Growing Chinese cabbage is a new direction in Russian vegetable growing. The demand for Chinese cabbage is constantly growing due to its excellent taste and rich composition of vitamins.
The advantages of growing this vegetable crop in farms Oh:
In addition to the advantages, it is worth highlighting the disadvantages of creating a business for growing Chinese cabbage:
To organize a farm for growing Chinese cabbage, you must register a peasant farm or individual entrepreneur. The Unified Agricultural Tax (USAT) is used as a taxation system.
To grow a plant on large areas sowing (from 5 hectares) the following investments will be required (approximately):
The total initial investment will be from 1,435,000 rubles. The size of the investment is given very arbitrarily. In each individual case, their size may vary dramatically. For example, you can purchase a used tractor, which will reduce your initial costs by almost half.
The main fixed costs of maintaining a farm include:
You can get start-up capital for organizing a farm to grow Chinese cabbage in the following ways:
If there is extensive agricultural work and large areas are cultivated land(more than 1 Ha). State registration of a peasant farm is required. But when you are processed small areas land, since the law allows you to have a personal subsidiary plot (in your own yard). It is also allowed to grow agricultural products for sale without any taxes.
To register a peasant farm, you need: an application for state registration, a passport of the founder-manager of the company, agreements, a decision on the founding of a peasant farm (if there are several shareholders). Then, confirmation of payment of the state duty and the actual place of residence of the founder. If the enterprise is organized by one person, an agreement on the creation of a peasant farm is not needed.
No licensing or special permits are required to grow Chinese cabbage.
For growing Chinese cabbage, the composition of the soil and its fertility are very important. For this crop, neutral (medium composition) are selected fertile soils, since on light soils cabbage dries out quickly, and on heavy acidic soils the crop is most susceptible to diseases such as cabbage clubroot. The best predecessors are cucumbers, zucchini, onions, tomatoes and legumes. For planting, use sunny areas protected from strong winds.
To increase soil fertility, bird droppings, humus, limestone materials, and potassium sulfate are used as fertilizers. 2 weeks after planting, the plants are fed with urea.
It is important when cultivating Chinese cabbage to choose the right plant variety. For early implementation the best early ripening varieties- Miraco F1, Monaco, Khibiny 5. For later implementation the best varieties- Bilko F1 (vegetation period 55-60 days), the cabbage heads of which reach a weight of 2 kg. The vegetable is grown both by seedlings and by direct sowing of seeds in open ground. For seedlings, you can use special soil, for example “Rostorfinfest”. Cabbage seeds in a greenhouse begin to germinate at a temperature of 4-5 degrees. Lack of light is not a problem for her and the plant can develop even without additional lighting. The period from planting seeds in a greenhouse to planting plants in open ground is 24-27 days.
On early stages When planting Chinese cabbage, bolting is possible due to low night temperatures. To prevent bolting of plants at the stage of growing seedlings, it is advisable to maintain the temperature in the greenhouse above 15 degrees.
The first planting begins in late April - early May. Like Chinese cabbage short term growing season to obtain maximum yield During the season, it is preferable to plant it in several stages, dividing the field into several sections. For example, the first landing in the middle zone is May 1, then May 10, May 20, and so on, last landing- at the beginning of August. The planting rate is 40 thousand pieces/ha. The distance between plants in rows is 10 cm - 12 cm, in row spacing they maintain a distance of 45 cm.
Plants are planted using special equipment, for example, an MRM-2 transplanter. The cost of such a car is just over 200 thousand rubles.
The plant loves water very much. When watering plants, 700-800 m3 of water is used for every 10 tons of commercial harvest. More effective system Watering "Beijing" is a drip method.
It is important to treat plants against pests and diseases. Once every three years, the soil should be limed, adding 300-400 g of lime per 1 m2 of soil.
Harvesting begins when the plant has 10-12 leaves. The leaves of harvested cabbage wither quickly, so they should be packed immediately.
It is advisable to use it as packaging PVC film width 35-45 cm, while packaging is carried out manually directly into the field. Thanks to this, the shelf life of the vegetable increases several times.
Maximum sales of Chinese cabbage begin in the fall, so by this time it is advisable to increase the area sown with the crop several times.
Despite all the pros and cons, growing Chinese cabbage on a farm with proper agricultural technology is a very profitable direction, especially since there is practically no competition in this industry. Due to the good demand and high selling price of vegetables, this business can become a highly profitable business.
Organization of the business process for the production and sale of Chinese cabbage involves the following stages:
The average market wholesale selling price is about 20-25 rubles per kilo of vegetable products. To get the maximum percentage of benefits, it is advisable to sell Chinese cabbage both in large supermarkets and in small specialized vegetable stores. The vegetable is also sold well by resellers and at agricultural markets. In general, in the production and sale of Chinese cabbage, monthly net earnings of about 300-350 thousand rubles are quite realistic.
The business of producing and selling Chinese cabbage is registered under code 01, which is responsible for crop production, livestock farming, etc. Its subclause 01.1 corresponds to cultivation annual crops, namely - vegetables, root crops, melons, etc. - clause 01.13.
If there is extensive agricultural work and large plots of land are cultivated (more than 1 hectare). State registration of a peasant farm is required. But when you cultivate small areas of land, since the law allows you to have a personal subsidiary plot (in your own backyard). It is also allowed to grow agricultural products for sale without any taxes. To register a peasant farm, you need: an application for state registration, a passport of the founder-manager of the company, agreements, a decision on the founding of a peasant farm (if there are several shareholders). Then, confirmation of payment of the state duty and the actual place of residence of the founder. If the enterprise is organized by one person, an agreement on the creation of a peasant farm is not needed.
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
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PRODUCTIVITY OF PEKING CABBAGE AT DIFFERENT GROWING TIMES
ON THE. Kolpakov
Chinese cabbage has important positive economic and biological properties. Due to its early ripening and chemical composition, it can replace white cabbage in the spring. Eating Chinese cabbage has a beneficial effect on digestion and human health.
In the northern provinces of China, the share of Chinese cabbage in population consumption is winter months accounts for up to 80% of total vegetable consumption. In Japan, the area under it is 30,000 hectares, in Korea - about 70,000, in Germany in some years it increased to 1,000 hectares.
However, in Russia, Chinese cabbage began to be introduced into commercial vegetable growing relatively recently. For a long time, its spread was hampered by the lack of varieties and hybrids that are resistant to stemming when grown in open ground in long day conditions.
Interest in this crop is associated with a number of its economically valuable characteristics: early ripening (forms marketable heads of cabbage in 48-75 days), high yield of marketable heads of cabbage (from 40 to 50 t/ha), valuable biochemical composition (rich in vitamins, mineral salts, amino acids , including irreplaceable), various ways food use: fresh, boiled, stewed, pickled.
IN Western Siberia Chinese cabbage is still little known. In the same time climatic conditions regions are very favorable for its cultivation. The main limiting factors in the spread of this crop are weak popularization among the population and the lack of scientifically based recommendations for its cultivation in the region.
The purpose of our work was to determine optimal timing planting seedlings to obtain maximum yield of Chinese cabbage in the conditions of the south of Western Siberia.
OBJECTS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
The development of technology elements for growing Chinese cabbage in the conditions of the south of Western Siberia was carried out in 2005-2007. at the West Siberian vegetable experimental station. The experiment was carried out on the F1 Nika hybrid, bred at the breeding station named after. N.N. Timofeev RGAU-MSHA named after. K. A. Timiryazeva.
The soil of the experimental plot is represented by ordinary chernozem, medium-thick, medium-loamy. The humus content is 3.8-4.5%, the pH of the salt extract is 6.9, the amount of absorbed bases is 35.3 mEq/100 g of soil, the supply of phosphorus and potassium is high. Groundwater are located at a depth of 10 m from the soil surface.
The air temperature during the years of research was close to the long-term average data with slight fluctuations from year to year. The hottest month was July 2006, the average daily air temperature exceeded the long-term average by 1.4-2.4°C.
Precipitation over the years of research was very unstable: 2007 was dry, and 2005 and 2006. - moderately dry. In July 2006, there was an excess of the average long-term precipitation norm by 2 times and amounted to 137 mm, while the norm was 67 mm.
The seedlings were grown in pots in film greenhouses, then they were planted on a plot of open ground according to a 70 x 30 cm pattern. The seedlings were 30 days old. The area of the recording plot is 5 m2, the experiment was repeated four times.
For each experimental variant, the dates of sowing, single (10%) and mass shoots (75%), planting in open ground, the beginning of the formation of heads of cabbage (in 10% of plants) and the onset of technical ripeness of heads of cabbage (in 75% of plants) were noted.
The duration of periods of plant development was counted from the moment of emergence of mass shoots.
When harvesting, the stump was cut at a distance of 0.5 cm from the head of cabbage. Household waste - leaves, flowering and underdeveloped heads of cabbage - were not weighed. The average weight of a marketable head of Chinese cabbage was determined by dividing the total weight of the harvest from the plot by the number of heads.
RESEARCH RESULTS
Usage various terms sowing of Chinese cabbage when grown by seedlings revealed significant differences in the duration of interphase periods depending on the date of sowing seeds for seedlings (Table 1).
Chinese cabbage cultivation yield
Table 1 - Duration of periods of development of Chinese cabbage plants (average for 2005-2007), days
|
Sowing date |
Shoots - beginning of head formation |
Shoots - the onset of technical ripeness |
|
Analyzing the presented data, it can be noted that during the spring sowing dates of seeds (April - May), there is a gradual acceleration in the formation of heads of cabbage as later sowing dates are used. Thus, over the years of research, when sowing on April 1-4, the duration of the period from germination to the onset of technical ripeness was 87-94 days, and when sowing on May 24-25, mass ripening of heads of cabbage was observed after 67-76 days.
Later sowing dates (June - July) led to an increase in the duration of the periods both from germination to the beginning of head formation, and to the onset of technical ripeness.
As the results of experience have shown, the use seedling method cultivation ensures the ripening of Chinese cabbage in the conditions of the south of Western Siberia already in early July. The size of the harvest and the average weight of a head of Chinese cabbage vary greatly and depend on the timing of crop cultivation (Table 2).
Table 2 - Productivity of Chinese cabbage with seedling cultivation method (average for 2005-2007)
|
Safety for harvesting, % |
Productivity, t/ha |
Average weight of a head of cabbage, kg |
||||
|
Planting seedlings |
||||||
Note. NSR05: 2005 - 1.8 t/ha; 2006 - 2.3 t/ha; 2007 - 2.1t/ha.
In general, higher yields are observed when using early spring sowing of seeds for seedlings. The highest yield of Chinese cabbage (64.9 t/ha) on average over three years was obtained when sowing seedlings at the beginning of the second ten days of April and planting seedlings on May 15-17.
The June timing of planting seedlings led to a decrease in the yield of Chinese cabbage to 48.9 t/ha. This is due to the low level of preservation of plants for harvesting (64.2-75.8%) due to the worse survival rate of seedlings and the severe degree of damage to the rosette of leaves by apical burn due to the influence high temperatures during the period of development of the vegetative mass of plants and setting of heads of cabbage. On Negative consequences Chinese authors also indicate exposure to high temperatures (above +25°C) for setting heads of Chinese cabbage.
Using later dates for planting seedlings allows you to avoid the effects of high air temperatures during the period of active leaf growth and head formation, so cabbage yields increase slightly. However, late planting dates (after August 20) in the conditions of Western Siberia are too risky, since the heads of cabbage may not set.
The use of different growing periods for Chinese cabbage also influenced the size of the heads. The largest average weight of heads of cabbage (1.4-1.60 kg) was formed when seedlings were planted on May 15-17, June 27-29 and July 22-25.
In our opinion, this is due to various temperature conditions during the development of vegetative mass and plant density before harvesting.
CONCLUSIONS
Using the seedling method of cultivation allows, in the conditions of the south of Western Siberia, to obtain high yields of Chinese cabbage from early July to mid-October.
The June timing of planting seedlings reduces the yield of Chinese cabbage by 25% due to the impact of high temperatures during the development of the vegetative mass of plants and setting heads.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST
1. Circle G. Vegetable growing / per. with him. IN AND. Leunova.- M.: Kolos, 2000.- 576 p.
2. Grinberg E.G., Gubko V.N., Vitchenko E.F. Vegetable crops in Siberia. - Novosibirsk: Sibirsk. Univ. publishing house, 2004.- 400 p.
3. Kuo C.G., Tsay J.S. Physiological responses of Chinese cabbage under high temperature // N.S. Talekar and T. D. Griggs. eds. Chinese cabbage. Proc. First Intl. Symp. AVRDC. - Shanhua. Tainan, 1981. - P. 217-224.
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Today, entrepreneurs are offered a number of interesting and profitable ideas. Each recommended one, due to its prospects, is capable of bringing profit, that is, improving financial condition. It is no secret that the most profitable types of business are those based on the sale of products of agricultural origin.
In this article we will look at Chinese cabbage as a source of profit. Let us note that the cultivation of this crop in Russia is a new direction in vegetable growing. The prospects for growing Chinese cabbage are obvious, since the demand for it is only increasing every year. This trend is associated with the taste of the plant, as well as its chemical composition, which has a beneficial effect on human health.
Pros and cons of growing Chinese cabbage.
Below we consider a number of advantages of cultivating Chinese cabbage for farmers:
1. The productivity of the plant is high (determined primarily by the variety, growing conditions and processing technology) - it can reach 0.9 t/ha;
2. Chinese cabbage tolerates low temperatures well, which is of particular interest to farms in the central part of the country. The head of cabbage grows at a temperature of 12 degrees, but its most intensive growth is observed at a temperature of about 20 degrees. The plant can tolerate temperatures of -7 degrees. Thus, it is fair to say that this plant is unpretentious;
3. It makes sense to focus on high wholesale price Chinese cabbage - about 20 rubles. for 1 kg. From five hectares, as a rule, 300 tons of cabbage are obtained, that is, at least 6 million rubles;
4. The plant has a short growing season - on average 2 months, that is, you will get more than one harvest per year, which will contribute to business development;
5. Such cabbage is in high demand throughout the year, that is, risks associated with sales are obviously excluded;
6. Peking cabbage is suitable for greenhouse cultivation.
You must understand that each plant, in addition to its advantages, also has some disadvantages. Chinese cabbage is no exception in this regard. Note that each of the problems when growing a particular plant can be excluded. This requires a proper approach to business and complete dedication. Below are the main disadvantages:
1. Due to the novelty of the plant for our country, appropriate agricultural cultivation techniques have not been developed;
2. Productivity is affected by soil fertility;
3. Chinese cabbage is susceptible to various kinds of diseases. For this reason, the use of insecticidal preparations cannot be avoided;
4. Such cabbage stays “on the vine” for only two weeks. If you postpone the harvesting of cabbage heads beyond these two weeks, then there is a high probability of rotting and necrosis of cabbage leaves. This in turn negatively affects the shelf life.
If you set out to start growing this plant, then you will have to register as a peasant farm, and if you wish, you can also register as an individual entrepreneur. The preferred taxation system for this type of business is the Unified Agricultural Tax. If you have arable land with an area of more than five hectares, then your initial costs will be associated with the acquisition (the minimum investment is indicated):
Tractor with trailer (can be rented) – 1,000,000 rubles;
Transplanter - 200,000 rubles;
Seeds - 5000 rubles;
Fertilizers – 15,000 rubles;
Packaging material – 15,000 rubles;
Storage – 200,000 rub.
Total – 1,435,000 rubles.
Fixed costs will be associated with:
Rent of areas for crops (if you do not have your own land of sufficient area);
Remuneration;
Tax deductions;
Insurance contributions to the Pension Fund;
Fuels and lubricants;
Repair and maintenance of premises and equipment.
Now let’s look at ways to obtain funds that will allow you to bring your idea to life:
1. You can get by with a preferential bank loan, which is provided by the state for agricultural producers;
2. Become a participant in one of the programs that provides support to farmers from the state. In Russia, within the framework of such programs, a farmer can be allocated up to 1,500,000 rubles free of charge for the development of his business.
Agricultural cultivation technology.
Of fundamental importance in the process of cultivating Chinese cabbage is the composition of the soil and, accordingly, its fertility. Neutral soil, that is, one that has an average composition, is better suited. For comparison: light soils will cause the plant to dry out instantly, while heavy and acidic soils will contribute to the development of diseases. To plant Chinese cabbage, give preference to those lands on which zucchini, tomatoes, legumes, cucumbers.
When applying fertilizers, it is enough to limit yourself to bird droppings, humus, lime, and potassium sulfate. It is more rational to fertilize after two weeks after planting the seeds. Urea is usually used as a top dressing.
If you want to start selling early, we advise you to pay attention to such varieties and hybrids as Mirako F1, Khibinskaya 5. Otherwise, Bilko F1.
Growing methods:
Rassadny;
On open ground.
Seedlings give excellent results on special soil - “Rostorfinfest”. Plant seeds in greenhouse conditions begin to grow at a temperature of 4 degrees. With this method of cultivation, you don’t have to be afraid of the negative effects of a deficiency. natural light. You can even do without additional lighting. It will take about 25 days to get viable seedlings in a greenhouse.
The first seedlings can be planted in open ground in April-May. Taking into account the fact that Chinese cabbage has a short growing season, it is advisable to staged planting(in certain areas) seedlings, as this will increase the yield by the end of the season. Example ( middle lane): 1st planting - the first days of May, 2nd planting - at the end of the first ten days of May, 3rd planting - at the end of the second ten days of May, etc., the last planting - the first days of August. There should be 40,000 seedlings per 1 hectare. Distance between seedlings: rows – 10-12 cm, row spacing – 45 cm.
Water consumption for irrigation per 10 tons of crop is up to 800 cubic meters. Tip: give preference to the drip irrigation method.
The frequency of treating cabbage against pests and diseases is once every 3 years. For this purpose, the soil is treated with lime, the consumption rate of which should be 0.3-0.4 kg per 1 square meter.
Packaging and storage.
Harvesting is carried out when there are 10-12 formed leaves on the heads of cabbage.
The best packaging option is PVC film (width 35-45 cm). If you want to extend the shelf life of cabbage, then harvest it by hand directly on the field.
Chinese cabbage is in greatest demand in the autumn.
As you can see, the business idea is quite simple to implement and profitable.
Among other agricultural crops, others are very popular among novice entrepreneurs.
Chinese cabbage is a plant that can all year round supply the human body with minerals and vitamins. The plant belongs to dietary products. If we compare Chinese cabbage with white cabbage, it differs in its cultivation characteristics.
Chinese cabbage belongs to the Cruciferous family. This variety originates from China. IN modern world This variety of cabbage is popular in every country. It tastes a little like lettuce, only juicier and softer. The main feature of the vegetable is its ability to store useful substances all winter.
Chinese cabbage contains many vitamins and nutrients, such as iodine, iron and fiber. The plant contains lysine, which cleanses the blood and improves immunity. If you regularly eat Chinese cabbage, it will have a positive effect on the nervous system.
Interesting!
100 grams of this culture contains 13 calories.
This vegetable is considered unpretentious and grows quickly and easily. It produces two harvests in one season. But despite its unpretentiousness, it is important for a gardener to know and adhere to the basic rules and technologies of how to properly grow this vegetable crop in order to get a high yield. The plant is grown both in open ground and in greenhouses. And since cabbage has a short growing season, it can be grown in a warm greenhouse in winter.
Chinese cabbage is considered a quick-ripening vegetable. The period of its formation depends on the varieties. On average, early varieties ripen in 45-55 days, middle varieties - 60 days, and late varieties - from 65 to 80 days.
Seeds are sown depending on what type of soil is used:
It is advisable to sow seeds in peat pots using humus together with coconut substrate as soil. The seeds are buried 1 centimeter deep.
Since the plant does not tolerate picking, it is not recommended to sow the seed in one container. If you use peat tablets or pots, then when transplanting, the seedlings will be less stressed. The sown seeds are placed in a dark place until germination. When the first bushes appear, the seedlings are moved closer to the sun. The air temperature should be 8 degrees.
It is best to sow three seeds per pot so that you end up with the strongest one.
Water the seedlings as needed. As soon as the top layer of the substrate dries, each bush is watered warm water, which is previously defended. As soon as three leaves are formed, you need to pinch off the weak seedlings and leave the strongest one. It is not recommended to tear it out as it may damage root system healthy plant.
Peking cabbage does not withstand picking very well. Therefore, the seeds are sown in separate molds, and not in a joint container. Thanks to this, the root of the seedlings will not be damaged when picking or transplanting into unprotected soil.
As with any variety of cabbage, proper care, watering, feeding and processing are important for Peking cabbage. If you follow all the rules of agricultural technology, you can grow a good harvest. For example, since it is compared to lettuce, it is worth considering that when growing this crop in winter time, you can get a juicier plant than lettuce.
This type of cabbage is considered moisture-loving, so it is important to know the basics proper watering so that she has enough moisture. Abundant watering is needed when the head is forming, and in the first stages it is enough to water it after 4 days.
The bed for planting bushes should not be in a place exposed to the sun; there should be variable shade. In order for the plant to take root and bear fruit, you need to know when to plant the seedlings, what the soil should be like, and it is important to adhere to the technique of planting Chinese cabbage.
You need to start by planting seedlings in a garden bed in unprotected soil. Seedlings are considered ready for planting when up to six leaves form on them (usually three weeks from the moment the seedling emerges).
Before planting seedlings in unprotected soil, it is important to harden them off. A week before the intended planting, the seedlings are exposed to the open air, increasing the duration every day. Four days before planting, watering the seedlings stops so that they do not overgrow, and just before planting they are watered abundantly.
Planting a plant in open ground depends on the region and weather conditions. It is important that there are no frosts at night, and that during the day it is warm and the soil is warmed up. As a rule, this is done in late May - early June.
A sunny area with variable shade is what Chinese cabbage needs. Acidic soil will not give a good harvest. It is important that the soil is moderately moist and drained. Such important characteristics has loam.
In addition, it is important to consider what was grown in this area before Chinese cabbage. Garlic, potatoes, cucumbers, carrots, grains or legumes are considered ideal predecessors. If tomatoes, beets or cruciferous vegetables were previously grown in the selected bed, then it is better not to plant Chinese cabbage there, since these plants have common diseases and common pests.
After digging and harrowing the area, you can begin to form holes. The distance between the holes will depend on the purpose for which the cabbage is grown. If it is needed as a salad, then the distance should not be less than 15 cm, and the width between the rows should be 50 cm. If the plant is needed in the form of heads of cabbage, then the distance should be 45 cm, and the width should be the same – 50 cm.
You need to pour 2 tbsp into the hole. spoons of superphosphate, 1 teaspoon of urea and 0.5 kg of wood ash. Stir it all so that the ingredients are mixed with the soil and add water. Peat cup, in which the seedling is located, is placed in a hole and buried.
A good crop yield will be obtained if you use the ridge cultivation method. The plant is planted on ridges, and there is no need to hill it.
If you adhere to the recommended rules of agricultural technology, the rules of proper care, weeding and watering, Chinese cabbage will give a high yield for summer cottages. It is important to process and fertilize the bushes in a timely manner so that the plant does not get sick or succumb to attack by various pests.
At first, as soon as the seedlings are planted in unprotected soil, it is recommended to cover it with non-woven fabric. This should be done to protect the crop from temperature changes and possible frosts, as well as to protect it from direct sun rays, which in the first days will only interfere with them.
14 days after planting the cabbage, the area should be mulched with peat or straw. Weeds are removed manually. After each watering, the soil must be loosened.
To obtain good harvest It is important to maintain a balance between temperature and humidity. These two indicators are important throughout the cultivation of the crop, especially during the period of head formation. The temperature at night should be 8 degrees, and during the day - up to 19 degrees. Air humidity should fluctuate between 70 and 80%.
When caring for Chinese cabbage, you need to monitor the condition of the leaves. If lower leaves If they have rotted or become sick, they must be torn off immediately.
This culture loves humidity, but overwatering can cause the plant to rot and also to disappear. It is enough to water the plant once every six days. cold water. Doing so better in the morning or in the evening, since during the day the water will dry out quickly and the roots will not have time to absorb moisture. It is important that there is no accumulation of moisture in the garden bed, as this can cause rotting of the root system. Soil humidity should be on average 65%.
The first feeding is carried out 15 days after planting the seedlings in the garden. This is done organic fertilizers. For this you can use mullein, taking into account 0.5 kg per 10 liters of water, 0.5 kg chicken manure for 20 liters of water and herbal infusion. This feeding is done taking into account one liter of solution per bush.
When planting cabbage in the spring, fertilizing is done three times, and if in the summer, then twice.
When feeding, it is important to remember that Chinese cabbage can easily and quickly absorb nitrates. Therefore, it is not recommended to apply fertilizers during the growing season.
The formation of heads of cabbage in this plant occurs exclusively during short daylight hours. As a rule, this is early spring or late autumn. If daylight hours are more than 12 hours and the temperature environment high, this can cause bolting and flowering of cabbage before it has time to produce heads of cabbage. The air temperature should be between 13 and 20 degrees, then the plant will not bloom and will set heads.
You can grow Chinese cabbage in a greenhouse not only with seedlings, but also with seeds. It is best to make a greenhouse from polycarbonate. The seedlings will produce a harvest a week earlier. Optimal and comfortable conditions For normal plant growth, the following is considered: temperature from 15 to 20 degrees, air humidity – 80%.
Seeds are sown according to a 20x40 cm pattern, seedlings are planted according to a 30x50 cm pattern. Greenhouse soil is no different from the soil in a garden bed.
Common pests that attack Chinese cabbage are:
For preventive purposes, as well as to minimize the chance of the plant being attacked by pests, it is necessary to promptly destroy weeds in the garden bed and do not forget to loosen the soil.
Chinese cabbage is affected by bacterial, fungal and viral diseases. The main diseases are black leg, clubroot, dry rot (or, as it is also called, fomoz), tracheomycosis, mosaic, white rot and downy mildew.
Not only the leafy part of the plant is susceptible to diseases, but also the root part. To minimize infection, it is important to adhere to the rules of agricultural technology and carry out preventive measures.
As a rule, subject to the rules of agricultural technology and when proper care behind the plant, diseases and pests practically do not affect the plant. Prevention is the most reliable way to protect yourself. Seedlings need to be planted in the ground as early as possible, while maintaining the correct distance, adhere to the rules for harvesting and storing the crop, and also dig up the soil well after harvesting. But if pests appear on the site or the plant becomes sick, then it is important to know the main methods of control.
Diseases are treated depending on the type of disease. For example, fungal diseases treated with fungicides, which are found in drugs such as Fundazol, Ridomil, Horus, Kadris and other similar drugs. In case of viral diseases, it is necessary to urgently remove the infected plant from the garden and burn it.
Processing cauliflower insecticides, you can get rid of various pests. You need to spray the bushes several times. It is only important to stop spraying 30 days before harvest.
Since this crop is cold-resistant, it can be collected from the garden from mid-October. The secret of harvesting is that seedlings planted in the spring will not be stored for long, but a plant planted in July can last until the New Year. The type of plant also influences how long a vegetable is stored.
It is important to store Chinese cabbage in wooden boxes or on shelves, in a cellar or dry basement. In this case, the room temperature should range from 0 to 2 degrees, and the air humidity should be 95%. It is recommended to check each head of cabbage for dry or rotten leaves every 14 to 20 days, and if any are found, remove them.
There are early, mid-season and late Chinese cabbage. Popular among early variety crops are the following varieties:
TO mid-season varieties include:
TO late varieties include the following:
Beijing cabbage has a number of advantages and features. First of all, such a culture is very beneficial for human health, as it contains various micro- and macroelements, as well as vitamins.
Chinese cabbage copes well with severe headaches, helps with stress, heart disease and gastrointestinal problems. The plant can improve immunity and remove metals from the body if consumed regularly.
The only disadvantage is that it may not be tolerated by some people. It is contraindicated to take when increased acidity stomach, bleeding in the stomach. Overeating the plant can lead to dizziness, nausea and stomach upset.
Chinese cabbage can be successfully grown in all types of protected soil as an independent crop or in the form of compaction of cucumber or tomato, and under small shelters - zucchini. Distinctive feature Chinese cabbage - its rapid growth. The growing season is 50 days. If it is harvested in the phase of 5...7 leaves, the harvest ripens in 30...35 days, and to obtain heads of cabbage with an open rosette it takes 60...80 days.
Botanical characteristics of Chinese cabbage. Chinese cabbage is an annual, early-ripening plant. The leaves are collected in a dense rosette, which can reach a diameter of 30...50 cm. The leaf blade is light green or yellow-green, wrinkled, slightly pubescent. The leaf petioles are flat, thick and very wide - up to 3...6 cm, white. A rosette of leaves or heads of cabbage tightly folded from leaves, open at the top, are used for food.
Biological features of Chinese cabbage. The culture is demanding on soil fertility and moisture. Most favorable conditions for growth and development, low temperature 15...18° and plenty of moisture. Plants shoot quickly when the day is long, but the leaves do not lose their tenderness even when flowering.
Chinese cabbage can be successfully grown in all types of protected soil as an independent crop or as a compaction of cucumber or tomato. In winter, it grows much better than lettuce and produces a higher yield.
The timing of sowing seeds in open ground is determined by the ripeness of the soil and the possibility of its cultivation. For autumn consumption, Chinese cabbage is sown in late July - early August, often used as a compactor for mid-late varieties of white cabbage.
Sowing seeds. In open ground, seeds are sown with row spacing of 20 centimeters. If you plan to harvest the crop at a young age. When growing until the head forms, the distance is increased to 35...50 centimeters. The distances in the row in the first case are 3...4 centimeters, in the second - up to 20...25 centimeters. The rate of sowing seeds in the ground is 4...5 g per 10 m2, in a greenhouse - 5...6 g.
The seedlings are first thinned out to a distance of 8…10 cm, then, after a week, through one plant. Plants removed during thinning can be used for food. Chinese cabbage plants develop better in early spring in greenhouses and greenhouses, where there is less harm cruciferous flea beetle. Care consists of weeding, watering and loosening the soil between the rows.
Chinese cabbage is also grown as seedlings. 25-day-old seedlings are planted at the same time as early-ripening varieties of white cabbage. Planting pattern 20...25X10...12 centimeters.
Successful cultivation of Chinese cabbage is ensured by following optimal modes humidity and temperature. During the formation of a rosette of leaves and heads of cabbage, the daytime temperature is maintained at 14...18°, and at night - 8...12°. Air humidity on a sunny day should be 70...80%, on a cloudy day - 60...70%, at night - 80%. Soil moisture - 60...70%. If the regimes are violated, the leaves are affected by necrosis, black, gray and white rot, as a result of which a normal head of cabbage does not form.
Harvesting Chinese cabbage. Leaf forms of Chinese cabbage are harvested in two terms. When 4...5 leaves are formed, they are removed in order of thinning, leaving a distance between plants of 8...10 centimeters. When 9...10 leaves have formed on the remaining plants, they are harvested a second time, pulling them out of the soil with roots. When harvesting is delayed, plants form flowering shoots, causing the quality of the product to deteriorate slightly.
The yield of Chinese cabbage in protected soil is 16...18 kilograms per square meter, in open ground 4…5 kilograms.
