 % (2018).
Population density in the Republic of Tatarstan
Representatives of 115 nationalities live in the Republic of Tatarstan. The economically active population in the Republic of Tatarstan as of January 1, 2008 was 1,790.1 thousand people, or 47.0% of the total population of the republic.
In 1999, Tatars accounted for 85% of the migration increase, Russians - 6.5%. Among the Tatars, the birth rate was 1.4 times higher than among Russians (in rural areas - 1.3 times, in cities - 1.5 times). At the same time, the mortality rate among Tatars is lower than among Russians (1.13 times), the natural increase in Tatars is higher than among Russians. Therefore, in 2000, the share of Tatars in the republic exceeded 50%. The Tatars have a higher birth rate than the Russians - 13.9 ppm and 9.8 ppm (1997), respectively. Specific gravity among young age groups the Tatars are also higher. Mortality among Tatars is lower than among Russians (9.9 ppm for Tatars and 11.2 for Russians). As a result, the natural increase in the Tatar population of the republic is higher (4.0%) than the Russian population (-1.4%). In 2005, the migration increase of Tatars compared to 2004 increased by 29.4%.
| Fertility (number of births per 1000 population) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 |
| 15,2 | ↗ 16,5 | ↘ 15,8 | ↗ 18,2 | ↘ 15,3 | ↘ 10,4 | ↘ 10,1 | ↘ 9,9 | ↘ 9,8 |
| 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
| ↘ 9,3 | ↗ 9,4 | ↗ 9,5 | ↗ 10,2 | → 10,2 | ↗ 10,3 | ↘ 9,8 | ↗ 9,9 | ↗ 10,9 |
| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | ||
| ↗ 11,8 | ↗ 12,4 | ↗ 12,9 | ↗ 13,4 | ↗ 14,5 | ↗ 14,8 | → 14,8 | ||
| Mortality rate (number of deaths per 1000 population) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 |
| 8,1 | ↗ 8,9 | ↗ 9,5 | ↗ 9,8 | ↗ 9,9 | ↗ 12,9 | ↘ 12,2 | ↗ 12,3 | ↘ 12,0 |
| 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
| ↗ 12,4 | ↗ 13,2 | ↗ 13,3 | ↗ 13,7 | ↗ 13,8 | ↘ 13,6 | ↗ 13,8 | ↘ 13,1 | ↘ 13,0 |
| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | ||
| ↗ 13,0 | ↘ 12,7 | ↗ 13,1 | ↘ 12,4 | ↘ 12,2 | ↘ 12,1 | ↗ 12,2 | ||
| Natural population growth (per 1000 population, the sign (-) means natural population decline) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 |
| 7,1 | ↗ 7,6 | ↘ 6,3 | ↗ 8,4 | ↘ 5,4 | ↘ -2,5 | ↗ -2,1 | ↘ -2,4 | ↗ -2,2 | ↘ -3,1 |
| 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 |
| ↘ -3,8 | → -3,8 | ↗ -3,5 | ↘ -3,6 | ↗ -3,3 | ↘ -4,0 | ↗ -3,2 | ↗ -2,1 | ↗ -1,2 | ↗ -0,3 |
| 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | |||||
| ↗ -0,2 | ↗ 1,0 | ↗ 2,3 | ↗ 2,7 | ↘ 2,6 | |||||
| Life expectancy at birth (number of years) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 |
| 70,9 | ↘ 70,6 | ↘ 69,8 | ↘ 68,0 | ↘ 66,7 | → 66,7 | ↗ 68,0 | ↗ 68,2 | ↗ 68,9 |
| 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
| ↘ 68,5 | ↘ 67,6 | ↘ 67,5 | → 67,5 | ↗ 67,6 | ↗ 67,7 | ↗ 68,0 | ↗ 69,0 | ↗ 69,4 |
| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | |||
| ↗ 70,1 | ↗ 70,8 | ↘ 70,4 | ↗ 71,3 | ↗ 71,8 | ↗ 72,1 | |||
National composition:
| People | 1920 thousand people |
1926 thousand people |
1939 thousand people |
1959 thousand people |
1970 thousand people |
1979 thousand people |
1989 thousand people |
2002 thousand people |
2010 thousand people |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tatars | 1306,2 (44,7 %) | 1263,4 (48,7 %) | 1421,5 (48,8 %) | 1345,2 (47,2 %) | 1536,4 (49,1 %) | 1641,6 (47,6 %) | 1765,4 (48,5 %) | 2000,1 (52,9 %) | 2012,6 (53,2 %) |
| including Kryashens | - | 99,0 (3,8 %) | - | - | - | - | - | 18,8 | 30,0 |
| Russians | 1205,3 (41,2 %) | 1118,8 (43,1 %) | 1250,7 (42,9 %) | 1252,4 (43,9 %) | 1328,7 (42,4 %) | 1516,0 (44,0 %) | 1575,4 (43,3 %) | 1492,6 (39,5 %) | 1501,4 (39,7 %) |
| Chuvash | 173,9 (5,9 %) | 127,3 (4,9 %) | 138,9 (4,8 %) | 143,6 (5,0 %) | 153,5 (4,9 %) | 147,1 (4,3 %) | 143,2 (3,7 %) | 126,5 (3,3 %) | 116,3 (3,1 %) |
| Udmurts | 19,0 | 23,9 | 25,9 | 22,7 | 24,5 | 25,3 | 24,8 | 24,2 | 23,5 |
| Mordva | 40,2 (1,4 %) | 35,1 (1,4 %) | 35,8 (1,2 %) | 32,9 (1,2 %) | 31,0 | 29,9 | 28,9 | 23,7 | 19,2 |
| Mari | 22,5 | 13,1 | 14,0 | 13,5 | 15,6 | 16,8 | 19,4 | 18,8 | 18,8 |
| Ukrainians | 3,2 | 3,1 | 13,1 | 16,1 | 16,9 | 28,6 | 32,8 | 24,2 | 18,2 |
| Bashkirs | 139,9 (4,8 %) | 1,8 | 0,9 | 2,1 | 2,9 | 9,3 | 19,1 | 14,9 | 13,7 |
| Azerbaijanis | 0 | 0,01 | 0,1 | 0,3 | 0,4 | 1,3 | 3,9 | 10,0 | 9,5 |
| Uzbeks | 0 | 0,01 | 0,2 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 1,2 | 2,7 | 4,9 | 8,9 |
| Armenians | 0,001 | 0,1 | 0,4 | 0,6 | 0,5 | 1,2 | 1,8 | 5,9 | 6,0 |
| Tajiks | 0 | 0 | 0,02 | 0 | 0,1 | 0,2 | 0,7 | 3,6 | 5,9 |
Nations with a population of more than 5 thousand people are listed.
| Area/ Urban district |
Tatars | Russians | Chuvash | Udmurts | Mordovians | Mari | Ukrainians | Bashkirs | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| numerical ness |
% | numerical ness |
% | numerical ness |
% | numerical ness |
% | numerical ness |
% | numerical ness |
% | numerical ness |
% | numerical ness |
% | |
| urban district Kazan |
542182 | 47,55 | 554517 | 48,63 | 8956 | 0,79 | 1410 | 0,12 | 996 | 0,09 | 3698 | 0,32 | 4808 | 0,42 | 1780 | 0,16 |
| urban district Naberezhnye Chelny |
242302 | 47,42 | 229270 | 44,87 | 9961 | 1,95 | 2017 | 0,39 | 1979 | 0,39 | 3408 | 0,67 | 6715 | 1,31 | 5904 | 1,16 |
| Agryzsky | 21284 | 58,12 | 9228 | 25,20 | 74 | 0,20 | 2358 | 6,44 | 25 | 0,07 | 2931 | 8,00 | 140 | 0,38 | 132 | 0,36 |
| Aznakaevsky | 55578 | 86,10 | 7206 | 11,16 | 339 | 0,53 | 20 | 0,03 | 193 | 0,30 | 101 | 0,16 | 193 | 0,30 | 249 | 0,39 |
| Aksubaevsky | 12398 | 38,55 | 5398 | 16,78 | 14149 | 43,99 | 20 | 0,06 | 22 | 0,07 | 16 | 0,05 | 43 | 0,13 | 14 | 0,04 |
| Aktanyshsky | 30989 | 96,93 | 209 | 0,65 | 11 | 0,03 | 7 | 0,02 | 2 | 0,01 | 526 | 1,65 | 6 | 0,02 | 108 | 0,34 |
| Alekseevsky | 7997 | 30,48 | 15365 | 58,56 | 1645 | 6,27 | 8 | 0,03 | 784 | 2,99 | 19 | 0,07 | 58 | 0,22 | 25 | 0,10 |
| Alkeevsky | 12829 | 64,17 | 3143 | 15,72 | 3829 | 19,15 | 4 | 0,02 | 8 | 0,04 | 10 | 0,05 | 14 | 0,07 | 7 | 0,04 |
| Almetyevsky | 108988 | 55,20 | 73229 | 37,09 | 5533 | 2,80 | 150 | 0,08 | 2749 | 1,39 | 142 | 0,07 | 851 | 0,43 | 709 | 0,36 |
| Apastovsky | 19659 | 90,90 | 1019 | 4,71 | 791 | 3,66 | 2 | 0,01 | 3 | 0,01 | 4 | 0,02 | 24 | 0,11 | 8 | 0,04 |
| Arsky | 47921 | 92,75 | 3065 | 5,93 | 30 | 0,06 | 39 | 0,08 | 6 | 0,01 | 286 | 0,55 | 33 | 0,06 | 21 | 0,04 |
| Atninsky | 13457 | 98,59 | 93 | 0,68 | 3 | 0,02 | 3 | 0,02 | - | - | 44 | 0,32 | - | - | 10 | 0,07 |
| Bavlinsky | 23414 | 64,55 | 7346 | 20,25 | 2060 | 5,68 | 2031 | 5,60 | 383 | 1,06 | 16 | 0,04 | 123 | 0,34 | 208 | 0,57 |
| Baltasinsky | 28780 | 84,96 | 588 | 1,74 | 8 | 0,02 | 4029 | 11,89 | 3 | 0,01 | 319 | 0,94 | 7 | 0,02 | 25 | 0,07 |
| Bugulminsky | 39499 | 35,46 | 63079 | 56,63 | 2750 | 2,47 | 126 | 0,11 | 2533 | 2,27 | 99 | 0,09 | 667 | 0,60 | 436 | 0,39 |
| Buinsky | 29970 | 65,94 | 6055 | 13,32 | 9063 | 19,94 | 8 | 0,02 | 76 | 0,17 | 13 | 0,03 | 41 | 0,09 | 28 | 0,06 |
| Verkhneuslonsky | 4148 | 24,93 | 10952 | 65,81 | 1032 | 6,20 | 15 | 0,09 | 27 | 0,16 | 37 | 0,22 | 49 | 0,29 | 11 | 0,07 |
| Vysokogorsky | 29041 | 67,23 | 13123 | 30,38 | 220 | 0,51 | 24 | 0,06 | 22 | 0,05 | 99 | 0,23 | 72 | 0,17 | 43 | 0,10 |
| Drozhzhanovsky | 14812 | 57,52 | 282 | 1,10 | 10594 | 41,14 | 3 | 0,01 | 8 | 0,03 | 2 | 0,01 | 4 | 0,02 | 6 | 0,02 |
| Elabuga | 34750 | 42,58 | 42233 | 51,75 | 824 | 1,01 | 692 | 0,85 | 187 | 0,23 | 958 | 1,17 | 402 | 0,49 | 517 | 0,63 |
| Zainsky | 33387 | 57,52 | 22738 | 39,17 | 800 | 1,38 | 43 | 0,07 | 53 | 0,09 | 78 | 0,13 | 223 | 0,38 | 124 | 0,21 |
| Zelenodolsky | 63981 | 40,38 | 89069 | 56,21 | 1931 | 1,22 | 104 | 0,07 | 145 | 0,09 | 880 | 0,56 | 547 | 0,35 | 154 | 0,10 |
| Kaybitsky | 10092 | 67,74 | 3902 | 26,19 | 789 | 5,30 | 4 | 0,03 | 4 | 0,03 | 12 | 0,08 | 6 | 0,04 | 9 | 0,06 |
| Kamsko-Ustinsky | 9143 | 54,09 | 7228 | 42,76 | 154 | 0,91 | 5 | 0,03 | 101 | 0,60 | 13 | 0,08 | 41 | 0,24 | 12 | 0,07 |
| Kukmorsky | 40907 | 78,64 | 2779 | 5,34 | 23 | 0,04 | 7278 | 13,99 | 2 | 0,00 | 754 | 1,45 | 40 | 0,08 | 43 | 0,08 |
| Laishevsky | 15355 | 42,05 | 20130 | 55,13 | 381 | 1,04 | 20 | 0,05 | 45 | 0,12 | 42 | 0,12 | 76 | 0,21 | 45 | 0,12 |
| Leninogorsky | 44696 | 51,48 | 32144 | 37,02 | 3924 | 4,52 | 45 | 0,05 | 4006 | 4,61 | 59 | 0,07 | 443 | 0,51 | 262 | 0,30 |
| Mamadyshsky | 34317 | 76,25 | 9035 | 20,08 | 44 | 0,10 | 565 | 1,26 | 8 | 0,02 | 621 | 1,38 | 36 | 0,08 | 44 | 0,10 |
| Mendeleevsky | 16033 | 52,78 | 10811 | 35,59 | 195 | 0,64 | 1332 | 4,38 | 31 | 0,10 | 1227 | 4,04 | 125 | 0,41 | 168 | 0,55 |
| Menzelinsky | 17646 | 60,10 | 10403 | 35,43 | 132 | 0,45 | 31 | 0,11 | 15 | 0,05 | 795 | 2,71 | 67 | 0,23 | 50 | 0,17 |
| Muslyumovsky | 19675 | 89,91 | 1388 | 6,34 | 10 | 0,05 | 6 | 0,03 | 5 | 0,02 | 598 | 2,73 | 12 | 0,05 | 38 | 0,17 |
| Nizhnekamsk | 136520 | 50,21 | 119402 | 43,91 | 6749 | 2,48 | 637 | 0,23 | 824 | 0,30 | 762 | 0,28 | 1544 | 0,57 | 1769 | 0,65 |
| Novosheshminsky | 6147 | 43,35 | 7219 | 50,91 | 593 | 4,18 | 7 | 0,05 | 10 | 0,07 | 9 | 0,06 | 18 | 0,13 | 12 | 0,08 |
| Nurlatsky | 31114 | 51,75 | 12979 | 21,59 | 15186 | 25,26 | 8 | 0,01 | 138 | 0,23 | 15 | 0,02 | 97 | 0,16 | 49 | 0,08 |
| Pestrechinsky | 16550 | 57,02 | 11666 | 40,20 | 113 | 0,39 | 26 | 0,09 | 17 | 0,06 | 17 | 0,06 | 81 | 0,28 | 28 | 0,10 |
| Rybno-Slobodsky | 21896 | 79,25 | 5470 | 19,80 | 38 | 0,14 | 17 | 0,06 | 5 | 0,02 | 12 | 0,04 | 25 | 0,09 | 20 | 0,07 |
| Sabinsky | 29606 | 95,39 | 996 | 3,21 | 18 | 0,06 | 219 | 0,71 | 2 | 0,01 | 12 | 0,04 | 23 | 0,07 | 44 | 0,14 |
| Sarmanovsky | 33320 | 90,84 | 2859 | 7,79 | 56 | 0,15 | 12 | 0,03 | 35 | 0,10 | 27 | 0,07 | 30 | 0,08 | 103 | 0,28 |
| Spassky | 6072 | 29,54 | 13889 | 67,57 | 338 | 1,64 | 7 | 0,03 | 38 | 0,18 | 6 | 0,03 | 40 | 0,19 | 10 | 0,05 |
| Tetyushsky | 8136 | 32,71 | 8874 | 35,67 | 5207 | 20,93 | 8 | 0,03 | 2399 | 9,64 | 21 | 0,08 | 41 | 0,16 | 30 | 0,12 |
| Tukaevsky | 25983 | 71,07 | 8869 | 24,26 | 540 | 1,48 | 67 | 0,18 | 45 | 0,12 | 118 | 0,32 | 175 | 0,48 | 206 | 0,56 |
| Tyulyachinsky | 12727 | 89,17 | 1440 | 10,09 | 6 | 0,04 | 4 | 0,03 | 2 | 0,01 | 10 | 0,07 | 9 | 0,06 | 4 | 0,03 |
| Cheremshansky | 11022 | 54,13 | 3624 | 17,80 | 4640 | 22,79 | 5 | 0,02 | 853 | 4,19 | 2 | 0,01 | 15 | 0,07 | 18 | 0,09 |
| Chistopolsky | 32134 | 40,08 | 44451 | 55,45 | 2405 | 3,00 | 17 | 0,02 | 322 | 0,40 | 13 | 0,02 | 168 | 0,21 | 51 | 0,06 |
| Yutazinsky | 16114 | 74,55 | 4604 | 21,30 | 108 | 0,50 | 21 | 0,10 | 45 | 0,21 | 17 | 0,08 | 109 | 0,50 | 192 | 0,89 |
| Tatarstan total: | 2012571 | 53,24 | 1501369 | 39,71 | 116252 | 3,08 | 23454 | 0,62 | 19156 | 0,51 | 18848 | 0,50 | 18241 | 0,48 | 13726 | 0,36 |
Tatarstan is 6th in terms of production volume and one of the most economically developed regions of Russia. In 2013, the republic's GRP amounted to 1.52 trillion rubles. The share of the Republic of Tatarstan in all-Russian production is (in%): polyethylene - 51.9; synthetic rubbers - 41.9; tires - 33.6; trucks - 30.5; synthetic detergents- 12.1; oil production - 6.6; cardboard - 4.5.
The agricultural sector plays an important role in the economy of the Republic of Tatarstan. The Republic is one of the three leaders among other regions of Russia in terms of agricultural production.
According to the Concept of Territorial Economic Policy of the Republic of Tatarstan, 6 economic zones (territorial production complexes (TPC)) are allocated on its territory. On the territory of the Nizhne-Kama economic zone there is a special economic zone of Alabuga, as well as the Nizhnekamsk petrochemical and Naberezhnye Chelny automotive clusters.
The geographical location of Tatarstan determines its key role in transport links between the eastern and European parts Russia, as well as in communication with other countries. All types of transport are represented in Tatarstan. However, the weak side of the republic’s road network is its lack of connectivity due to the peculiarities of its geographical location: large rivers pose a serious obstacle to the organization of land transport communications.
Car roads are represented by the main roads M7 (Volga) "Moscow - Kazan - Ufa", M7 "Elabuga - Perm", M5 (Ural) "Moscow - Samara - Chelyabinsk", P239 "Kazan - Orenburg", P241 "Kazan - Ulyanovsk", A295 " Kazan - Yoshkar-Ola", A151 "Cheboksary - Ulyanovsk", 16A-0003 "Nab. Chelny - Almetyevsk".
Railways are available in 22 districts, as well as in the urban districts of Kazan and Nab. Chelny. The main railways in the republic are the latitudinal lines Moscow - Kazan - Yekaterinburg and Moscow - Ulyanovsk - Ufa. The connecting role between them is played by the meridional lines Agryz - Bugulma and Zelenodolsk - Ulyanovsk.
Water transport available on the main rivers: Volga, Kama, Vyatka and Belaya. The republic occupies a central position between the basins of these four rivers.
Air Transport It is represented in the republic thanks to three operating airports: these are the international airports of federal significance "Kazan" and "Begishevo" (Nizhnekamsk / Nab. Chelny), as well as the regional airport Bugulma.
Metropolitan in Kazan has one line 15.8 km long and 10 stations.
Tram Used as passenger transport in Kazan, Nab. Chelny, Nizhnekamsk (including Krasny Klyuch village).
Trolleybus These systems operate in the cities of Kazan and Almetyevsk (including the town of Nizhnyaya Maktama).
Tatarstan is the largest center in Eastern Europe pipeline transport. The main pipeline routes originate from the Almetyevsko-Bugulma industrial hub and Nizhnekamsk to neighboring regions. The Druzhba oil pipeline transports Tatarstan oil to Europe.
According to Article 8 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, the state languages in the Republic of Tatarstan are equal to the Tatar and Russian languages.
Tatarstan, according to the Constitution, is a secular state.
Religious associations are separated from the state and are equal before the law.
There are 1,428 mosques and 319 churches registered on the territory of the republic. Two religions are most widespread in the Republic of Tatarstan: Islam and Orthodox Christianity.
Sunni Islam was adopted as the official religion in Volga Bulgaria in 922. And in 1313, Khan Uzbek made Islam the state religion of the Golden Horde. Currently, it is professed by a significant part of the Tatars. The leadership of Muslims is carried out by the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the Republic of Tatarstan. Judaism, Buddhism and Krishnaism are slightly widespread.
Christianity (Orthodoxy) appeared in the middle of the 16th century after the annexation of the Kazan Khanate to the Russian state as a result of the conquest by Ivan the Terrible. The followers of this religion are Russians, Chuvash, Mari, Mordovians, Udmurts and Kryashens. There are communities of other branches of Christianity: Old Believers, Catholics, Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutherans, Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, Evangelical Christians, Christians of the Evangelical faith and others.
Historical and geographical factors determined the location of Tatarstan at the junction of two major civilizations: eastern and western, which largely explains the diversity of its cultural wealth.
On the territory of the republic there are two world heritage monuments included by UNESCO in the List of World Cultural and Natural Heritage.
One of the clear examples of state cultural policy in the field of preservation and popularization of heritage is the Kazan Kremlin. Thus, during the celebration of the 1000th anniversary of Kazan, thousands of residents of the republic and guests from nearby and far abroad witnessed the greatness of the restored Annunciation Cathedral and the recently rebuilt Kul Sharif Mosque, symbolizing the peaceful coexistence of the two main religions of the republic - Christian and Muslim.
The uniqueness of the Kazan Kremlin as an exceptional evidence of historical continuity and cultural diversity over a long period of time was confirmed on November 30, 2000 at the session of the UNESCO intergovernmental committee in Australia by its inclusion in the List of World Cultural and Natural Heritage. In September 2005, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan issued a decree on the creation of the Museum of Archeology on the territory of the State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve "Kazan Kremlin".
In 2014, Ancient Bolgar, the capital of the ancient Bulgarian Khanate (Volga Bulgaria), was also included in the List of World Cultural and Natural Heritage.
825 newspapers and magazines are published in Tatarstan, including regional newspapers in Russian, Tatar, Udmurt and Chuvash languages.
Main article: Tourism in Tatarstan
The Republic of Tatarstan is a region with high potential for tourism and recreation. Among the key factors determining its high competitiveness in the Russian and international tourism markets are a significant number of natural attractions, historical and cultural sites, as well as the development of sports tourism. There are 3 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Tatarstan - the Kazan Kremlin, the Bulgarian State Museum-Reserve and the Assumption Monastery on the island of Sviyazhsk.
The Republic of Tatarstan is one of the leaders among the regions of the Russian Federation in the field of tourism, showing steady positive dynamics in the main indicators of industry development. The annual growth rate of the tourist flow to the republic is on average 13.5%, the growth rate of the volume of sales of services in the field of tourism is 17.0%. A positive trend in the growth dynamics of the main indicators is noted according to the interim data for 2016.
The number of foreign citizens arriving in the Republic of Tatarstan increased by 6.7% compared to 2015 and amounted to 250,506 people.
The Republic of Tatarstan is considered one of the leaders among the regions of the Russian Federation in terms of the number of business entities in the tourism industry and tourism infrastructure facilities. At the end of 2016, 104 tour operators were registered in the Republic of Tatarstan, of which 32 were in the field of domestic tourism, 65 in the field of domestic and inbound tourism, 6 in the field of domestic, inbound and outbound tourism, and 1 in the field of domestic and outbound tourism.
As of January 1, 2017, there are 404 collective accommodation facilities (CRF) operating on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, of which 379 CRF are subject to classification (183 in Kazan, 196 in other municipalities of the Republic of Tatarstan). 334 collective accommodation facilities received a certificate of category assignment, which is 88.1% of the total number of operating ones.
In 2016, special attention was paid to the development of tourist centers of the Republic of Tatarstan - Kazan, Great Bolgar, the island city of Sviyazhsk, Elabuga, Chistopol, Tetyush. The growth of tourist flow in the main tourist centers of the republic compared to 2015 averaged 45.9%.
Currently, sanatorium and resort recreation is developing rapidly in Tatarstan. There are 46 sanatorium and resort institutions operating on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan. The capacity of the facilities of the sanatorium and resort complex of Tatarstan is 8847 beds, more than 4300 specialists are employed in providing services to residents. In 2016, more than 160 thousand people rested in sanatoriums of the Republic of Tatarstan. 22 sanatorium and resort institutions of the Republic of Tatarstan are members of the Association of sanatorium and resort institutions "Sanatoriums of Tatarstan", including 11 sanatoriums of PJSC Tatneft.
In 2016, with the support of the State Committee of the Republic of Tatarstan for Tourism, to develop the tourism industry in the republic, the official tourism brand Visit Tatarstan was created, within which a special tourism resource began to function, where information on the main attractions and recreation in Tatarstan is available.
Main building of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan
Tatarstan is a region with powerful educational and scientific potential. The education sector employs 170,000 people. Secondary 9-year education is compulsory and free. In total, there are 2,434 secondary schools in the republic, where about 600,000 schoolchildren study. More than 90% of children who have received the educational minimum established by law continue their education at school for 2 years or in secondary specialized educational institutions.
Tatarstan is famous high level development of academic, university and industrial science. For more than 200 years it has been one of the leading scientific centers in Eastern Europe. World-famous schools of mathematicians, chemists, astronomers, physicists, orientalists, linguists and physiologists appeared here. The names of N. I. Lobachevsky, N. N. Zinin, A. M. Butlerov, A. E. Arbuzov, E. K. Zavoisky, V. V. Radlov, K. Fuks, Sh. Mardzhani and K. Nasyri were included in history of world science.
During the Great Patriotic War, Kazan scientific schools made a huge contribution to strengthening the country's defense capability, working closely with the USSR Academy of Sciences, evacuated to Kazan.
By decree of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan on September 30, 1991, the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan (AST) was established. Since the creation of ANT, there has been a constant process of replenishing its ranks and improving its organizational structure. Currently, the ANT unites 32 full members, 52 corresponding members and 10 honorary members. The Academy includes seven departments, uniting biologists, doctors, lawyers, mathematicians, physicists, power engineers, and chemists. The range of their research is very wide and is aimed at solving current scientific, technical, socio-economic, humanitarian and cultural problems facing the republic in the modern stage development. Many of the developments of the Academy's scientists are carried out at the level of the latest achievements of world science and technology and are recognized by the general scientific community. Most of the research is practical in nature.
It has become a good tradition to strengthen ties between the Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan and scientific institutions in Russia, the CIS countries and abroad. The Academy closely cooperates with the Russian Academy of Sciences (primarily through the Kazan Scientific Center), the academies of sciences of Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Bashkortostan, Chuvashia, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Tajikistan, research centers of Turkey, France and others countries with which 21 treaties and 5 agreements on scientific cooperation have been concluded. The Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan established and annually awards State Prize Republic of Tatarstan in science and technology, five personal prizes (named after Sh. Marjani, X. Mushtari, G. Kamay, V. Engelhardt, A. Teregulov) and two international prizes: in physics - named after E. K. Zavoisky (together with Kazansky Institute of Physics and Technology of the KSC RAS and KSU) and in chemistry - named after A. E. and B. A. Arbuzov (together with the Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry of the KSC RAS).
Kazan is one of the oldest educational centers in Russia. There are more than 30 higher education institutions in Tatarstan educational institutions(including 16 state ones), most of which are concentrated in Kazan. Four Kazan universities (Kazan State Financial and Economic Institute, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan State Technological University, Kazan State Technical University them. Tupolev) are among the 50 best universities in Russia.
In the republic, as of 2012, there are 997 schools with the Tatar language of instruction, 823 schools with the Russian language of instruction, and 387 mixed (Russian-Tatar and Tatar-Russian) schools. In terms of the number of students, Russian-language schools predominate - they have 133,758 students; Tatar-language schools have 76,142 students; mixed schools have 16,874. 46.13% of Tatar students study in the Tatar language. Also in the republic there are 118 schools with a Chuvash ethnocultural component (7193 students), 20 - Mari (803 students), 37 Udmurt (1677 students), 5 Mordovian (122 students), one school each with Bashkir (11 students), Jewish ( 270 students) and Turkish (98 students). There are 30 Sunday schools in which languages of 28 peoples are studied: Mari, Chuvash, Ukrainian, Udmurt, Bashkir, Mordovian, Azerbaijani, Armenian, Ossetian, Tajik, Assyrian, Afghan, Greek, etc. .
On July 21, 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin said at a meeting of the Council on Interethnic Relations that forcing a person to teach non-native language, regardless of the status of the language itself, is unacceptable, which has caused numerous discussions in educational sphere and among residents of many regions, including Tatarstan. Next, the President instructed the Prosecutor General of Russia, Yuri Chaika, to conduct a check on the voluntariness of studying national languages in schools by November 30. The result of the inspections was numerous warnings to school directors in Tatarstan with a demand to remove the Tatar language from the compulsory curriculum due to its absence from the federal standard. Tatarstan President Rustam Minnikhanov voiced his opinion on the problem, disagreeing with the fact that the state language of the republic could be voluntary.
On November 29, 2017, the parliament of Tatarstan, which previously advocated maintaining the equal status of the Russian and Tatar languages in the republic, including in the educational sphere, unanimously voted for the voluntary study of the Tatar language in schools. And Tatarstan prosecutor Ildus Nafikov, speaking with a report, noted that the Tatar language can only be taught on a voluntary basis with the written consent of parents for a maximum of two hours a week. As a result, the Tatar language was removed from the republic’s education system as a compulsory subject.
Many experts have expressed concerns that the exclusion of the state languages of the republics from the mandatory school curriculum will bring them to the brink of extinction. Opinions have been expressed that there are political motives in the actions of the federal center on the language issue.
Districts of Tatarstan
According to Section III of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, its territory includes administrative-territorial units: 43 districts, 14 cities of republican significance.
Within the framework of the municipal structure of the republic, 956 municipalities were formed within the boundaries of the administrative-territorial units of Tatarstan:
The largest populated area of Tatarstan is the capital city with a million population. In addition to it, there are also 21, 20 urban-type settlements and 897 rural councils in the Republic.
The most populated region of Tatarstan is Zelenodolsky (165,283 people with Zelenodolsk), the least populated is Yelabuga (85,596 people with Yelabuga).
Settlements with a population of more than 10 thousand people
Tatarstan is the only region of the Russian Federation that has more than one million-plus urban agglomeration - Kazan and polycentric Naberezhnye Chelny (Nizhne-Kama). The republic also has an almost half-million population of Almetyevsk (South Tatarstan) polycentric agglomeration.
In the Kazan agglomeration, the construction of satellite cities of the 155,000-population science city Innopolis and the 100,000-population Salavat Kuper has begun, and it is also planned to create satellite cities of the 40,000-population Smart City and 157,000-population Green Dol.
Like many other regions of the Russian Federation, Tatarstan has direct economic ties with many countries of the world, in some of which the republic has opened its foreign economic representative offices. In 2008, the volume of trade turnover between Tatarstan reached 3 billion dollars.
Cabinet of Ministers building
The fundamental law of the Republic is the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, adopted on November 30, 1992. According to the Constitution, Tatarstan is a democratic legal state. In the event of a contradiction between the federal law and the normative legal act of the Republic of Tatarstan, issued on the subjects of jurisdiction of the Republic of Tatarstan, the normative legal act of the Republic of Tatarstan shall apply.
The highest official in the Republic of Tatarstan is the President of Tatarstan. On June 12, 1991, Mintimer Sharipovich Shaimiev became the first President of the Republic of Tatarstan. On March 25, 2005, Mintimer Sharipovich Shaimiev was vested with the powers of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan for new term State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation. On January 22, 2010, Shaimiev asked the President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev not to consider his candidacy for a new presidential term after March 25, 2010. On March 25, 2010, Rustam Minnikhanov took office as President of the Republic of Tatarstan, and Shaimiev was appointed to the position of State Counselor of the Republic of Tatarstan.
The unicameral State Council (parliament), which consists of 100 deputies, is the highest representative, legislative and control body of state power. On March 26, 2004, Farid Mukhametshin was elected Chairman of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan.
The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic is the executive and administrative body of state power and is headed by the Prime Minister. On May 11, 2001, Rustam Minnikhanov was confirmed as Prime Minister of the Republic of Tatarstan for the second time. After Minnikhanov took office as President, Ravil Muratov was appointed acting Prime Minister, and since April 22, 2010, Ildar Shafkatovich Khalikov has been Prime Minister.
The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan, within its competence:
The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan exercises control over the compliance of regulatory legal acts adopted by the republican executive authorities (departmental regulatory legal acts), federal legislation, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, laws of the Republic of Tatarstan, legal acts of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan.
The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan issues resolutions and orders, ensures and verifies their implementation. Acts of a normative nature are issued in the form of resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan. Acts on operational and other current issues that are not of a normative nature are issued in the form of orders of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan. Resolutions and orders of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan are mandatory for execution in the Republic of Tatarstan. Resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan, with the exception of resolutions containing information constituting state secret, or information of a confidential nature, is subject to official publication. The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan has the right to accept appeals, statements and other acts that do not have a legal nature.
Judicial power in the republic is exercised by the Supreme Court of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Arbitration Court of the Republic of Tatarstan, district courts and magistrates.
The Prosecutor of the Republic of Tatarstan and the prosecutors subordinate to him exercise supervision over compliance with the laws. Since 2000, the prosecutor of the Republic of Tatarstan has been Kafil Fakhrazeevich Amirov, who resigned in September 2013. Since September 2013, the prosecutor of the Republic of Tatarstan has been Ildus Saidovich Nafikov.
Tatarstan
Information about the area
Forest covered approx. 16% of the territory.
map of the Republic of Tatarstan
FOREST VOLGA REGION (PREDKAMYE)
Forest Trans-Volga region, or Predkamie, occupies the northern part republics, separated from the Volga region by a valley R. Volga and from the forest-steppe Trans-Volga region, or Trans-Kama region, - the valley R. Kama. The water surface in these valleys has become very wide due to the creation Kuibyshev Reservoir. In the north and east, the territory borders on Mari El, the Kirov region and Udmurtia.
The area reaches almost 22.2 thousand square meters. km, and the lower reaches of the Vyatka valley, flowing from the north, from Kirov region, divide the territory into two unequal parts: western (western Predkamye) and eastern (eastern Predkamye). Within the latter there are only two administrative districts out of 12 (Elabuga and Agryz).
This part is called the Forest Trans-Volga region because it is located within the forest zone, in contrast to the Volga region and Trans-Kama region, which are located in the forest-steppe zone with the predominance of chernozem rather than gray forest soils. However, in terms of forest cover, the forested Trans-Volga region currently does not live up to its name. Here, as a result of the intensive agricultural activity of the rural population, forests were mainly cleared, represented mainly by broad-leaved and also coniferous species: pine with areas of spruce and fir, and the climatic and soil conditions made it possible to create an agricultural landscape with small islands forests mainly on watershed strips.
Geography of Tatarstan 
In the western part of the forest-steppe Trans-Volga region, the soil cover is represented mainly by chernozems, with leached chernozems occupying 52.2% of the area, ordinary chernozems 13.3% and carbonate chernozems on loess-like clays and loams - 1.8%. Forest soils make up 32.6% of the area, with 28.3% being gray and dark gray soils, which are characteristic of areas under broad-leaved forests and partly occupied by them at present. Soils of the southern taiga type - soddy-podzolic - account for only 1.2%. Small areas are occupied by light gray, brown and brown-gray soils. Almost 10% of the area is made up of floodplain and swamp soils.
Within the Kama-Belsk plain part, forest-type soils already account for 41%, and floodplain, swamp and semi-swamp soils occupy over 14%. More than 1% of the area is under steep exposed slopes of southern and western exposure. Of the forest type soils, the first place is occupied by gray, dark gray and light gray - 33%. Up to 8% of the area is under brown and brown-gray soils. The area under soddy-podzolic soils has increased slightly - up to 2%. The range of chernozem soils includes leached chernozems - 40% of the area, ordinary chernozems - about 6.5%, carbonate chernozems - up to 3%. The total wedge of chernozem soils is somewhat smaller than in the western part and amounts to 49.3%.
GENERAL ARTICLE ABOUT TATARSTAN - HERE!!! SEMIOZERNAYA DESERT - NEAR KAZAN!
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SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND PHOTOS:
http://www.intat.ru/land/tatar/
Geographical characteristics of the administrative regions of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Kazan, 1972.
Korobkov A.I., Mikheev Yu.3. Along the rivers of southern and southeastern Russia. M., Physical culture and sport, 1977.
Korobkov A.I., Mikheev Yu.3., Suslov V.E. Along the rivers of the Volga region. M., Physical culture and sport, 1980.
Essays on the geography of the Republic of Tatarstan. Kazan, 1957.
Ryzhavsky G.Ya. Along the Kama and its tributaries. M., Physical Culture and Sport, 1986.
Ryzhavsky G.Ya. Along rivers and lakes Central Russia. M., 2000.
