It has always been believed that the peach tree, its spring blossoms and bountiful harvest– a privilege of the southernmost regions of the country. Since the middle of the last century, breeders and hobbyists have been promoting the culture into the middle zone. Peach can displace apricots in country gardens, because it is more resistant to return frosts, and the seedling from the seed inherits the maternal qualities. Fifty lovers of the Moscow region have been cultivating peach in bush form for more than 10 years.
Garden varieties come from the common peach, bush or single-stem form. The height of the tree can reach 9 meters, but spreading trees of 3-4 meters are more common. The peach root system is superficial, located in fertile layer up to 70 cm. Peaches love warmth, light and abundant watering. The tree bears fruit for 20 years, starting from the second year after rooting.
The peach tree is a cross-pollinated species. Several varieties growing nearby will increase the fruiting of each, especially if you create a fruit conveyor from July to September, collecting specimens different periods maturation. The keeping quality of peaches is low.
Peach trees cannot be called frost-resistant. They lose part of their roots during winter frosts -25, if they last more than three days. The roots will withstand severe frost of 30-35 degrees for 24 hours. A short dormant period awakens the tree during winter thaws that occur in winter.
The tender peach is difficult to endure wintering. The crown cannot withstand temperatures of -20 without shelter, and fruit buds and last year's growth die. The consolation is that the peach tree has a great self-healing ability and within a year the frozen tree will bloom again.
It is customary to grow peach trees in climate zones with mild climates. At the same time, they form a cup-shaped crown of trees, penetrated by the rays of the sun, located at a distance of at least 3 meters.
For areas with cold winters, the bush form and thickened plantings are more suitable. Here fruit links are formed from the lower shoots. Low-lying branches can be easily covered in winter, ensuring the safety of fruit buds.
You should purchase only seedlings of zoned and recommended varieties of peaches. Good result gardeners receive by growing a tree from a local variety of peach seeds.
Peach care is year-round and includes techniques that allow you to create conditions for long-term annual fruiting. Therefore, peach agricultural technology in the Caucasus and Moscow region includes the same operations, but they are performed using different technologies:
Each of these activities is based on practical techniques that help a demanding tree survive in hostile conditions.
Research conducted by scientists Botanical Garden who studied the experience of amateur gardeners in the Moscow region in growing peaches, allowed us to draw some conclusions:
How to care for a peach tree? An example of correct agricultural technology for the middle zone is the garden of the Kostetsky lover. The harvest from each of 20 peaches in 2011 amounted to 30 kg per tree. He obtained such results by adapting to the needs of southerners for 20 years.
Recommendations for those interested in growing peaches in the Moscow region:
The gardener fertilizes the plants all year round. After a year, 3 kg/sq.m. crumbles. m of plot area with humus in a mixture and potassium salt for the entire area of the garden in the fall. In early spring Fertilize with liquid organic matter annually. In winter, more than half a bucket of wood ash is poured into each hole. In spring, when the buds swell, trunk circle 300 g are added complex fertilizer, filled with 5-6 buckets of water. After flowering, liquid 10% organic matter is added to the tree trunk circle in the amount of 3-4 buckets. In August, fertilizing is repeated with the addition of half a glass of superphosphate to the bucket.
In the fall, when the leaves fall, each tree receives another 10 buckets of water. Then the earth is mulched with humus. There is always space left near the trunk to prevent diaper rash.
If you take a seed from your own rooted local peach variety, it will impart to the seedling resistance to climatic conditions, the size and taste of the mother fruit. How to grow a peach from a pit? Can be grown at home, in a pot. To do this, you need to keep the seed in water for 4 days, then remove it, split the seed, and plant the kernel in a pot.
For spring planting of peaches, it is necessary to carry out artificial stratification in winter. In a cool place, the stone is stored all winter in damp sand. In the spring, the seed will burst and a seedling will appear; it needs to be placed in a tub.
In the fall, you can spread the seeds into well-prepared soil at a distance of 10 cm. In the spring they will sprout, by the fall they will reach a height of 1.5 m and give off lateral branches. Next, they are seated in prepared planting pits.
In autumn, young plants are planted without cutting off the top branches, but the roots are shortened slightly. In spring, on the contrary, they pinch off the tops, beginning the formation of the tree.
Nature is awakening. It is at this time that the gardener begins to struggle to protect the peach from pests and diseases, and to form the future harvest.
Caring for a peach in the spring involves timely releasing the branches and roots from the protective cover so as not to create diaper rash on the trunk. At the same time, protective measures should be carried out and fertilizing should be carried out in accordance with the schedule. As soon as the flower buds begin to swell, within 3 weeks it is time for the gardener to form a crown. The event is responsible, requiring practical skills and well-sharpened tools. How to properly prune peaches in spring, watch the video for beginners:
The main goals of spring pruning:
It must be remembered that pruning is an operation during which the tree can be weakened. It should be as gentle as possible. You cannot immediately cover the wet cut with garden varnish after pruning. You can apply a protective layer after 3-4 days to avoid gum formation.
Only a well-groomed, strong tree can decorate a garden and bear delicious, aromatic fruits.
Peach belongs to the Rosaceae family, Plum genus. Which country is his homeland is unknown. In the northern part of China you can find David peaches, which are an uncultivated variety of common peaches.
Peaches grow in Central Asia, America, Transcaucasia, warm parts of Eurasia. China occupies the leading place in the cultivation of peach trees on an industrial scale.
The roots of the peach tree are located rather shallowly - at a distance of 0.2-0.5 m from the surface. Peaches can grow up to 4 meters. Peach leaves have a lanceolate shape and small teeth on the edge.
Peach flowers are pink or red and bloom in the second half of April before the leaves appear. Peach blossoms resemble cherry blossoms. The fruit is flat or round, has a velvety surface and a small furrow on one edge. Inside there is a pointed grooved bone.
The peach begins to bear fruit 2-4 years after it is planted and continues to bear fruit for one to one and a half decades.
Peach fruits have a pleasant smell and juicy, fresh taste.
The planting period is greatly influenced by climate. IN southern countries It is preferable to plant peach seedlings in the fall, in the northern parts - in early spring.
To plant a peach tree, select a hill located on the south side, which is protected from the winds. This place must be well lit by the sun. The distance from the peach to neighboring vegetation should not be less than 3 meters.
The hole must be dug in advance. If you are going to plant in the spring, then it should be prepared in the fall, and if you choose autumn planting, then the hole should be ready several weeks before.
The dimensions of the pit are usually 0.5-0.7 m by 0.5-0.7 m by 0.5-0.7 m. A peg is driven into the hole so that it sticks out 0.5 m above the ground.
The soil is mixed with ash or mineral fertilizers. Mullein, compost, superphosphate, ash and potassium chloride are added to infertile soil during spring planting. The prepared soil is poured into the central part of the pit.
When buying a peach, you need to find out whether it is adapted to the local climate. You also need to pay attention to ensure that the scion is smoothly fused to the rootstock. The roots and bark should be undamaged and healthy looking.
The seedling is installed in the central part of the pit, the root system is smoothed out and covered with earth. The soil is compacted and watered with water (2-3 buckets). After absorbing moisture and shrinking the soil, the peach must be tied to a peg and the soil mulched with manure.
Remember that manure should not touch the trunk. At autumn planting The peach must be hilled up and, before frost sets in, covered with burlap, in the southern part of which ventilation holes are made.
In spring, the tree must be treated against harmful insects and fungi. After the peach blooms, it is necessary to re-process.
In summer, it is necessary to regularly loosen the soil and weed out weeds. Also, we must not forget about watering and fertilizing. You also need to make sure that the load from the fruit is uniform.
IN autumn period the soil is fertilized. If necessary, carry out preventive treatment against fungal diseases. Watering is very important.
The peach needs to be fed every year. The types of fertilizers used depend on the condition of the soil. You can also use foliar fertilizers.
Peach is heat-loving and needs shelter in the winter.
Peach trees should be pruned in the spring before they bloom. You need to start forming the crown after one year of growth. The peach will be fully formed in 4 years. Pruning old branches is also allowed in the fall.
Peach can be propagated in the following ways:
Diseases and harmful insects can seriously damage the peach. Most often, peach trees suffer from cleasterosporiasis, leaf curl, powdery mildew, moniliosis.
If a tree has become ill with clasterosporiasis for the first time, then copper chloride or “Meteor” is used to treat the peach. Subsequently, it is treated with “Horus” or “Topsin M”.
Before the peach begins to bloom, it is necessary to cut off the damaged branches and treat the cut areas with a solution of lime and copper sulfate.
Peach curl is treated with copper chloride or Meteor. In the spring, trees are treated with copper-containing products. Damaged foliage and shoots are removed before spores appear. It is best to burn them.
To protect the tree from powdery mildew, after it has finished blooming, it must be treated with Topaz, Topsin M or other appropriate preparations. Preventive measures may include regular removal of damaged branches, cleaning and burning of fallen leaves, loosening the soil.
If you have identified monoliosis, then the peach tree must be treated before flowering with “Horus”, during flowering with “Topaz” and after it ends, use “Topsin”. Diseased leaves and branches must be destroyed.
Today there is a large number of peach varieties. They all differ in their shape, size, smell, taste, color, texture. All varieties are divided into early, middle and late.
The most popular are Morettini, Kiev Early, Juicy, Golden Jubilee, Champion, Tourist, Aydinovsky Oblong and others.
Sakura is most often associated with Japan and its culture. Picnics in the canopy flowering trees have long become an integral attribute of welcoming spring in the Land of the Rising Sun. Financial and academic year here it starts on April 1, when the magnificent cherry blossoms bloom. Therefore many significant moments in the life of the Japanese are marked by their flowering. But sakura also grows well in cooler regions - certain species can be successfully grown even in Siberia.
Agriculture is one of these types human activity, the successful outcome of which is not always directly proportional to the efforts made. Unfortunately, nature does not necessarily act as our ally when growing plants, and often, on the contrary, even throws up new challenges. Increased reproduction of pests, abnormal heat, late return frosts, hurricane winds, drought... And one of the springs gave us another surprise - a flood.
Let me confess my love today. In love with... lavender. One of the best unpretentious, evergreen and beautifully flowering shrubs that can be successfully grown in your garden. And if anyone thinks that lavender is a Mediterranean or at least southern resident, then you are mistaken. Lavender grows well in more northern regions, even in the Moscow region. But to grow it, you need to know some rules and features. They will be discussed in this article.
Once you have tried such an invaluable product as pumpkin, it is difficult to stop searching for new recipes for serving it to the table. Korean pumpkin, despite its pungency and spiciness, has a fresh and delicate taste. After cooking, you will need to cover the salad and let it sit for at least 15 minutes. My nutmeg pumpkin is very juicy and sweet, so there is no need to mash it. If the pumpkin is of a different variety, you can mash it with your hands so that it slightly releases the juice.
Lettuce, as the earliest and most unpretentious green crop, has always been held in high esteem by gardeners. Spring planting Most gardeners usually start by sowing lettuce, parsley and radishes. IN Lately desire for healthy eating And big choice greens in supermarkets make gardeners wonder which of these plants can be grown in their beds? In this article we will talk about nine of the most interesting, in our opinion, varieties of salad.
Pollock is best prepared as a casserole, separating the fillet from the skin and bones. Pieces of fish are mixed with a colorful assortment of vegetables and topped with a sauce of cheese, sour cream and eggs. This fish casserole has a presentable appearance, and its taste is a bizarre mixture of subtle nuances. Vegetables and fillets will be soaked in sour cream, the cheese will harden into a golden brown crust, and the eggs will bind all the ingredients together. Pieces of fish are generously sprinkled with Italian herbs, and pollock acquires an unusual piquancy.
Despite the fact that calendar spring begins in March, you can truly feel the awakening of nature only with the advent of flowering plants in the garden. Nothing signals the arrival of spring as eloquently as clearings of blooming primroses. Their appearance is always a small celebration, because winter has receded and a new gardening season awaits us. But, besides spring primroses, there is still something to see and admire in the garden in the month of April.
Rapidly growing and turning into wild thickets, hogweed disrupts the existing ecosystem and suppresses all other plants. Essential oils, contained in the fruits and leaves of hogweed, cause severe forms of dermatitis. At the same time, it is much more difficult to control than other common weeds. Fortunately, today a product has appeared on the market that can short term rid your area of most weeds, including hogweed.
Carrots come in different colors: orange, white, yellow, purple. Orange carrots contain beta-carotene and lycopene, yellow due to the presence of xanthophylls (lutein); White carrots have a lot of fiber, and purple ones contain anthocyanin, beta and alpha carotenes. But, as a rule, gardeners choose carrot varieties for sowing not by the color of the fruit, but by the timing of their ripening. About the best early, middle and late varieties we will tell you in this article.
Recommended enough easy recipe pie with a delicious filling of chicken and potatoes. Open chicken and potato pie is great hearty dish, which is suitable for a hearty snack, it is very convenient to take a couple of pieces of this pastry on the road. The pie is baked in the oven for one hour at 180 degrees. After that we put it on wooden surface, having previously released it from the mold. It is enough to slightly cool the baked goods and you can start tasting.
The long-awaited spring for many indoor plants is the period of the start of active growing season, and for the majority - the return of their decorative effect. While admiring the young leaves and emerging shoots, you should not forget that spring is also a great stress for all indoor plants. Sensitive to changes in conditions and universal, all indoor crops face much more bright lighting, changes in air humidity and temperature conditions.
You can easily prepare homemade Easter cake with cottage cheese and candied fruits, even without any pastry experience. You can bake Easter cake not only in special form or in a paper form. For your first culinary experiences (and not only) I advise you to take a small cast iron frying pan. Easter cake in a frying pan will not turn out as high as in a narrow pan, but it never burns and is always well baked inside! Cottage cheese dough made with yeast turns out airy and aromatic.
It is also interesting because its fruits (pumpkins) are used for food by young, not ripe ones (greens). This means that you don’t have to wait for the harvest to ripen, and from late spring to autumn you can have fresh vegetables on your menu. In your garden beds, it is better to grow varieties and hybrids of zucchini that are resistant to disease and change. weather conditions. This eliminates unwanted treatments and allows you to get a harvest in any weather. It is these varieties of zucchini that will be discussed in this article.
IN middle lane April is the time when the first flowering of plants in gardens and parks begins. The constant soloists of the spring that has come into its own are the bulbous primroses. But also among ornamental shrubs you can find those that will delight you with fragrant flowers, enlivening the still inconspicuous garden. The main riot of beautifully flowering ornamental shrubs occurs in the month of May, and most of them, as a rule, bloom in mid-May.
At growing peach It is very important to comply with all agrotechnical measures, plant protection and variety selection. Regular pruning and proper formation of trees plays a huge role. Peach- a valuable early-fruiting and high-yielding crop. Vaccinated peach plants when landing on permanent place They begin to bear fruit in the 3rd year, those grown from seeds - in the 3-5th year, and when planted with seeds in a permanent place - in the 3rd-4th year. One tree produces 30-100 kg of fruit.
The lifespan of trees for industrial harvests is short: grafted plants live 15-20 years, grown from seeds - 25-30 years. Its varieties are extremely prized - the hairless peach, or nectarine, and peach flat shape, the so-called fig.
Peach- the crop is heat-loving, which is the main problem when growing. Therefore, its cultivation in Ukraine is best achieved in the Crimea and southern regions. The forest-steppe of Ukraine is the northern limit of growth, and the conditions are extreme. Peach trees are greatly damaged not only by low winter temperatures, but also by the effects of sudden changes in them. In the central and northern regions of Ukraine, every winter is a risk for southern fruit trees; in some years there is freezing not only flower buds, but also escapes.
Peach loves abundant watering, but it is necessary to take into account the moisture capacity of the soil, for example, on drained and light soils, water does not stagnate, and therefore in dry weather, during fruit set, trees are watered in May, June (2-3 times) until the beginning of July, 2 buckets of water per plant. However, on loams and chernozems the amount of water can be reduced. During ripening, the plants are not watered.
Planting a peach
The place for planting peach should be sunny, protected from drafts, and not swampy.
Planting holes are dug 0.7x0.7 m in size, 10 kg of rotted manure or compost, 150 g of superphosphate mixed with soil are added.
This amount nutrients will provide the tree with 5-6 years of life. The garden is planted according to a 4x4 m pattern. The seedling is placed in a hole, straightening the root system, and covered with prepared fertile soil.
The tree trunk circle is compacted from the edges to the center, watered well (4-5 buckets) and mulched with a layer of compost (8-10 cm). When planting in autumn, the root zone is mulched and added to the trunk to a height of 20-30 cm.
Diseases and pests
The main diseases of peach are leaf curl, cluster blight, moniliosis, and powdery mildew.
To prevent infection with fungal diseases, “blue” spraying with a 3% Bordeaux mixture is carried out 2 times a year - in the fall, when the leaves have fallen, and in the spring, when the buds have not yet opened. The fungicide “Skor” has proven itself well against fungal diseases - systemic drug, has a preventive (8-10 days) and therapeutic effect (5 days). Safe for people and environment, low toxicity, 1 ampoule (2 ml) is designed for 10 liters of water and 1 sq.m. or 2 liters of solution per tree. Usually the treatment is carried out once in the spring, but more is possible, maximum 3 times (no more than every 30 days). The following biological products are used against fungal diseases: “Trichodermin”, “Gaupsin”, “Planriz”, against pests: “Lepidotsid”, “Gaupsin”. Treatment is carried out in spring and autumn.
The main pests of peach are aphids, flower beetle weevils, mites, fruit moths, and oriental codling moth. Used against them preventive measures: cutting and burning damaged shoots, collecting and destroying carrion, loosening the soil under the crowns, applying trapping belts to trunks and skeletal branches, removing weeds and basal shoots, stripping loose bark on the trunk and skeletal branches. Mineral fertilizers have a negative effect on these pests.
Crown formation
The most important technique successful cultivation peach -correct formation and annual pruning. The culture is noted for its great shoot-forming ability. Especially in the first years of fruiting and from the first years, to improve lighting of the inner part of the crown, thinning and shortening of shoots is carried out.
During thinning, branches that thicken the crown are removed. Annual shortening of shoots increases growth in the lower and middle parts of the main branches, which prevents trees from becoming bare. Annual pruning - necessary remedy, which regulates the growth and fruiting of peach. You should not skip pruning even for one year. In the southern regions of Ukraine, peach is formed on a trunk, and in the northern regions - in the form of a bowl or bush, which increases its winter hardiness (if one trunk freezes, there will always be a replacement.
One-year-old peach seedling before pruning.
One-year-old peach seedling after pruning
3-year-old peach seedling before pruning.
3-year-old peach seedling after pruning.
Peach care calendar
POPULAR VARIETIES
Forest-steppe
The fruits are of medium size, weight 90-110 g, large - 120-150 g, round-oval, slightly flattened on the sides, very attractive.
The main color is light cream, the blush in the form of strokes and dots occupies almost the entire fruit. The pulp is white, juicy, of high taste, and separates well from the stone. Ripening time: mid-July - early August.
Oksamytovy
The fruits are medium-sized, weight 60-70 g, round in shape, creamy in color with a carmine blush, which occupies almost the entire fruit. The pulp is white, juicy, sweet, of high taste, easily separated from the stone. Ripening time: early August.
Famous vegetative method peach propagation, in which seedlings cultivars or seedlings of other stone fruits, called rootstocks, are grown in fruit nurseries. A cutting or bud of another varietal peach, called a scion, is grafted onto these seedlings. If the grafting is successful, the components grow together and continue to grow as a single organism, forming a grafted plant. Such peaches are called grafted peaches. This is mainly how peaches are propagated.
However, this method has two significant drawbacks. Firstly, the time spent on growing the rootstock increases both the time for its propagation and the production area allocated for the nursery. And secondly, if the rootstock and scion are incompatible, their tissues do not grow together, but this does not prevent the propagation of one or another variety on one or another rootstock. This can be avoided by propagating peaches from green cuttings.
Cuttings are a vegetative method of plant propagation by rooting cuttings.
Green peach cuttings, which are part of the shoot, are rooted in protected soil using fogging units and growth regulators. Such peaches are called own-rooted (cuttings).
Experts say that it is possible to grow self-rooted seedlings only in gardening institutions; the average gardener is not able to create conditions favorable for the rooting of green cuttings.
Propagate peaches by green cuttings in gardens, country houses and personal plots A simple device will help amateur gardeners.
Any container with a hole in the bottom is placed in a deep tray (1). A substrate consisting of vegetable compost and garden soil (minor admixture) is poured into it, and on top is a layer of calcined coarse sand. Plant a peach cutting and cover it with a liter jar. The ratio of the maximum container diameter to the diameter of a glass liter jar is 1.75, which helps create optimal air regime around the rooting zone of a green peach cutting.
That's the whole device.
Now let's talk about the details.
The liquid (water) is subject to atmospheric pressure (Patm), which, according to Pascal's law, is transmitted uniformly in all directions. Water through the hole in the container (2) through the capillaries of the two-layer substrate (3) rises to the surface (A), from where it evaporates into a glass jar (4) and partially into the atmosphere. Due to the difference in ambient and substrate temperatures, steam condenses and settles on the inner walls of a glass liter jar and on the leaves of a rooted peach cutting (5), forming a thin, stable film of water on the leaves and maintaining high humidity air under the can.
Green peach cuttings are based on the biological feature of plants - regeneration, i.e. the ability individual parts or organs to restore growth and function of the body. During the process of regeneration from shoot tissues, green cuttings form adventitious roots.
The regeneration of adventitious roots depends on many factors that must be taken into account.
Otherwise, rooting will not succeed.
Plant peach cuttings into the prepared substrate without delay ,because with loss of turgor green cuttings becomes impossible.
The substrate is the medium in which the lower (basal) part of the cutting is placed, on which roots form.
The depth of planting the peach is such that the cutting is held in an upright position. IN top layer rooting occurs in the substrate, and further development of the root system occurs in the lower one.
Light, heat and humidity - the necessary conditions for rooting green peach cuttings.
A mini-greenhouse with a cutting is placed on the windowsill, and in the first 2-3 weeks it is protected from direct sunlight. Since rooting occurs in the first two decades of June, the plant receives enough light and heat.
The substrate temperature can fluctuate during the day within the range of 18-25 °C. The humidity of the air and the substrate under the jar is extremely important for root formation and further development root system. It is ensured by maintaining the water level in the pan at 20 mm from the bottom until the formation of root primordia. It is advisable to take water from natural sources (for example, swamp).
Besides, Peach cuttings need to be ventilated daily, removing the can for a few seconds. This technique allows you to accustom the plant to further independent life.
From the moment the roots appear, the amount of water in the pan should be reduced, but it should always be present in it. Roots form two to three weeks from the start of cuttings, depending on weather conditions.
After this, the green peach cuttings along with the container are planted in the soil (to its full height) in a shaded area of the garden. Dry hot weather V daytime cover the cutting with a jar. Water depending on the condition of the soil.
A month later, the green peach cuttings are planted with a lump of substrate in a permanent place in the garden. The soil must be fertile, so the planting site is prepared in advance and organic matter is added.
Since the rooted plants are very small, they make a fence so as not to accidentally damage them.
In the year of rooting, the peach cuttings do not produce much growth, root system does not have time to penetrate deep into the soil, so the plant needs regular watering in dry, hot weather.
As you can see, this rooting method is very simple.
It allows you to root peach cuttings in conditions summer cottage without the use of an expensive fogging unit and preparations for stimulating root growth that require precise dosage. In addition, propagating peaches in containers allows them to be transported over long distances without damaging the root system.
Vladimir Sizonenko
© Magazine "Ogorodnik"
