What is a battery? How does it work? What are the types of batteries? What shape and what size can they have? How are batteries labeled? What must be considered when choosing a battery? What principles should be followed, what should I pay attention to when choosing a battery?
Below we will try to understand these questions and answer each of them.
Aa batteries wholesale are galvanic cells, each of which is an autonomous compact source of electric current.
Autonomous sources of direct current are divided into 2 types: primary - for one-time use, they cannot be recharged, and secondary - which can be recharged.
Batteries have been around for a long time. The official date of the appearance of the first battery is 1867. It was created by an engineer from France Georges Leklanshe
Eveready was the first company in the USA to produce batteries for commercial purposes. However, the batteries produced under the Eveready Dry Cell brand were only vaguely similar to today's Aa batteries in bulk. The first batch of then still experimental batteries appeared on the market in 1898. These products were conceived as power sources for radio receivers, but later became widespread in the automotive industry, mining, the navy, and then also in aviation.
Eveready's monopoly ended in the 1920s, when another firm emerged in the US, Duracell, which began manufacturing batteries in large quantities. At that time, batteries were already common in various portable electrical devices, the demand for them increased, large wholesale batteries were bought more and more often.
The main advantage of such products was their low cost.
Cons: low capacity, low reliability, short operating and storage time (9-12 months).
Over the course of more than 100 years of its existence, conventional manganese-zinc batteries have undergone significant improvements and are now almost never used in their original form. They were replaced by more advanced, reliable and capacious products.
In addition to manganese-zinc, there are other types of batteries today.
Small wholesale batteries in Moscow are divided according to the materials used for the production of active battery components (cathode, anode and electrolyte).
The most common types of batteries:
. salt;
. alkaline;
. mercury;
. silver;
. lithium.
All these types of batteries have certain features, their advantages and disadvantages.
Salt batteriesAdvantages of salt-type batteries: low cost (of all batteries, salt-type batteries are the cheapest).
Their disadvantages: the difficulty of determining the type of verbal or symbolic information; significant voltage drop during discharge; loss of capacity by the end of the guaranteed storage time is from 30 to 40 percent; at low temperatures, the capacity of a salt battery approaches zero.
A salt battery differs from other types of batteries by an inscription on the case: these can be the words Special Power, General Purpose, Long Life, Extra Power, Extra Heavy Duty, Heavy Duty, Super Heavy Duty and some others. But you can not pay much attention to their meaning, since these words mainly serve as a marketing technique and do not in any way reflect the capacity of the battery and the duration of its operation.
Alkaline batteriesThese batteries got their name from the type of electrolyte used in them. Alkaline battery electrodes are made of zinc and manganese dioxide, and the electrolyte is potassium hydroxide.
Now alkaline batteries are in high demand from the developers of portable electrical devices and are used in most electronic devices, being the most common in the world.
The cost of alkaline batteries is slightly higher than saline ones.
A distinctive feature of an alkaline battery is the inscription ALKALINE printed on the case.
Advantages of alkaline batteries: large capacity, providing a long service life; high level of performance at low temperatures; good tightness (low risk of leakage); long shelf life (up to five years); low self-discharge rate (loss of capacity after a year of storage at room temperature - no more than 10%).
Cons: falling discharge curve; high cost and weight.
mercury batteriesSuch a battery is a galvanic cell, where zinc is the anode and mercury oxide is the cathode. The cathode and anode are separated by a diaphragm and a separator impregnated with an electrolyte, which is a 40% alkali solution.
Separately, it must be emphasized that the mercury-zinc cell is capable of operating on the principle of a battery, that is, it can be reversible. But in the case of cycling (charge-discharge), this element degrades and its capacity decreases.
Mercury batteries differ from alkaline batteries in a more constant voltage, higher capacity, higher energy density and higher price.
Advantages of mercury batteries: constant voltage, high energy density and energy intensity, resistance to low and high temperatures, long storage time.
Disadvantages of mercury batteries: high cost, toxicity of mercury in case of leakage, difficulties with collection and safe disposal.
Silver batteriesIn such batteries, the role of the anode is zinc, and the cathode is silver oxide. The electrolyte in such batteries is alkali - sodium or potassium hydroxide.
Batteries, which are designed according to the silver-zinc scheme, largely coincide in their characteristics with mercury-type batteries. Like mercury batteries, they are characterized by a constant voltage, high energy density, can be stored for a long time, but they differ from mercury-zinc batteries in a higher capacity per unit mass, as well as non-toxicity.
Advantages of silver batteries: constant voltage, high energy density and capacity, thermal stability, long service life (40 percent longer than lithium batteries), long storage time.
The disadvantage of silver batteries is their high cost. Wholesale prices for aa silver batteries can be very high.
Lithium batteriesThese batteries have a constant voltage, the highest capacity per unit weight of all types of batteries and high energy density. A lithium battery contains a lithium cathode and an anode, which can be made from any material.
In addition to constant voltage and high energy density and energy capacity, the undoubted advantage of lithium batteries is the independence of their capacity from the load current. therefore, in the case of a high load current, such a battery can also last several times longer than an alkaline battery with the same capacity.
A distinctive feature of a lithium-type battery is the inscription LITHIUM on the case.
Lithium batteries are characterized by lightness, long storage time (up to 12 years), and thermal stability.
The only disadvantage of lithium batteries is their high price.
Batteries are classified according to size and shape into several types.
Note. This table does not include miniature coin-cell batteries, which come in a variety of sizes and shapes.
The rules for labeling batteries are established by the International Electric Commission (IEC) and are used, including in Russia. The decoding of the battery markings is given in the following table:
Miniature batteries also have a certain marking that allows you to determine the parameters of a particular battery, but it must be borne in mind that, along with the generally accepted marking, manufacturers often use their own, which sometimes makes it difficult to replace a used battery.
Battery capacity and voltageThe voltage of aa battery wholesale in Moscow, which it is able to provide, can be quite different. This parameter is often associated with the type of battery itself. For example, ordinary salt "finger" batteries are capable of providing a voltage of 1.2 V and 1.5 V, alkaline - 1.5 V. Wholesale Durasel lithium batteries in Moscow are made in standard sizes, often have a voltage of 3 V, but sometimes there are with a voltage of 1.5 V.
Square-shaped batteries and krone-type batteries, regardless of their electrochemical system, create a voltage of 4.5 V and 9 V, respectively.
Coin-cell batteries can produce 1.2V, 1.5V, and 3V.
Battery capacity determines the duration of the device in which the battery is placed.
The lifetime of a Duracell wholesale battery is determined by the following factors:
. the actual level of its charge;
. mode of use;
. ambient temperature;
. cutoff current.
The concept of "cut-off current" means the current at which the device cannot operate even if the battery charge is preserved. For example, a battery that does not work from a certain point in a camera can often still work in a remote control or watch.
Self-discharge is the spontaneous loss of battery capacity during storage and use.
Self-discharge is caused by chemical reactions that take place inside the battery and continue whether the battery is in use or stored.
Self-discharge begins at the time of release of the battery and continues until the end of its operation. When the battery is not in use, it may lose 10 to 30 percent of its original capacity during the nominal shelf life, which is indicated on the case.
The most severe battery discharge occurs at the time of its storage.
Temperature fluctuations provoke self-discharge.
Batteries can be designed for: heavy loads (current 0.2 A), medium loads (current 0.1 A) and low loads (current 0.01 A). Most manufacturers indicate on the packaging for batteries the types of devices for which a particular battery is more suitable. In the absence of instructions on the type of device, the following information can help you choose the right battery.
Salt-type batteries are completely unsuitable for high-stress devices (eg, digital cameras with flash), and are also poorly suited for medium-duty devices (eg, CD players, flashlights, some toys).
They have a low capacity (from 600 to 800 mAh) and are intended for use in devices characterized by low energy consumption, for example, in control panels, electronic thermometers, testers, electronic kitchen and floor scales, wall and table clocks. Salt batteries are not designed for high loads, therefore it is unacceptable to insert them into devices that contain electric motors (CD players and electronic toys), cameras and flashlights. In a flashlight or in a toy, such a battery will last for twenty to thirty minutes, in a camera - for 3-5 photos with a flash.
Alkaline batteries can be installed in devices with both low and medium and high loads. Such batteries are capable of providing high efficiency everywhere.
They are characterized by a relatively large capacity level (from 1500 to 3200 mAh) and are optimal for use in devices with moderate and high energy consumption: these are digital cameras with flash, flashlights, toys, CD players, computer mice, office phones. Alkaline batteries marked "photo" are characterized by high capacity and are designed for cameras. Their cost is higher, but the service life is longer. Photo batteries give off energy faster, which increases the speed of the device in which such a battery is installed.
In devices with low energy consumption, in particular, remote controls, such a battery will last for several years.
Mercury-type batteries are now in limited use. In more than half of the world's countries, their manufacture and use are prohibited due to the toxicity of mercury and the difficulty of safely collecting and disposing of such products.
Silver batteries are not widely used now due to the high cost of silver. Only small-sized batteries are in wide demand, for the production of which little silver is used - these are batteries for PC motherboards, watches, hearing aids, calculators, laser pointers, microphones, musical cards and key fobs, that is, all devices in which it is impossible to use larger batteries.
In aviation, in the navy, in astronautics, before the advent of lithium-type batteries, silver-zinc batteries were indispensable.
Lithium batteries at high currents can last much longer than the best alkaline batteries, therefore lithium power supplies are used in most devices characterized by a high level of energy consumption. They are widely used in computer technology, photographic equipment, toys and medical equipment. They are also often used in aviation, the military industry, in the navy and in astronautics, where they successfully replace silver and mercury batteries.
CompletionBatteries are small items that can sometimes be dangerous.
To avoid the risk of harm to health, precautions must be taken: do not disassemble the battery and throw it into fire.
Also, do not try to "recharge" the battery. Despite the fact that some sources sometimes contain recommendations from various "Kulibins" about "recharging" the batteries, this should by no means be done. Firstly, to any significant extent to increase the life of the battery in this way still will not work. The battery is a primary element, therefore, unlike the battery, which is a secondary element, the reactions that take place in it are irreversible. In addition, during the "recharge" it can simply explode. It is more useful and best of all to hand over the used battery for recycling.
Manganese-zinc elements of types A343 "Salyut-1 and 2", A343T, dry, cylindrical, with alkaline electrolyte are designed to power lighting devices, radio equipment and electric toys, microcalculators and hearing aids.
The elements comply with the technical specifications TU 16-529.271-73 (TU ILEV.563130.002). A343X:
A - with improved electrical characteristics;
343 - element size;
X - "Salyut-1 and 2" (trade name);
T - tropical version.
Climatic version of elements A343 "Salyut 1 and 2" and A343T respectively UHL and T, placement category 2 according to GOST 15150-69.
The elements are designed to work under the following conditions in accordance with GOST 15150-69 and GOST 15543-70:
installation height above sea level is not more than 3000 m;
operating temperature range minus 20-50°С;
vibration loads in accordance with GOST 24721-88: sinusoidal vibration with a frequency of 10 to 80 Hz with an acceleration of 20 m/s 2 (2g), degree of rigidity V;
mechanical shock loads of multiple action with peak shock acceleration of 150 m/s 2 (15 g) with a duration of action of 5-10 ms and a degree of rigidity I;
the strength of the elements is maintained during free fall in the package from a height of 750.0 mm.
Elements of these types are operable in any spatial position, are explosion and fireproof, and A343T elements, in addition, are also moisture and heat resistant according to OST 16.0.529.018-76, mushroom-resistant, and have high resistance to salt fog and static dust.
When completing with elements of various equipment, they must be packed and stored separately from the completed product until use. The elements are stacked in an order that does not allow the possibility of their mutual closure.
The storage conditions of elements in terms of exposure to climatic factors correspond to group 2 according to GOST 15150-69, while the upper value of relative humidity is not more than 98% at an ambient temperature of 25 or 35 ° C (respectively for elements of climatic modifications UHL and T) without moisture condensation , temperature - from minus 20 to 0°С.
Storing cells at a low temperature contributes to the stability of their electrical characteristics, which are restored within 24 hours at (15+10)°C and relative humidity of 40-80%.
The elements are transported in a package by any means of transport, while the lower air temperature is allowed up to minus 50°C.
When transported by aircraft, the elements must be kept in a heated sealed compartment.
TU 16.529.271-73; ILEV.563130.002 TU
The technical characteristics of the elements are given in the table.
| Parameter* | Parameter value for elements | ||||||||||
| A343 Salyut-1 | A343 Salyut-2 | A343T | |||||||||
| in continuous discharge mode | in intermittent discharge mode | in continuous discharge mode | in intermittent discharge mode | ||||||||
| Rated capacity (when discharging | 3 | – | 2,5 | – | 4 | – | |||||
| Rated voltage, V, not less than: |
|||||||||||
| freshly made elements** | 1,40 | – | 1,37 | – | 1,40 | – | |||||
| at the end of the storage period | 1,30 | – | 1,28 | – | 1,30 | – | |||||
| Duration of work ***, h, not less than: |
|||||||||||
| freshly made elements | 36 | 110 | 36 | 80 | 45 | 140 | |||||
| at the end of the storage period | – | 100 | – | 70 | – | 120 | |||||
| External circuit resistance | 10 | – | 10 | – | 10 | – | |||||
| External circuit resistance | 20 | 39 | 20 | 39 | 20 | 39 | |||||
| Final discharge voltage, V | 0,85 | 0,9 | 0,85 | 0,9 | 0,85 | 0,9 | |||||
| Discharge time during the day (weekly cycle), h | – | 4 | – | 4 | – | 4 | |||||
| Weight, g, no more | 67 | 67 | 67 | ||||||||
*Electrical characteristics of the element are obtained at a temperature of (20+5) ° С.
*** Newly manufactured elements are considered elements that have been manufactured for no more than 30 days. R*** The indicated duration of operation of freshly made cells is maintained in a continuous discharge mode on a 20 Ohm resistor up to 50 ° C and decreases by 15% at a temperature of minus 10 ° C for A343 "OSalyut-2" elements, by 10% at a temperature of minus 20 ° C for elements A343 "OSalut-1". A343T elements are not used at sub-zero temperatures.
Curves of continuous discharge of the element A343 "Salyut-1" at a temperature of (20 + 5) ° C by currents:
1 - 500 mA; 2 - 300 mA; 3 - 200 mA; 4 - 150 mA; 5 - 100 mA;
6 - 80 mA; 7 - 40 mA
Curves of continuous discharge of the element A343 "Salyut-2" at a temperature of (20 + 5) ° C by currents:
1 - 300 mA; 2 - 200 mA; 3 - 150 mA; 4 - 100 mA; 5 - 80 mA;
6 - 60 mA; 7 - 40 mA; 8 - 20 mA
Warranty period of storage of elements A343 "Salyut-2" and A343T before the start of operation - 12 months, A343 "Salyut-1" - 18 months, counting from the date of manufacture, excluding the month of manufacture indicated on the label. Shipment of elements from the manufacturer is made no later than 30 days after the month of manufacture.
MAINTENANCE
Structurally (see Fig. 3), elements of all types have a cylindrical shape with two current-output contacts: positive in the form of a protrusion on the surface of the upper end of the housing and negative, which is the very surface of the lower end of the element housing.
General view of the element A343 "Salyut 1 and 2" A343T:
1 - element body;
2 - positive current output contact;
3 - negative current output contact
The elements can be combined into a battery.
Before installing the elements into the equipment, it is necessary to make sure that there are no mechanical damages (cracks, dents, chips), traces of electrolyte and corrosion of the exposed metal surfaces of the element body. During storage, the presence of carbonates on the surface of the body is allowed at the place of rolling of the end surfaces of the element. The carbonates must be removed before the element is installed in the apparatus.
It is necessary to periodically check the cleanliness of the current-output contacts and the contacts of the equipment and, if necessary, clean them.
The compartment in the apparatus for placing the elements must be easily accessible and marked for the correct orientation of the elements during installation. When connecting elements to the load circuit, it is necessary to strictly observe the polarity, otherwise, if the polarity of even one of the elements that make up the battery is not observed, the battery as a whole and the equipment used will malfunction.
The connecting contacts in the equipment used to connect the elements must be made of steel coated with nickel or other alkali-resistant material. To connect the negative current-output contact of the element, the corresponding contact in the equipment must be spring-loaded, preferably of a spiral-conical shape. To connect a positive current-output contact, the corresponding contact in the equipment must be recessed into the electrical insulating material to a depth of 0.5-1 mm.
After use, the cells should not be recharged as this may cause electrolyte leakage or explosion. During operation, heating of elements above 80°C is not allowed.
Checking the rated voltage of the elements before installation in the equipment is carried out in a continuous discharge mode immediately after the elements are switched on for discharge.
Measurements are carried out until the rated voltage of the elements is set for the first time below the value of the final voltage given in the table, taking into account the normalized duration of their operation.
Similar measurements of the nominal voltage of the cells in the intermittent discharge mode are carried out until the nominal voltage of the cells, controlled at the beginning and end of each regular discharge cycle, is lower than the final voltage for the first time (see table), taking into account the corresponding duration of the elements.
The persistence of the electrical characteristics of the elements is checked by measuring their rated voltage, capacitance, etc. once a quarter. These characteristics of the elements before installing the latter in the equipment must not be lower than the values of these characteristics indicated in the table at the end of the warranty period of storage. The elements are completed in batches in a package in accordance with the requirements of GOST 9294-83 and OST 16.0.529.018-76 and together with a passport.
When replacing batteries, it is important to choose an element that will fully match in voltage and size. The 343 battery is not the most common product in the category of non-rechargeable electrical source, so it is important to study all the main parameters of this element before going to the store for a purchase.
Maintenance
Size 343 batteries have the following specifications:
| Parameter | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Basic designation | Type C |
| Diameter | 26.2 mm |
| Salt | 343 |
| alkaline | A343 |
| Capacity | 3800-8000 mAh |
| Voltage | 1.5 V |
| Analogues | Read more |
| ANSI/NEDA | 14D, 14A |
| The form | Barrel |
| Height | 50 mm |
| The weight | 67 gr |
The A343 battery can operate at ambient temperatures from minus 20 to plus 50 degrees Celsius. You can store the battery at a lower temperature, but for further use it will require thawing at room temperature for a day.
The scope of the A343 battery is very extensive. High capacity indicators allow the use of products in devices that consume a large amount of electricity.
The cylindrical shape allows you to install batteries in series in special compartments of electronic devices, so you can get higher voltage if desired.
The most common battery of this type can be found in the following devices:
In various children's designers, such an element may also be present as a source of electricity.
There are not so many analogues that can replace the original product. Currently, elements that are fully consistent in form and technical characteristics are produced under the following names:
The most common analogues are R14 products, which can also be produced under the trade name Salyut.
In powerful electronic devices, 343 batteries are discharged quite quickly, so many owners of portable devices often try to restore the battery charge mechanically or thermally. Such actions are unacceptable and may lead to undesirable consequences.
Supplying DC to the battery poles from the charger will not solve the problem either. Such actions lead to overheating and explosive depressurization. Scattered pieces of the product and electrolyte can cause harm to health and property, so you should not take any action to restore a cell that is not intended for this purpose.
The HR14 battery is and can be charged. Using as an analogue, you must remember that its voltage is 1.2 Volts, not 1.5.
It will not be difficult to buy batteries of this type, because many manufacturers of chemical batteries produce such products in very large quantities. Of the most popular companies whose trademarks can be found on the packaging of the A343 battery, we can name:
The products of these brands are distinguished by the highest quality and compliance with the declared parameters. The A343 battery is also produced by domestic manufacturers. The products of the firms ERA, Trophy and Phase are not inferior to foreign analogues in terms of reliability and duration of operation.
When buying a new product, you should pay attention to the labeling. The designation of the voltage and the name of the battery is always applied to the packaging and the body of the battery. Power usually cannot be determined in this way, but if the capacity is indicated, then the larger this parameter, the longer the product will work in an electrical device.
