East is a delicate matter. So said Vereshchagin in the legendary "White Sun of the Desert". And he turned out, more than ever, right. The thin line between reality and the mystique of Chinese culture encourages tourists to go to the Middle Kingdom in order to unravel the mysteries.
In the north of China, along winding mountain paths, rises the Great Wall of China - one of the most famous and extraordinary architectural structures in the world. At least once, each of the more or less interested in history people looked for what the Great Wall of China looks like on the map, and is it so majestic.
The beginning of the Great Wall of China is near the city of Shanhaiguan, Hebei Province. The length of the Great Wall of China, taking into account the "branches", reaches 8851.9 km, but if measured in a straight line, the length will be about 2500 km. The width varies according to various estimates from 5 to 8 meters. Scientists claim that it was built with the expectation that a patrol of 5 horsemen could easily pass through it. Rising to a height of 10 meters, protected by observation towers and loopholes, the wall protected the eastern power from attacks by nomadic peoples. The end of the Great Wall of China, passing even the vicinity of Beijing, is located near the city of Jiayuguan, Gansu Province.
Historians around the world agreed that the Great Wall of China began to be built around the 3rd century BC. Due to the military historical events, global construction was interrupted and changed leaders, architects and the approach to it as a whole. On this basis, there are still disputes on the topic: who built the Great Wall of China?
Archives and research give reason to believe that the Great Wall of China began to be created on the initiative of Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi. Such a cardinal decision was prompted by the period of the Warring States, when during the long battles 150 states of the Celestial Empire were reduced by 10 times. The increased danger of nomadic barbarians and invaders frightened Emperor Qin, and he instructed the commander Meng Tian to lead the massive construction of the century.
Despite the bad mountain roads, bumps and gorges, the first 500 workers headed for the northern part of China. Hunger, lack of water and hard physical labor exhausted the builders. But, according to all Eastern severity, dissenters were severely punished. Over time, the number of slaves, peasants and soldiers who built the Great Wall of China increased to a million people. They all worked day and night, following the Emperor's orders.
During the construction, rods and reeds were used, held together with clay and even rice porridge. In some places, the earth was simply rammed or embankments were created from pebbles. The peak of the building achievement of that period was clay bricks, which were immediately dried in the sun and laid out row by row.
After the change of power, Qin's initiatives were continued by the Han dynasty. Thanks to their assistance, in 206-220 BC, the wall stretched for another 10,000 km, and watchtowers appeared in certain areas. The system was such that from one such "tower" one could see two standing side by side. Thus, communication was carried out between the guards.
The Ming dynasty, which came to the throne, starting from 1368, replaced some of the worn-out and not very strong building materials with durable bricks and massive stone blocks. Also, with their assistance, in the area of the current city of Jiang'an, the wall was restored with purple marble. This change also affected the segment near Yanshan.
But not all the rulers of China supported this idea. The Qing Dynasty, having come to power, simply abandoned construction. The imperial family did not see the expediency in a boulder on the outskirts of the state. The only part they were worried about was the erected gate near Beijing. They were used for their intended purpose.
Only decades later, in 1984, the Chinese authorities decided to restore the Great Wall of China. From the world on a thread - and the construction began to boil again. The money collected from caring sponsors and patrons around the world replaced the destroyed stone blocks in several sections of the wall.
After reading history books and looking at photographs, you may feel an irresistible desire to go and, having tested yourself, climb the Great Wall of China. But before you imagine yourself as the Emperor on top of a stone massif, you need to take into account a few points.
First, it's not that easy. The snag is not only in the amount of paperwork. You will have to hand in copies of both passports, an application form, photographs, copies of round-trip tickets and a copy of your hotel reservation. Also, you will be asked for a certificate from the place of work, where your salary should not be lower than 5000 hryvnia. If you are unemployed, you must have a certificate from the bank on the state of your personal account. Pay attention - it should be at least 1500-2000 dollars. If you have collected all the necessary forms, copies and photographs, then you will be given a visa for up to 30 days without the possibility of extension.
Secondly, it is advisable to plan a visit to the Great Wall of China in advance. It is worth deciding, to the miracle of architecture and how to spend time there. You can drive from the hotel to the wall on your own. But it is better to book a planned excursion and act according to the plan provided by the guide.
The most popular tours offered in China will take you to several sections of the wall that are open to the public.
The first option is the Badaling site. For the tour you will have to pay about 350 yuan (1355 hryvnia). For this money, you will not only inspect the wall and climb to the heights, but also visit the tombs of the very Ming Dynasty.
The second option is the Mutianyu site. Here the price reaches 450 yuan (1740 hryvnia), for which, after visiting the wall, you will be taken to forbidden city, the greatest palace complex of the Ming Dynasty.
Also, there are a lot of one-time and shortened excursions, in the context of which you can either walk along the hundreds of steps of the Great Wall of China, or ride the funicular, or simply admire the picturesque view from the tops of the towers.
The Great Wall of China, as well as everything in China, is shrouded in legends, beliefs and mysteries.
There is a legend among the Chinese people that even at the beginning of the construction of the wall, Meng Jiangui, in love, accompanied her newly-made husband to the construction site. However, after waiting for him for three years, she could not stand the separation and went to the wall in order to see her beloved and give him warm clothes. It was only after going through a difficult path that she found out at the wall that her husband had died of hunger and hard work. Crushed by grief, Meng fell to her knees and sobbed, from which part of the wall crumbled down, and the body of her deceased spouse appeared from under the stones.
Such legends are supported by local beliefs. They believe that by putting your ear to the stones of the wall, you can hear the groans and cries of those workers who were buried during the construction of the Great Wall of China.
Other narrators claim that the mass graves of construction slaves are a tribute higher powers. Because, as soon as Emperor Qin ordered the construction of a defensive structure, a court magician came to him. He told the emperor that the Great Wall would only be completed when 10,000 inhabitants of the Middle Kingdom were buried under the boulders, and a Chinese named Wang was dead. Inspired by the speeches of the sorcerer, the emperor ordered to find a subject with that name, kill him and wall him up in the walls.
There is also a more mundane story, which to most seems only a myth. The fact is that in 2006 V. Semeyko published an article in one of the scientific journals. In it, he suggested that the authors and builders of the stone border were not the Chinese, but the Rus. The author reinforces his idea with the fact that the towers are directed towards China, as if watching eastern state. Yes, and the fact that general style buildings are more inherent in Russian defensive walls, allegedly unconditionally testifying to the Slavic roots of the architectural phenomenon.
Is this true or just a hoax - will remain a mystery for centuries. But tourists happily come to China to walk the steps of one of the seven New Wonders of the World. Stand at the tower and wave your hand to the sky in the hope that somewhere in orbit someone will certainly see them. That's just the theory that the Great Wall of China is visible from orbit is a lie. The only celestial shots that the wall can boast of are those from satellite cameras. But this fact also gives the wall a special grandeur.
And, be that as it may, the Great Wall of China, with all its ambiguity and mystery, is the best symbol of the massiveness, strength and greatness of the Celestial Empire. Her elevation and successful symbiosis of innovation and mysticism.
The Great Wall of China - to this day, this architectural structure impresses with its mighty grandeur and deservedly takes the place of the largest and most ancient architectural monument on the entire planet. The structure stretches across China for 8851.8 km. One of the gaps of the structure runs very close to Beijing. Most likely, each of us has heard about this miracle of architectural thought, but not everyone knows what history the wall went through during its construction. The construction of the Great Wall of China can shock any historian with its scale. Today our travel site invites you to immerse yourself in the history of the construction of the Wall, as well as learn new Interesting Facts, which largely influenced the course of work and the current appearance of the structure.
Most likely, you cannot even imagine correctly how much time and resources were spent on creating such a huge architectural object. And how many people suffered and died during the construction of the Wall - these are just huge numbers. Nowhere else in the world is there a structure that can compete with the Great Wall of China in its length.
For the state, this period of history was very dangerous, since the nomadic people of the Xiongnu regularly carried out their raids. Of course, their members were not the only ones who did not mind taking easy money. Then it was decided to build a huge fence that would enclose the state and protect it reliably. More than a fifth of the population of all of China was called to build the wall. In those years it was about one million people.
The Great Wall had one of its main tasks to protect the subjects of the "Celestial Empire" from the fact that they would be involved in a nomadic lifestyle. It could also guarantee the absence of assimilation with the barbarians. At that time, China had only just begun its formation into one state out of many small ones conquered by it. It was critically important to designate and protect their territories and possessions. The wall was supposed to be that help that would help unite and keep the empire as one. The boundaries of the wall on the map can be indicated by the following scheme:
Year 206 BC. The Han dynasty comes to power, and it was during this period that the Wall conquered new numbers in length. To the west, it is increased to Dunhuang. On the construction to protect trade caravans from attacks by nomads, they erect a large number of guard armed towers. Of course, not all sections of the great wall have survived to this day, but most of those sections that nevertheless appear to us today belonged to the Ming dynasty, which ruled from 1368 to 1644. It is during this period that the structure becomes the most durable, as it is already being built from bricks and concrete blocks. During this period, the wall runs already from east to west from the territory of Shanhaiguan on the coast of the Yellow Sea up to the lands of Yumenguan, which are located on the border with Gansu province.
In 1644, the Qing Dynasty from Manchuria came to power. Representatives of this dynasty had conflicting opinions about the need for the existence of this structure. During the Qing period, the Great Wall was more destroyed than during the reign of other dynasties. This factor was affected by its influence and time as well. A small section from Beijing to Badaling was used as a gate that opened the entrance to the capital. This area is the best preserved. Today, this particular segment of the structure is the most popular among tourists from all over the world. It has been open to the public since the distant 1957. Interestingly, this section also served as the finish line for cyclists who took part in the 2008 Olympics in Beijing. In 1899, the United States wrote that the remaining section of the wall would be completely dismantled, and a freeway would be built in its place. The wall was visited by President of the United States of America Richard Nixon.
In 1984, the architect Deng Xiaoping organized a fundraiser that was needed to carry out work to return the wall to its former glory. Funds were attracted from both Chinese and foreign investors. Funds for restoration were collected even from ordinary private individuals, so everyone could contribute to the history of the restoration of a unique architectural heritage.
Let's stop for a second now and think about the next sentence for a moment. The length of the Great Wall of China is 8,851 kilometers and 800 meters! Think about this number! It is simply unbelievable how such a giant could be built by human hands.
In China, they are very active, and under an hour even aggressive methods are doing agriculture. For this reason, since the 1950s, the waters that provided the bowels of the earth began to dry up in the country. As a result, the entire region has become a place where very gusty and strong sandstorms originate. It is because of these factors that today more than 60-kilometer section of the Wall in northwest China is subject to severe erosion and active destruction. 40 kilometers of the section have already been destroyed, and only 10 kilometers still remain in place. However, the impact of the elements and natural factors also changed the height of the wall in some sections. Where previously the wall reached 5 meters, now it does not exceed 2 meters.
In 1987, the Wall was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. It has rightfully taken its place in the category of the greatest historical sights of China. By the way, today this area is one of the most visited in the world. More than 40 million tourists choose this point on the map as the main object of their travels.
Of course, such a significant architectural structure could not but leave its traces throughout the history of the state and the planet as a whole. There are many legends and superstitions around the Wall to this day. For example, there is a version that the wall was built in one piece in just one go. However, if we turn to the facts, then it immediately turns out that this is just a myth. In fact, the wall is not something that in one go - it was built even by different dynasties. In addition, separate sections of a certain length were erected in the works. The length of the section was determined by various factors that take into account the relief, weather and other factors. They built it as reliably as possible in order to secure and protect China from the north.
All the dynasties that built the wall created their own specific area, which eventually united with the previous already the next dynasty. All this happened at different times, sometimes separated by decades. For the period of turbulent times in which the wall was built, such defensive structures were an objective necessity, they were built everywhere. If we reduce all the defensive structures of China over the past 2000 years into one statistic, then we get a figure in the region of 50 thousand kilometers.
The wall, as I have already described above, had discontinuous segments in many places. As a result, in 1211 and 1223, this was used by Genghis Khan and his Mongol invaders, who eventually took possession of the entire northern part of the country. Until 1368, the Mongols were the rulers of China, but the representatives of the Ming dynasty expelled them by fasting.
In the framework of this paragraph, let us dispel another common myth. No matter what anyone says, the Great Wall of China is not visible from space. This assumption or just fiction came to light in 1893. Then the magazine The Centuries (Centuries) was published in America, and such a fact was mentioned there. Later in 1932, noumenon Robert Ripley stated that the Wall was visible from space, namely from the Moon. This fact was amusing, considering that there were still many decades before the first landing of a man on Ken. Today, space has already been explored to some extent, and our cosmonauts and satellites can provide high-quality photos from orbit. see for yourself, it is quite difficult to notice the wall from space.
You can also hear about the wall that the mortar used to fasten the bricks was based on a powder based on the bones of the dead workers of this construction site. And the remains of the bodies were buried right inside the wall. Thus, the structure allegedly became stronger. But in fact, none of this happened, the wall was built using standard methods for those times, and ordinary rice flour was used to make the bonding solution.
For obvious reasons, this miracle was not included in the 7 ancient wonders of the world, but the Great Wall of China is rightfully included in the list of 7 new wonders of the world. Another legend says that a large fire dragon paved the way for the workers, indicating where to build the wall. Builders subsequently followed in his footsteps
There is also a legend that will tell us about a big dragon that showed the way for the builders with his flames. As a result, the workers followed in his footsteps, and the fire of their dragon's mouth cleared the way for them. What's most interesting about this story is that it's actually true. We managed to find a photo of this dragon and even find out which zoo it ended up in:
Okay, let's admit, nevertheless, that this is simply one of the mythical legends that have no basis in common sense no logical reasoning. The photo is just a drawing. mythical creature- dragon.
But there is no doubt that today the Great Wall of China deservedly takes its place of honor in the list of "7 new wonders of the world."
most famous legend related to the Wall of China is the tale of the girl Meng Jing Niu, who was simply a farmer's wife. She was involved in the construction of the Wall. The wife, who was stricken with grief, came at night to the wall and wept over it until the reading cracked and showed the girl the bones of her lover. In the end, the girl was able to bury them.
Here, on the ground, there was a certain custom of burying people who died during the construction. The family members of the one who died here carried a coffin crowned with a white rooster. The crowing of the rooster was supposed to keep the spirit of the deceased awake. This must have continued until the procession with the coffin crossed the Wall. There were legends that if the ceremony was not completed, or completed with violations, then the spirit would remain here forever and wander along the wall.
For the period when the wall was being built for all prisoners in the state and all the unemployed, there was only one measure of punishment. Send everyone to build the Great Wall! This period especially needed the protection of external borders, so drastic measures had to be taken.
This construction gave the heritage of the Chinese people a lot useful inventions. So, it was here and for the purposes of construction that the same wheelbarrow was invented, which is used today everywhere at construction sites. Vulnerable areas during the construction of the Wall were surrounded by a moat, which was filled with water, or simply remained in the form of an abyss. Among other things, the people of China also used advanced weaponry for defense. These were hammers, and spears, and crossbows, axes. But the main advantage of the Chinese was their main invention - gunpowder.
All over the wall equal segments were erected viewing platforms, which served to monitor the area and protect trade caravans. if danger approached, the sentinel at the top lit a torch or dropped a flag, after which the troops were put on alert. Lookout towers also served as storage for provisions and ammunition. The famous trade route, the Silk Road, ran along the wall. He was also guarded from the top of the wall.
The wall has seen many bloody battles, he saw his last battle. It happened in 1938 during the Sino-Japanese war. The wall still bears many scars from the bullets of those battles.
The Great Wall of China, though not the highest building, but its height at its maximum point reaches 1534 meters. This place is located near Beijing. But the lowest point dropped to sea level near the coast of Laolongtu. If we start from average values, then the height of the wall is 7 meters, and the width in the most spacious areas is 8 meters. But on average more often from 5 to 7 meters.
Today, the Chinese government is spending billions of dollars to strengthen and maintain the Great Wall. Today, for the country, the mighty Wall is not just a structure. It is a symbol of cultural pride, a symbol of a struggle that lasted several centuries, and an indicator of the greatness of an entire nation.
, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, province Sichuan, Qinghai and PRC
the great Wall of China(Chinese traditional 長城, exercise 长城, pinyin: Changcheng, literally: "Long wall" or whale. trad. 萬里長城, ex. 万里长城, pinyin: Wànlǐ Chángchéng, literally: “Long wall of 10,000 li") - a separation wall almost 9,000 km long (total length 21.2 thousand km), built in ancient China. The largest monument of architecture.
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The Great Wall of China ... Many are amazed at the absurdity of this huge structure. Why build a wall in impenetrable mountains, where not only nomads on horseback, but even foot detachments are unlikely to pass? Why was it built? In fact, everything is simple. The wall was built to prevent the green monsters from destroying humanity. They attacked humanity every 60 years, until the monster queen was destroyed with the help of two Caucasians and a huge number of Chinese. Although no, this is a story from a slightly different opera, and it was created for the sake of money. But the official version is not far gone in plausibility. Appreciate the beauty and logic of the official response of the Chinese themselves - this wall was supposed to protect the peoples of China from the transition to a semi-nomadic way of life, from merging with the northern barbarians. The wall was supposed to clearly fix the border of China itself, and contribute to the consolidation of the Empire, which was made up of a number of separate kingdoms. That is, the Great Wall of China was needed not to protect against an external attack, but to protect its subjects from fleeing. Such a kind of ancient Berlin Wall, blocking the flight of its citizens to other countries. Here is such a wise and instructive official version. Therefore, the loopholes, about which there have been disputes relatively recently, look first on one side, then on the other, and sometimes they are generally double on both sides. So to speak, according to the Chinese version, in order to effectively regulate the flow of illegal immigrants trying to escape from the general joy of the unification of the Celestial Empire. Some researchers put forward such a version about the purpose of the wall - it was used in remote areas as a road. More on this later, but now let's talk about the antiquity of this building. The construction of the first sections of the wall allegedly began as early as the third century BC. Official modern Chinese sources claim that the first fortifications at the base of the wall began to be built in the era of the Zhou Dynasty more than 2 thousand years ago. The western part of the Great Wall of China was also completed in the Han Dynasty in 220 AD. Well, the Ming dynasty from the 14th to the 17th centuries only restored and strengthened the inner wall around Beijing. So, when was this Great Chinese Wall in fact? To begin with, let us recall a quote from the outstanding Russian scientist, historian and linguist Nikolai Morozov: “Every large building has a predetermined practical purpose. Who would have thought of starting a building that would be completed in two thousand years, and until then would be a senseless burden for the population. Yes, and the Chinese Wall could be preserved so well only if it is no more than two hundred years old. The argument that it was being repaired all this time, which is why it survived to us in perfect condition , is questionable. Because even the Chinese did not believe in the effectiveness of the wall itself. Even if one emperor built it for some of his own reasons, the other is unlikely to spend huge human resources and money on it to restore it. Today, the tourist part of the China Wall route is the same part that was built over 2,000 years ago, according to official sources. But even the first European and Russian travelers began to doubt this. For example, the Russian archimandrite IokInf, the first Russian Sinologist, an expert in the Chinese language, who spent time in Beijing from 1808 to 1821. He also wrote Notes on Mongolia, here is a quote from there: “An earthen rampart opened before us, both ends of which were hidden behind the horizon. This is the famous Great Wall, which we in Russia think, Sovereign Shi Huang built 214 years before our reckoning. It has already collapsed on both sides.” The monk clearly doubted the authenticity of the Chinese Wall. He notes in his book that the Europeans considered the wall a model of the quality and reliability of ancient construction. And then he describes that the wall is actually built quite primitively from compacted hay, straw and clay, so that it is washed away from the rain right before our eyes. Such a flimsy structure could not stand for two thousand years. A Russian monk in his book provides evidence that many sections of the wall were built in the 15th and 16th centuries. He also cites the words of the Catholic monk Je Bellon, who personally saw the Chinese Wall in 1697, that this site had almost completely disappeared by the end of the 17th century, since it was originally only a small earthen rampart. YokInf further writes that the Chinese themselves admit that the first 600 leagues of the first and longest section of the wall began to be built in 1485, and the rest of the wall was completed in 1546. But European sources continue to insist on the ancient origin of this section of the wall. About how the European Jesuits of the 17th-19th centuries invented tales about the antiquity of the Chinese Wall and deliberately stretched out the history of the state, we told in the film “False Antiquity of China”, look if you haven’t seen it yet. Until the 17th century, all military fortifications, fortresses and military buildings were built from rammed earth and straw, at best from clay, and sometimes from wood. The technology of making bricks and processing stone and granite were brought to China from Europe at the end of the 15th century. Therefore, the Chinese, by definition, could not build the Great brick wall before the 15th century. An interesting reference is presented by the same priest on the construction of the wall itself. Many of the plots were built quite quickly. Most of them have exact dates of construction, most often the wall was erected in the same year, or rather in one summer. And this is a real fact. According to Chinese documents, between 50,000 and 180,000 workers worked on one section of the wall. How many such areas were there? Dozens, if not more. Why in one summer? Obviously, it was impossible to exploit the peasants practically for free for longer, this would lead to serious uprisings that would be difficult to suppress. One of these uprisings caused the death of the ruling Yuan house. Here is another interesting description of the wall. During the trip along the Chinese wall, the same priest Iokinf went out for a walk. Recall that this is the beginning of the 19th century. In the Nordyan region, he climbed a wall made of small, untreated lime stones, that is, without mortar. There were several brick towers on this wall. What struck the Russian priest and his companions? These towers were obviously built recently. There was even a building tool inside one of the towers. The monk noted in his “Notes”: “These towers clearly do not show their antiquity, but were erected quite recently, that is, at the beginning of the 19th century.” And this is a place that is now considered one of the ancient sections of the Great Wall of China. And finally, an interesting fact. In the northern regions of China late XIX century, another Russian archimandrite Pallady traveled, in the world Peter Ivanovich Kofarov, head of the next Russian Orthodox mission in Beijing, he was also an orientalist, polyglot and linguist. After reading his predecessor's Notes on Mongolia, he also became interested in the history of China, and in particular the ancient legends about the Great Wall of China. As a result, for almost 40 years of his stay in China, he never found a single source worthy of attention about the two-thousand-year-old origin of the Great Wall. Kofarov found the first recorded information about Chinese earthen ramparts made of earth, clay and straw, hundreds and thousands of kilometers long, dating back at best to the second half of the 15th century, at worst to the 17th century. Moreover, it is the earthen ramparts that make up 80% of the total length of the entire Great Wall of China as a whole. But the first stone walls, built without mortar using primitive technology, date only to the middle of the 16th century. Brick sections of the Great Wall, with the exception of individual sections along the trade routes to Beijing, generally belong to the buildings of the late 17th - early 19th centuries. And that section of the modern Chinese Wall, where tourists are taken, not far from Beijing, is a frank remake of the second half of the 20th century, it is no more than half a century old. This is not even a restoration, but an outright fake. To answer the question of when the Great Wall of China was built, it is worth deciding what we mean. An ordinary earthen rampart made of sand and earth, or still the famous stone wall with brick towers. Obviously, there were some ramparts on separate plots of land, but we also have a lot of earthen ramparts in Russia several thousand kilometers long, for example, the Siberian ramparts or the so-called great Zavolzhskaya wall. Or Zmievy Valy in Eastern Europe. They are superior in engineering technology to primitive Chinese structures, and in length they are not inferior to Chinese ones. But we do not call them the Great Russian Wall. Moreover, the Chinese themselves, speaking of the Great Wall of China, have in mind exactly its stone-brick part, only about 60 kilometers long, and are extremely reluctant to recall earthen embankments. And tourists are shown only a brick structure. Therefore, if we talk only about the brick Great Wall, then there is no need to talk about antiquity, it is definitely not 2300 years old, but less than 500 years old, and some sections are not even three hundred years old. Today the Wall of China is inside China. However, there was a time when the wall marked the border of the country. This fact is confirmed by ancient maps that have come down to us. Here is a map of Frederick de Wit from 1648 with a border along the Chinese wall, and on the Mercator map of 1606 it is written in Latin that the king of China defended himself from the invasion of the Tartars with the help of this wall. And on the map of William and John Blau from 1635 it is also written that the wall was built from the invasion of Tartarus. And on the map of Nicolas Sanson from 1654, there is an inscription near the wall - “mountains and a wall between China and Tartaria”. And here is an engraving from 1750 with the inscription “View of Beijing, the capital of China, and the Great Wall that separates from Tartary.” In general, a road or a border, but in any case, as a defensive structure, the Wall is practically meaningless: it is simply unrealistic to guard more than four thousand kilometers around the clock, and building such a colossus in impenetrable mountains and rocks, in which both foot and horse enemies will willingly break their necks , there is no reason. That's all we have for now. Although, of course, something remains. But more about that some other time. See you later.
The thickness of the Great Wall is mostly about 5-8 meters, and the height is most often about 6-7 meters (in some sections the height reaches 10 meters) [ ] .
The wall runs along the Yinshan mountain range, bending around all the spurs, overcoming both high rises and very significant gorges.
Over the centuries, the wall has changed names. Originally called the "Barrier", "Rampant" or "Fortress", the wall later acquired more poetic names such as "Purple Border" and "Land of Dragons". Only at the end of the 19th century did it receive the name that we know to this day.
The construction of the first sections of the wall began in the 3rd century BC. e. during the period of the Warring States (475-221 BC) to protect the state from the Xiongnu. One fifth of the then living population of the country, that is, about a million people, took part in the construction. The wall was supposed to clearly fix the boundaries of Chinese civilization, to promote the consolidation of a single empire, just made up of a number of conquered kingdoms. [ ]
Settlements developing on the plains of central China, turning into major centers trade, attracted the attention of nomads, who began to attack them frequently, raiding from behind Yingshan. Large kingdoms such as Qin, Wei, Yan, Zhao, whose borders were located in the north, attempted to build protective walls. These walls were adobe structures. The Wei kingdom erects a wall around 353 BC. BC, which served as the border with the kingdom of Qin, the kingdom of Qin and Zhao build a wall around 300 BC. e., and the kingdom of Yan around 289 BC. e. Disparate wall structures are later connected and form a single structure.
During the reign of Emperor Qin Shihuangdi (259-210 BC, the Qin Dynasty), the empire unites into a single whole, reaches unprecedented power. Like never before she needs reliable protection from nomadic peoples. Qin Shi Huangdi orders the construction of the Great Wall of China along the Yingshan. During construction, pre-existing parts of the wall are used, which are strengthened, built on, connected by new sections and lengthened, while sections that previously separated separate kingdoms are demolished. The construction of the wall was appointed to manage the commander Meng Tian.
Construction lasted 10 years and faced numerous difficulties. The main problem was the lack of appropriate infrastructure for construction: there were no roads, there was no adequate water and food for those involved in the work, while their number reached 300 thousand people, and the total number of builders involved in Qin reached, according to some estimates, 2 million . Slaves, soldiers, peasants were involved in the construction. As a result of epidemics and overwork, at least tens of thousands of people died. Resentment at the mobilization to build the wall caused popular uprisings and was one of the reasons for the fall of the Qin Dynasty. [ ]
The terrain itself was extremely difficult for such a grandiose structure: the wall went straight along the mountain range, skirting all the spurs, while it was necessary to overcome both high rises and very significant gorges. However, this is what determined the unique originality of the structure - the wall is unusually organically inscribed in the landscape and forms a single whole with it.
Until the Qin time, a significant proportion of the wall was built from the most primitive materials, mainly with the help of earth tamping. Layers of clay, pebbles and other local materials were pressed between shields of twigs or reeds. Most of the materials for such walls could be obtained locally. Sometimes they used bricks, but not burnt, but dried in the sun.
Obviously, the popular Chinese name for the wall - "earth dragon" - is associated with building materials. During the Qin period, stone slabs began to be used in some areas, which were laid close to each other over layers of compacted earth. Stone structures were widely used in the construction of the Wall in the east, in the same place where, according to local conditions, the stone was not available (western lands, in the territory of the modern provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi) - a large embankment was erected.
The dimensions of the wall varied in sections, the average parameters were: height - 7.5 m, height with battlements - 9 m, width along the ridge - 5.5 m, width of the base - 6.5 m. The battlements of the wall, located on the outside, have simple rectangular shape. Integral part the walls are the towers. Some towers built before the wall was built were built into it. Such towers are often less than the width of the wall itself, and their locations are random. The towers erected along with the wall were located at a distance of up to 200 meters from each other (the range of the arrow). There are several types of towers, differing in architectural solution. The most common type of tower is two stories, rectangular in plan. Such towers were top platform with loopholes. Also, within sight of the fire (about 10 km), signal towers were located on the wall, from which the enemy's approaches were monitored and signals were transmitted. Twelve gates were made to pass through the wall, which over time fortified into powerful outposts.
permanent construction and the restoration of the wall exhausted the strength of the people and the state, but its value as a defensive structure was questioned. Enemies, if desired, easily found weakly fortified areas or simply bribed the guards. Sometimes, during attacks, she did not dare to raise the alarm and silently let the enemy pass.
For Chinese scientists, the wall has become a symbol of military weakness during the Ming dynasty, capitulation to the next barbarians. Wang Xitong, a 17th-century historian and poet, wrote:
After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, the Qing emperor dedicated a poem to her, in which it was written about the wall:
The Chinese of the Qing era were surprised by the interest of Europeans in a useless structure.
In modern Chinese culture, the wall has taken on a new meaning. Regardless of the failures associated with its military use, it has become a symbol of the resilience and creative power of the people. On several sections of the Great Wall of China, you can find monuments with the phrase of Mao Zedong: “ If you have not visited the Great Wall of China, you are not a real Chinese"(Chinese exercise 不到长城非好汉).
The popular track and field marathon "Great Wall" is held annually, in which athletes run part of the distance along the ridge of the wall.
Despite many years of efforts, the wall was systematically destroyed and fell into disrepair. The Manchurian Qing Dynasty (1644-), having overcome the wall with the help of Wu Sangui's betrayal, treated the wall with disdain.
During the three centuries of Qing rule, the Great Wall almost collapsed under the influence of time. Only a small part of it near Beijing - Badaling - was maintained in order, it served as a kind of "gateway to the capital". In 1899, American newspapers started a rumor that the wall would be completely demolished, and a highway would be built in its place.
Despite the work carried out, the remains of the wall, far from tourist places, are still in a ruined state. Some areas are destroyed when choosing a wall site as a place to build villages or stone from a wall as a building material, others due to the construction of highways, railways and other extended artificial objects. Some areas are covered in graffiti by vandals.
It is reported that a 70-kilometer section of the wall in Minqin County, Gansu Province in the northwest of the country is undergoing active erosion. The reason is intensive methods of conducting Agriculture in China since the 1950s, which led to the drying up of groundwater, and as a result, this region became the main source and center for the emergence of powerful sandstorms. More than 40 km of the wall has already disappeared, and only 10 km are still in place, the height of the wall in some places has decreased from five to two meters.
In 2007, a significant section of the wall was discovered by William Lindsey on the border of China and Mongolia, which was attributed to the period of the Han Dynasty. In 2012, the search for further fragments of the wall by the expedition of William Lindsey culminated in the discovery of a lost section already in Mongolia.
In 2012, a 36-meter-long section of the wall, located in Hebei Province, collapsed due to heavy rains. No one was hurt in the collapse. It happened on August 6, but the official announcement appeared only on the 10th.
One of the earliest references to the myth of the wall being seen from the moon is in a 1754 letter from the English antiquary William Stukeley. Stukeley wrote: "This huge wall, eighty miles long (we are talking about Hadrian's Wall), is surpassed only by the Wall of China, which takes up so much space on the globe, and in addition it is visible from the moon." Henry Norman also mentions this. Sir Henry Norman) is an English journalist and politician. In 1895, he reports: "... besides its age, this wall is the only creation of man that is visible from the moon." At the end of the nineteenth century, the topic of the Martian canals was exaggerated with might and main, which may have led to the idea that long thin objects on the surface of the planets are distinguishable far from space. The visibility of the Great Wall of China from the moon was also heard in 1932 in the popular American comic strip Ripley's Believe It Not. Ripley "s Believe It or Not! ) and in the 1938 book The Second Book of Wonders ( Second Book of Marvels American traveler Richard Halliburton Richard Halliburton).
This myth has been exposed more than once, but still has not been eradicated from popular culture. The maximum width of the wall is 9.1 meters, and it is about the same color as the ground on which it is located. Based on the resolution of the optics (distance to the object to the diameter of the entrance pupil of the optical system, which is a few millimeters for the human eye and several meters for large telescopes), only an object that is contrasting with the surrounding background and has a size of 10 kilometers or more in diameter (which corresponds to 1 arc minute) can be seen with the naked eye from the Moon, the average distance from which to the Earth is 384,393 kilometers. The approximate width of the Great Wall of China, when viewed from the moon, would be the same as a human hair when viewed from a distance of 3.2 kilometers. To see the wall from the moon would require vision 17,000 times better than normal. Not surprisingly, none of the astronauts who have been on the Moon have ever reported seeing a wall while on the surface of our moon.
More debatable is whether the Great Wall of China is visible from orbit (it's about 160 km above the earth). According to NASA, the Wall is barely visible, and only under ideal conditions. It is no more visible than other artificial structures. Some authors argue that due to the limited optical capabilities of the human eye and the distance between the photoreceptors on the retina, the wall cannot be seen even from low orbit with the naked eye, which would require vision 7.7 times sharper than normal.
In October 2003 Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei stated that he was unable to see the Great Wall of China. In response, the European Space Agency issued a press release stating that from an orbit with an altitude of 160 to 320 kilometers, the wall is still visible to the naked eye. In an attempt to clarify this issue, the European Space Agency released a photograph of part of the Great Wall of China taken from space. However, a week later they admitted their mistake (instead of a wall in the photo there was one of the rivers).
If you ask a person anywhere in the world to name the first thing that is associated with China, there is a high probability that it will be the Wall of China. No wonder - this is really a huge, majestic structure that deserves to be mentioned. Many readers would certainly like to know what is the length of the Chinese Wall in km, when it was built, by whom, for what purpose. We will try to answer these questions briefly, but meaningfully.
It would seem that the answer is obvious - the Great Wall of China should be located in China. However, he is only partly true. Of course, most of it is really in the Middle Kingdom. But not all! Several hundred kilometers of the wall are in the south of Mongolia, and some segment is in the northeast of the same country. Many will probably be surprised by the fact that a small piece of the same segment runs along the very southern border Chita region. Some of the most ancient sites can be found in North Korea.
The wall itself is very complex device- individual pieces were built tens and even hundreds of kilometers from others. Because of this, the wall is located not only in the northern part of China, but also in the central, and even eastern.
Not only ordinary readers, but also many experts would like to know how long the Great Wall of China is. Alas, the data on this is very different. Judging by the annals, the length was the same, some modern commissions present completely different data, and other groups of specialists - the third.
So, what is the length of the Chinese Wall in km?
The Chinese themselves call it the "Wall 10,000 li long". If we take into account that "li" is an ancient Chinese measure of length, equal to approximately 570 meters, then we can calculate the length - we get 5,700,000 meters, or 5,700 kilometers. A very impressive number. However, in ancient times, problems often arose when counting. Therefore, it is better to turn to modern research, since they are carried out regularly.
In 2012, a special commission was assembled to determine exactly how long the Great Wall of China is in km. They counted 21,196 kilometers - just mind-boggling. After all, the length of the planet Earth at the equator is a little more than 40 thousand kilometers. It turns out that the wall could encircle the Earth by more than half? Very doubtful. It is more likely that Chinese scientists, wanting to impress the whole world, to attract even more tourists, simply "slightly" overestimated the length of their main pride. All sites were taken into account - both existing to this day and destroyed many centuries ago. They even included in the calculations the parameters of structures erected in Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty, although they were never part of the Great Wall of China.
The official length is 8852 kilometers. Also very impressive! Especially when you consider the rest of its dimensions. The thickness in different areas varies from 5 to 8 meters, and the height is approximately 6-7 meters. However, there are also places where it rises by as much as 10 meters.
Even with the use of modern technology and materials, it would be very difficult to create such a colossus. But here the construction was carried out using manual labor, natural materials and the most primitive tools. So you definitely cannot refuse the Chinese in diligence.
After reading, the reader may have a question: why are there such problems and discrepancies when trying to determine what is the length of the Great Wall of China in km?
The answer is simple. The fact is that it was built not one or two years, but almost two millennia. As a result, when some sections were just completed, others were already destroyed - under the influence of rains, floods, and human activity.
When they find two segments of the wall several tens of kilometers long, between which there are no buildings, many guesses arise as to why this happened. Maybe the Chinese engineers didn't want to build anything here? Or did not have time? Or maybe the wall was here, but just collapsed over time? Therefore, some experts, trying to understand how long the Chinese Wall is, count only the sections that exist today. Others, in an effort to get more impressive numbers, take into account both destroyed and hypothetically existing ones. Of course, the discrepancies are more than serious.
So, if we talk about the parameters of such a building as the Great Wall of China, it is not possible to unambiguously name its length in kilometers.
Speaking about the global nature of the construction, one cannot help but wonder why it was built at all. The most obvious and popular answer is to protect Chinese lands from the enemy from the north. But it does not withstand any criticism - we will return to this later.
There is a version that she was supposed to prevent the enemy, who had captured slaves and wealth in China, to freely leave back to the north. But this version is not too plausible.
But another option has been tested by practice - it was used as a road. Wide enough for two carts to pass freely, it was not afraid of rain and mudslides. On the wall, even in the autumn slush, it was dry. Merchants and simple peasants carrying goods to the markets could quickly move from one province to another.
Also, the wall could be used as a customs post. After all, the military was on duty all the time in the towers, who checked whether all the duties were paid by the merchants. The Great Silk Road alone is crossed by the wall three times.
Some experts advocate a completely different version. When the wall began to be built, China was a bunch of fragmented, warring states and peoples. What was needed was a single great goal that would make yesterday's enemies work together, helping each other. That was the purpose of the construction of the Great Wall of China.
Now let's think about why it could not be used as a military facility? Everything is simple - precisely because of its length. In those days, the army of China was very small, and it defended not so much the border from the attacks of enemies, but the emperor and his entourage, as well as other feudal lords from ordinary peasants.
If you split up the entire available army, planting a small detachment in each tower, then they would not be able to resist - even a small enemy army, choosing a good direction for a strike, would easily capture a section of the fortress, killing the guards. And if you collect small detachments into large armies, then they would be at a great distance from each other - it would not be possible to control the entire length of the wall.
In addition, as mentioned above, the wall is not a straight, continuous construction, but a chain of separate sections, between which there are often gaping gaps of tens and hundreds of kilometers. What prevented the enemies from breaking through the wall, but calmly bypassing it, choosing a route through such a hole?
So the fact that she could not, with all her desire, perform military function, is quite obvious.
Well, the question of how long the Chinese Wall is, how many kilometers it stretches, is more or less disclosed. How many years was it built? Fortunately, many written sources have been preserved that allow a fairly accurate answer to this question.
Construction began in the third century BC. Then China as such did not exist - only numerous scattered and constantly warring kingdoms. According to the chronicles, almost immediately 20% of the population - about a million people - were thrown into the construction.
The construction was completed in 1644, when the powerful Ming dynasty already ruled the united China.
Of course, construction was not carried out constantly. Sometimes they forgot about it for decades and even centuries, in order to eventually return to the construction of this amazing object.
To say how many people died during construction is even more difficult than to unambiguously answer how long the Chinese wall is. The fact is that people were crippled and died constantly: poor nutrition, primitive mechanisms, inhuman working conditions - all this affected life expectancy. But it never occurred to anyone to record or otherwise mark the deaths of people at work. Just from time to time more and more new workers were brought here.
There is a legend that for every kilometer of wall built, there was one fatal accident. But it is possible that in fact there were much more victims than 9 thousand.
The dead were treated quite simply - they were walled up in the base of the walls so as not to dig graves for them. So the Wall of China is not just an impressive building, but also a very unusual cemetery.
By the way, one of the legends is connected with the people buried in the wall. It says that one man - a simple farmer who was forced to build a wall - died and was walled into the foundation of the building. His wife - Meng Jiang Nu - was heartbroken and cried terribly. So terrible that the part of the wall where the husband was buried simply crumbled, exposing the remains and allowing them to be buried according to customs. Rumor has it that a monument was even erected on the wall in honor of this.
Another one interesting legend associated with the dragon - well, what is China without it? Allegedly, the location of the Great Wall of China was not chosen by chance. The wise dragon crawled across the earth, showing the place where it should be erected. Well, the legend is really beautiful and quite in oriental style.
At various times, the Great Wall was often used as ... a source of building materials. Landed peasants, not thinking too much about the value of the building, calmly dismantled it into bricks for their needs. And it began many centuries ago and continues to this day. Only in the middle of the 20th century, the authorities caught on and imposed a fine for such sabotage - 5,000 yuan (about 48,000 rubles). True, in remote provinces this stops people weakly - many do not even know about such a ban and punishment.
In many places you can even buy such a brick - it is quite inexpensive, about 50 yuan (less than 500 rubles). However, when exporting from the country, serious problems may well arise. And what prevents scammers from slipping an ordinary brick made a few days ago under the guise of an ancient artifact? Therefore, it is better to refrain from such purchases.
As the main binder not concrete was used, as they would do now, but slaked lime mixed with rice porridge.
On average, 40 million tourists visit the Great Wall of China in one year - both from China and from all over the world.
Although there is an opinion that this is the only building that can be seen from space with the naked eye, this is not so - although the wall is long enough, its small width makes this impossible.
In 1987 she was included in the List world heritage UNESCO, being the greatest landmark of China.
This can be the end of the article. Now you know, if not everything, then a lot about such an amazing building as the Great Wall of China: length in kilometers, width, purpose, years of construction and much more. Surely this will allow you to significantly expand your horizons.
From the school history course, many of us know that the Great Wall of China is the largest architectural monument. Its length is 8.851 km. The height of the grand structure varies from 6 to 10 meters, and the width varies between 5 and 8 meters.
Chinese wall on the map of China
In Northern China, as early as the 3rd century BC, there were frequent clashes between the Chinese people and the Xiongnu. This period of history has been called the Warring States era.
At the same time, the construction of the Great Wall of China began. The main role played stone structure, was that it was supposed to mark the borders of the Chinese Empire, and unite the scattered provinces and regions into a single territory.
In the center of the Chinese plains, new trading posts and cities continually arose. And the neighboring peoples, warring among themselves and with others, robbed and ruined them with enviable regularity. In the construction of the wall, the rulers of that era saw the solution to this problem.
During the reign of Emperor Qin Shi Huang of the Qin Dynasty, it was decided to throw all their efforts into continuing the construction of the wall. Most of the population, and even the emperor's army, participated in this large-scale historical project.
The Chinese wall was built during the reign of this emperor for 10 years. Slaves, peasants, middle-class people gave their lives to build a structure of clay and stone. The construction work itself was complicated by the lack of entrances and roads to some construction sites. People experienced shortages of drinking water and food, died from epidemics without doctors and healers. But construction work did not stop.
At first, the wall was built by 300 thousand people. But at the end of its construction, the number of workers reached 2 million. There were many legends and tales around the Chinese Wall. One day, Emperor Qin was informed that the construction of the wall would stop after the death of a man named Wano. The emperor ordered to find such a person and kill him. The poor worker was walled up in the base of the wall. But construction continued for a very long time.
The Wall of China divides China into a south of farmers and a north of nomads. During the reign of the Ming Dynasty, the wall was reinforced with bricks, and watchtowers were erected on it. Under the Wanli Emperor, many parts of the wall were rebuilt or rebuilt. People called this wall the “earth dragon”. Because its foundations were high earthen mounds. And its colors corresponded to such a name.
The Great Wall of China begins in the city of Shanghai-guan, one of its sections passes near Beijing, and ends in the city of Jiayu-guan. This wall in China is not only a national treasure, but also a real cemetery. The bones of people buried there are still found today.
As a defensive structure, this wall proved to be not better side. Its empty sections could not stop the enemy. And for those places that were guarded by people, its height was not enough to repel attacks with high quality. Its small height could not fully protect the area from barbarian raids. And the width of the structure was clearly not enough to place on it a sufficient number of soldiers capable of fully fighting.
Senseless for defense, but useful for trade, the wall continued to be built. For its construction, people were forcibly taken to work. Families broke up, men lost their wives and children, and mothers lost their sons. They could be sent to the wall for the slightest offense. To recruit people there, special calls were made, similar to how soldiers are recruited for the army. People grumbled, sometimes riots were organized, which were suppressed by the army of the emperor. The last rebellion was the last. After all, after him, the reign of the Ming dynasty came to an end, and construction stopped.
The current Chinese government has introduced a number of fines for damaging landmarks. This had to be done due to the fact that many tourists sought to take a piece of the Chinese wall with them. And natural processes its destruction was only accelerated by such barbaric actions. Although in the 70s it was proposed to destroy the wall on purpose. Due to the then political outlook, the wall was perceived as a relic of the past.
Before the reign of the Qin Dynasty, primitive building materials were used for the wall: clay, earth, pebbles. After this period, they began to build from bricks baked in the sun. And also from large boulders. Building materials were taken from the same place where the construction took place. The stone mortar was made from rice flour. This gluten held the lumps together quite reliably. different shapes between themselves.
The Chinese wall was even used as a road. Its structure is heterogeneous. It has a different height, borders on mountain gorges and hills. The height of its steps in some places reaches 30 cm. Other steps are only 5 cm high. Climbing the Chinese Wall is quite convenient, but descending can be a risky adventure. And all because of such a device steps.
Many tourists who visited the wall noted this feature of it. It would seem that there is nothing easier than going down the stairs. But the paradox is that going down steps of different heights takes more time than going up them.
During different periods of construction and reconstruction of the wall, people raised uprisings, as their forces were running out. The guards easily passed the enemy through the wall. And in some places they willingly took bribes so as not to lose their lives during the raids of opponents.
People raised riots, not wanting to build a useless structure. Today in China, the wall is given a completely different meaning. Despite all the failures, difficulties and failures that arose during construction, the wall is considered a symbol of the resilience of the Chinese people.
Modern Chinese people treat the wall in different ways. Someone feels awe at the sight of her, someone can easily throw garbage near this attraction. Most have a moderate interest in it. But the Chinese go on group excursions to the wall just as willingly as foreign tourists.
Mao Zedong wrote in his book that one who has not visited the Great Wall cannot call himself a true Chinese. On the small areas walls, marathons of runners are organized annually, excursions are held, research work and reconstruction.
Among the abundance of information about the main Chinese attraction, the myth that the Chinese Wall is visible even from the moon is quite popular. In fact, this myth has long been debunked. Not a single astronaut has been able to clearly see this wall either from the orbital station or from the night satellite of the earth.
In 1754, the first mention appeared that the Great Wall of China is so large that it is the only one visible from the moon. But the astronauts did not manage to see this structure of stones and earth in the pictures.
In 2001, Neil Armstrong also denied rumors that the Wall of China could be seen from Earth's orbit. He stated that none of the other astronauts could clearly see this design on Chinese territory.
In addition to disputes about the visibility of the wall from orbit, there are many rumors and legends around this attraction. The terrible legend that the building mortar was mixed from crushed human bones was also not confirmed. Rice flour served as the basis for the solution.
Another myth says that when a farmer died while building the wall, his wife cried on it for so long that part of the structure collapsed, revealing the remains of the deceased. And the woman was able to bury her husband with all honors.
There were various rumors about the construction of this facility. Some claimed that a real fire-breathing dragon helped people lay a track for the wall, which melted the space with its flame to facilitate construction works On him.
Among other things, there is a legend about the construction itself. It says that when the chief architect was approached and asked how many bricks to make. He named the number "999999". After the construction work was completed, one brick remained, and the cunning architect ordered it to be mounted above one of the entrances to the watchtower to attract good luck. And he pretended that everything was meant to be.
Consider reliable facts about the Great Wall of China:
Maintaining such a huge architectural object in a presentable form is almost impossible. What influences the Great Wall of China today?
For three consecutive imperial "kingdoms" in a row, the Chinese Wall was built and rebuilt several times. It was erected during the reign of the Qin, Han and Ming dynasties. Each dynasty brought something new to the appearance of the structure, betraying the construction of the structure new meaning. Construction was completed during the Ming era. The construction of the wall was one of the reasons for a large-scale uprising, during which the last representative of the dynasty was overthrown from the throne.
Today, even modern building technologies and innovations cannot stop the destruction of a huge structure. Some sections of the wall collapse on their own due to exposure to rain, sun, winds and time.
Others are dismantled by local residents to use the materials to build villages. Tourists also damage the wall. Often there are sections of the wall painted with graffiti. Stones and other parts are pulled out of the structure.
In addition, some sections of the Great Wall of China are so far from cities and settlements that there is simply no one to monitor their condition. And the costly business for the economy does not fit into the modern Chinese budget.
The Great Wall gives the impression of a structure organically inscribed in the landscape. It seems to merge with the trees, hills and steppes around, without disturbing the beauty of the places where it lies. Her colors are shades of earth and sand. When viewed from the side, it seems that the building, like a chameleon, adapts to all the shades of greenery around, and dissolves among the woody palettes of the local vegetation.
This attraction has many channels and branches. Her story is full of secrets, tragedies and mysteries. And the design itself is not distinguished by engineering refinements. But the meaning that is embedded in this symbol today allows us to say that the Chinese people know no equal in work and perseverance. After all, it took millennia and millions of years to build this structure. human hands building a wall stone by stone.
