"Land of Towers" Ingushetia is the smallest and most mysterious region of Russia. On its territory there are many corners that fascinate with the charm of untouched nature and ancient stone structures. The walls of ancient temples cracked from time to time, medieval towers rising above the green plains, half-erased patterned murals remind of bygone generations that once lived on this land. A traveler who has visited the Ingush sights will probably feel miraculously transported back several centuries - at a time when people created architectural monuments of unique beauty and strength without computer design when instead of multi-storey boxes and noisy highways there were endless expanses and only the sound of horse hooves broke the primordial silence. The history of the Republic of Ingushetia and its culture, which has absorbed the traditions of different mountain peoples, is of great interest not only for a narrow-profile specialist, but also for every person in love with the Caucasus.
Ingushetia is located on the northern slopes of the foothills of the Greater Caucasus Range and adjacent mountains, covering an area of 3685 km². Its closest neighbors are North Ossetia, Georgia, the Chechen Republic, with which there have been and still are disputes of a territorial nature. The capital of the republic is the city of Magas, founded in the 90s of the twentieth century, previously Nazran had the status of the main city of Ingushetia.
The Koban culture took its name from the North Caucasian village of Koban, on whose territory in the middle of the 19th century, by chance, during the collapse of one of the banks, a huge burial with many curious objects was discovered. Some of the bronze items found in the burial ground were transferred to the Caucasian Museum. After some time, the news of the new discovery reached Moscow and attracted the attention of eminent scientists who hurried to visit the amazing place. German and French explorers also actively visited the village of Koban. Soon, similar artifacts began to be found by archaeologists in other regions of the Caucasus, providing scientists with necessary material for research into the distant historical past. The bearers of the Koban culture (1st millennium BC) were well versed in the technique of making bronze weapons, jewelry, elements of horse equipment, utensils, and figurines of animals. They also knew how to make objects from ceramics. Things were not only distinguished by durability and practicality, but also represented an undoubted artistic value. They were generously decorated with skilful chasing, bizarre moldings, and elegant patterns. At a later stage of development, bronze gradually began to be replaced by iron.
In addition to the skill of metal processing, the Kobans could boast of well-established agriculture and animal husbandry. Their houses were located in hard-to-reach rocky areas and were structures made of clay or stone, erected in close proximity to each other. The people who lived in them did not avoid contact with the surrounding peoples: trade relations were developed with the Cimmerians, Asians and other settlers of the Caucasus.
With the advent of the first millennium A.D. e. Proto-Ingush peoples of the North Caucasus are called Alans in written sources. The Alans were noted in history as tribes that organized military campaigns in Western European lands in the 4th-5th centuries and took part in Iranian-Byzantine clashes in the 6th-7th centuries. Having fallen into economic and political dependence on the Khazar Kaganate, the Alans took the side of the Khazars when they fought against the Arabs.
In the 10th century, the Alans founded a state, the center of which was the "city of the sun" Magas. However, in the XIII century, Alania suffered the fate of many lands devastated by the Golden Horde conquerors. Most of it went into the possession of the Golden Horde, but a number of mountain villages remained unconquered - the people fiercely defended their right to freedom and independence, references to the struggle of the highlanders against the invaders are found in many written monuments. Thanks to these courageous people, the traditions of the Alans, their language and culture were preserved in the mountains of Ingushetia and Chechnya. Another powerful invasion that the ancestors of the modern Ingush had to endure was the raid of the troops of the famous conqueror Tamerlane at the end of the 14th century.
When the 15th century came, the Ingush tribes began to actively settle in the river valleys, but in the 16th century, due to the campaign of the Kabardian prince Temryuk, supported by Russia, they were forced to leave the inhabited territories. Returning to the mountains, the Ingush formed special societies there - shahars, reminiscent of mini-states with a democratic system. Shakhars grew, and from the 17th century, people again began to develop the valleys of the Terek, Assa, Kambileevka, Sunzha rivers. This gradual migration continued until the 19th century.
In 1770 Ingushetia became part of the Russian Empire. In 1784 the large fortress of Vladikavkaz was founded. Here in 1810 representatives of the most noble families signed an act of oath Russian state. According to this document, the Ingush could live and farm on agreed lands, but in case of military necessity, their duties included urgently recruiting equipped troops, monitoring the situation in the mountains and notifying the Russian authorities, and surrendering enemy fighters to the latter. The resettlement of the Ingush people also fell under the strict control of Russia. Failure to comply with the terms of the contract was equated to a riot. At the same time, another fortress was erected - Nazran. During the entire existence of the Russian Empire, the mountain people acted on its side in the Caucasian, Russian-Turkish and Russian-Japanese wars.
In the period from the 40s to the 60s of the XIX century, the confrontation between Russian government and Ingush. The reason for the conflict is the forced relocation of residents to new places, so that the empire would be easier to manage the Caucasian people. This was the reason for the Nazran uprising of the Ingush in 1858, which affected not only Nazran, but also some other areas. 5,000 people made an attempt to storm the fortress, but the detachment of the rebels was defeated. The Ingush continued to be evicted: some ended up in Turkey, some - in distant Ingush villages. Such a change of residence was difficult for many settlers: people starved, fell ill, and died. And the places inhabited by them were renamed into villages and given to the Cossacks.
In 1860, after the creation of the Kuban and Terek regions in the North Caucasus, the Ingush district was allocated on the territory of the latter, after which it was united with the Ossetian. AT late XIX century Ingushetia was given under the control of the Cossacks. And only in 1905, after a long struggle for autonomy, the Ingush achieved the allocation of their lands to the independent Nazran district of the Terek region.
During the revolution and civil war, the Ingush people supported the Bolsheviks. When the Gorskaya ASSR was created in 1921, Ingushetia became part of it. The ASSR did not last long, in 1924 the Ingush Autonomous region. But ten years later, the authorities, not listening to the opinion of the people, annexed it to Chechnya and formed the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
During the years of the Great Patriotic War Ingush, like other peoples of the USSR, bravely repulsed the attacks of the Nazis. They took part in the defense of the Brest Fortress, the defense of the Caucasus, Odessa, in Battle of Stalingrad, in the Battle of Kursk and other major battles. Near the city of Malgobek, at the beginning of the war, the enemy troops were stopped, who set foot on the North Caucasus. More than 50 Ingush soldiers have earned the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
In 1944, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR ceased to exist, and the Ingush and Chechens were deported to Kazakhstan and Central Asia. According to the documents of that era, the deportation was carried out in order to combat the formation of gangs and various sects on the territory of the republic. The link claimed many lives, people died in difficult conditions. The lands of Ingushetia were ceded to Georgia, Ossetia and the Grozny region. Already after the death of Stalin in 1957, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was restored. However, the redistribution of territories that occurred later became the cause of conflicts between the Ingush and the Ossetians.
In 1991, Chechnya seceded from Ingushetia, becoming a separate republic. The Ingush preferred to remain part of the Russian Federation. So in 1992 there was a law on the formation of the Ingush Republic, which is part of Russia. In the same year, there was a serious armed clash between Ossetia and Ingushetia because of the border region, which the Ingush considered their own. The conflict did not lead to a change in borders, but because of it, almost all Ingush living in North Ossetia had to move to Ingushetia. Disputes over land between the two peoples do not stop until now.
For a long period - from 1992 to 2002 - Ruslan Aushev was the head of the republic. Under him, an agreement was signed with the unrecognized Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, according to which a significant part of the territory of the CRI was ceded to Ingushetia. However, after the death of CRI President Dzhokhar Dudayev in 1996, this agreement served as a pretext for another Chechen-Ingush land conflict.
In 1994, Ingush enterprises were exempted from paying taxes and provided with benefits - all this was done in order to strengthen and maintain the region's underdeveloped economy. In the late 1990s, Aushev took the initiative to transfer full control over the law enforcement agencies of cities and regions to the republic itself, but the Russian government did not support such an approach. There were also attempts to legalize polygamy among the Ingush, but they were quickly suppressed as violating the Family Code.
From 2002 to 2008, the head of the republic was Murat Zyazikov. His reign was ambiguously assessed by contemporaries: on the one hand, an undoubted step forward in economic and cultural development (houses, social centers and educational institutions, the level of salaries rises, the gross national product grows), on the other hand, the criminal situation is aggravated and the danger of terrorist attacks is increasing. After Zyazikov's resignation, the post of head of the republic passed to Yunus-Bek Yevkurov. He was supported by the opposition, but the leadership of Ingushetia is seriously complicated due to rampant crime, political intrigues, and inter-clan strife. There are assassination attempts on the president and other high-ranking officials. Yunus-Bek Yevkurov resigned in 2013, served as interim president, and when the election time came, he was re-elected to this post.
The history of Ingushetia has always been replete with difficult periods for the people, but it is worth noting the invariable courage and perseverance of the Ingush, which helped them overcome difficulties and preserve their customs. Today the republic has a low level of economic development.
Poverty, unemployment, crime remain the main problems of the region. As for the birth rate, Ingushetia's indicators are considered the highest in the Russian Federation. A third of the population of the republic are children. As a result, there is an acute shortage of places in educational institutions.
The tourism sector has an impressive potential, as there are many places of amazing beauty and atmosphere in the region, in which ancient buildings are combined with the freshness of untouched Caucasian nature. The gorges of Dzheyrakh, Armkhi, Guloi-Khi, Galgayche attract visitors from all over the country. Castles and military eminences - their number reaches two thousand - fully justify the name of the republic - "Land of Towers". Believers and simply inquisitive tourists can visit the oldest christian temple Thaba-Yerdy. Those who wish to improve their health go to the Armkhi sanatorium or to the Achaluk healing waters. And, of course, creative people local crafts will impress: embroidery, artistic processing of stone and metal, carpet weaving. The products created by the hands of skilled needlewomen and talented craftsmen are pleasing to the eye and inspire a flight of fancy.
Another curious find that excited the minds of historians in 2014 was the grave of the Georgian Queen Tamara in Ingushetia. The workers accidentally stumbled upon a burial cave, in which the remains of the great ruler could presumably rest. According to legend, Tamara wanted the place of her burial to be unknown to her enemies. Is the Ingush cave really the tomb of the queen or is it just fiction? Time and research will show, but for now, the Ingush land has one more mystery.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF INGUSHETIA FROM THE FIRST MILLENNIUM BC TO 1992
Ingush - autochthonous indigenous people of the central part of the North Caucasus, have lived since ancient times in the mountains, gorges and foothills, in the upper reaches and along the middle course of the Terek, which is confirmed by numerous historical, ethnographic and other sources of Russian and foreign scientists.
The first written mention of the Ingush tribes in the North Caucasus appears in the first millennium BC. Ingush - (self-name - galgai, g1alg1ai) representatives of the Caucasian (Caucasian) race, are part of the Nakh-Dagestan family of Caucasian-Iberian languages, which in turn is part of the Indo-European language community.
The Ingush profess Sunni Islam. At different times, according to numerous sources, the Ingush (Veinakhs) also had their own state formations: Durdzuketia, Tsanaria and others.
Until the 13th century, the Ingush tribes were part of the Alanian state. After the defeat of Alania by the Mongol hordes, the Ingush tribes retreated to the mountains.
At the beginning of the 15th century, the Ingush returned to the plane, settled along the valleys of the river. Sunzha, Nazranka, Kambileevka, Terek, Achaluki. But in the second half of the 16th century, as a result of the campaign of the Kabardian prince Temryuk (December 1562), supported by the Nogai Murzas and the Russian Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible, the Ingush were again forced to leave the plane and go to the mountains, where they formed separate societies: Galgaevsky, Metskhalsky, Tsorinsky, Dzherakhsky.
A new return of the Ingush to the plane begins from the beginning of the 17th century. Migration went along the gorges of the rivers Fortanga, Assa, Terek Sunzha, Kambileevka. A scientific description of the territory of the Ingush was also made in 1770 by Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.I. Guildenstedt. According to him, 24 Ingush villages were located at the exit from the mountain gorges of the Kambileevka River and the Sunzha River (modern Prigorodny District). These villages were grouped into two "colonies", named by the Russian colonialists "Big Angushty" and "Small Angushty" (after the name of the ancient Ingush village of Angusht, now called the village of Tarskoe in North Ossetia). The village of Angusht was the center of Greater Ingushetia, and the village of Sholkhi (now the village of Oktyabrskoye) was the center of Lesser Ingushetia.
In March 1770, near the village of Angusht, several Ingush families signed an agreement with Russia on their entry into the citizenship of the Russian Empire.
In 1784, the fortress of Vladikavkaz was founded near the Ingush village of Zaur-Yurt (Zaur-Kov). Renowned Russian scientist and public figure P.G. Butkov, who was then in the service in the Caucasus, wrote: "First of all, to connect the Caucasian line with Georgia, in 1784 a detachment of troops built a fortress near the Terek, at the entrance to the gorge of the Caucasus Mountains, near the Ingush village of Zaur and was named Vladikavkaz."
In 40-60 years. 19th century The Russian administration in the Caucasus is carrying out the eviction of the Ingush from the villages located along the rivers Fortanga, Assa, Sunzha, Kambileevka (the current Sunzhensky and Prigorodny districts that belonged to the Ingush), rename the Ingush villages liberated in this way into villages and populate them with Cossacks. The Ingush from these villages were partly deported to Turkey, partly died from cold, hunger and disease, the rest settled in other Ingush villages.
During the revolution of 1917 and the civil war, the Ingush actively supported the Bolsheviks, believing in their promises of a fair solution to the national question. Thousands of Ingush died in the struggle for Soviet power during the civil war. General of the White Army A.I. Denikin wrote in his memoirs that it was in Ingushetia that his victorious march across Russia was choked. Ingushetia was part of the Mountain ASSR. In 1920, the Sunzhensky Cossack District was formed on the Ingush lands, which after some time the Soviet authorities transferred to the Chechen Autonomous Region. In 1924, in connection with the disintegration of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Ingush Autonomous Region was formed with its administrative center on the right-bank part of the city of Vladikavkaz. Prigorodny district as an ethnic territory of the Ingush people also became part of the Ingush Autonomous Region.
In July 1933, the city of Vladikavkaz, renamed at the initiative of the Ingush leadership in 1931 in the city of Ordzhonikidze, was transferred by the Soviet authorities to North Ossetia against the will of the leaders of the Ingush Autonomous Region and the Ingush people, and in early 1934, without taking into account the opinion of the people, Ingushetia was annexed to Chechnya and formed Checheno-Ingushetia.
With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the Ingush, along with other peoples of the Soviet Union, defended their homeland from the Nazi invaders. But in February 1944, the Ingush and Chechens, on false charges of collaborating with the Nazis, were deported to Kazakhstan and Siberia by Stalin's decree, although the territory of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was not occupied by the Germans, unlike the territory of the North Ossetian ASSR. The Chechen-Ingush ASSR was liquidated. In exile, according to some data, up to a third of the Ingush died, according to other data, about half.
The territory of Ingushetia was divided between Ossetia, the newly created Grozny Oblast and Georgia. At the same time, the Prigorodny, Nazranovsky and Malgobeksky districts, as well as part of the Sunzhensky district, were included in North Ossetia. In 1957, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was partially restored, but the Ingush Prigorodny region and part of the Malgobek region were left as part of North Ossetia, despite the demands of the Ingush leaders. Returning from their places of exile, the Ingush deported from the Prigorodny region and Vladikavkaz settled on their ethnic lands in the Prigorodny region and Vladikavkaz. This return to the land of their ancestors was opposed by the laws and authorities of the USSR and North Ossetia. Thus, three resolutions were adopted (1956, 1982 and 1990), limiting the registration, purchase of housing and the allocation of land plots to the Ingush. Therefore, a significant part of the Ingush people from the Prigorodny district and the city of Vladikavkaz were deprived of registration by the autumn of 1992. These unconstitutional actions of the authorities of North Ossetia led to an aggravation of the situation, and in January 1973 the Ingush went to a multi-day rally in Grozny, demanding the return of their ethnic territories.
On December 11, 1990, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR adopted the Decree "On Victims of Political Repressions in the RSFSR", which, in particular, indicated the need to "develop and adopt legislative acts on the rehabilitation and full restoration of the rights of the repressed peoples and citizens of the RSFSR (Russia)". Then same Supreme Council The USSR created a special commission chaired by A. Belyakov to consider the appeals of the Ingush population (including those living in the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic). This commission recognized the validity of the demands of the Ingush population for the return of the Prigorodny District to the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the boundaries that existed before 1944. Two subsequent commissions chaired by V. Alakoz and V. Sobolev came to similar conclusions.
On April 26, 1991, the Supreme Council of the RSFSR adopted the Law “On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples”, Articles 3 and 6 of which provide for territorial rehabilitation, i.e. in other words, according to this law, the entire Prigorodny District and part of the Malgobek District were to be returned to the Ingush , which are still illegally part of North Ossetia. This Law was adopted unanimously by all deputies of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR (Russia), except for deputies from North Ossetia. But the leadership of North Ossetia then evaded and still evades the implementation of this law. The failure to comply with the laws by the top officials of North Ossetia over the course of several years aggravated the situation in the region so much that a whole series of crimes against the Ingush committed on the eve of October-November 1992 could not but lead to a bloody climax. An equally significant factor that eventually led to hostilities (or rather, to genocide) in the Prigorodny district and the city of Vladikavkaz, was the presence of Ossetians-Kudars from the South Ossetian region (Georgia) in the territory of North Ossetia. These Kudars deliberately settled in the disputed Prigorodny district. Their presence sharply increased anti-Ingush sentiments, exacerbated the criminogenic situation, because it was at the expense of the Ingush population of the Prigorodny district that the leadership of the Republic of North Ossetia planned to resolve the consequences of the conflict with Georgia and the compact settlement of Ossetians.
With their (militants from the South Ossetian region) direct participation on June 9, 1992, during loading for shipment to the city of Volgograd, 12 supernumerary 122 mm self-propelled artillery guns SAU 2 S-1 were captured, and the next day 1442 the central artillery base of the Ministry was captured Defense of the Russian Federation, from which 14 KAMAZ vehicles with ammunition and over 400 units were stolen small arms. Oleg Teziev, chairman of the Council of Ministers of South Ossetia, who led these attacks, was detained with part of the stolen weapons, but under the influence of the gathered armed crowd, and primarily South Ossetians, he was released.
According to military counterintelligence, only during the year (at the time of November 4, 1992) 12 self-propelled artillery installations, 1 combat reconnaissance landing vehicle, 185 mm cannon, 2 BMP cannons, 307 machine guns, 788 pistols, 15 machine guns were stolen on the territory of North Ossetia , 93 SKS carbines, a large number of ammunition.
In mid-1991, the process of creating Ossetian illegal armed bandit formations began in North Ossetia: the Republican Guard and the people's militia. According to data requiring verification, these formations were armed with weapons transferred by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation from the presence of the North Caucasian Military District to form battalions of the peacekeeping forces of South Ossetia and patrol regiments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of North Ossetia. From the testimony of the Minister of Internal Affairs of North Ossetia, Georgy Kantemirov, it follows: "the entire guard and part of the militia joined the peacekeeping forces."
At the disposal of the investigation there are materials testifying to the acquisition in the fall of 1991 by the Department of Agriculture of the Prigorodny District of North Ossetia from the Voronezhex Industrial Association 21 BRDM-2 (combat reconnaissance landing vehicles) with night vision devices, radio stations, filter-ventilation installations, but without weapons under the guise the need for use in the national economy. During inspections, traces were found on them, indicating the use in combat conditions. On the eve of the armed conflict, an echelon from Arzamas with 24 fully armed BTR-80 units arrived in Vladikavkaz at the disposal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of North Ossetia.
“At the time of the beginning of the armed conflict, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of North Ossetia was armed with 1085 machine guns, 304 APS pistols, 277 grenade launchers (GP-5 - 150 pieces, RPG-7 - 113 pieces, SPG-9 - 14 pieces), ZU-23 anti-aircraft installations - 11 pieces, 68 heavy machine guns (KVPT-34 pieces, PKT-34 pieces), grenade-1016. From armored vehicles - 58 units of armored personnel carriers-80. (v.17, case file 11; v.31, case file 88)
“OMON of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of North Ossetia was armed with 197 machine guns, 217 pistols, 186 grenade launchers (GP-25 - 110 pieces, SPG-9 - 14 pieces, RPG-7 - 62 pieces) and 38 machine guns (KVPT - 19 pieces, PKT - 19 things)".
Only according to official data, “the Republican Guard of North Ossetia was armed with 243 assault rifles, 14 machine guns (RPG-74 - 6 units, PKS-8 units (vol. 13, ld 121-129). Ossetia had 44 armored personnel carriers (BTR-60P - 14 units, BTR-70 - 9 units, BTR-80 - 19 units, BTR-KShM - 2 units), BMP-2 - 4 units "(v.13, l.d 121-134).
According to official data, “as of October 30, 1992, the militia units of North Ossetia were armed with 21 BRDM (combat reconnaissance patrol vehicle), 135 machine guns. The militias also had a lot of other firearms in their hands” (vol. 16, case files 35-68,69-76,83,84-85,92-98; vol. 205; vol. 41, case file 62; vol. 47, case file 45).
Total: according to the official data of the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, the Ossetian side alone had 127 armored vehicles in service as of October 30, 1992, including:
Armored personnel carriers - 102 units of infantry fighting vehicles - 4 units of BRDM - 21 units.
The official data on the armament of the Ossetians is too low, since they do not indicate weapons and ammunition stolen from Russian military units and army depots on the territory of North Ossetia. In addition, on November 1, 1992, 57 T-72 tanks and a significant amount of small arms and ammunition were handed over to the Ossetian side by representatives of the Russian leadership. Also at the disposal of the Ossetian side, according to the Ossetian civil helicopter pilot Inal Ostaev, were MI-24 combat helicopters and, according to the Russian Provisional Administration in the conflict zone, the Ossetians also had two AN-2 aircraft.
Some enterprises in Vladikavkaz set up their own production of weapons and ammunition.
From the conclusion of independent military experts of public organizations on the preparation and course of the so-called Ossetian-Ingush conflict: “...in Ossetia, illegal paramilitary formations were created everywhere at enterprises, institutions, collective farms, state farms, at the place of residence and even in forest areas. The issues of supplying these illegal formations with armored vehicles, automotive and tractor equipment, small arms and communications equipment were resolved. In the Prigorodny district, in villages populated mainly by Ingush, military maneuvers of these formations were constantly carried out, during which issues of interaction and control were worked out, reconnaissance of the area was carried out. The media of North Ossetia fomented military psychosis.”
During the period from April 1991 to October 1992, more than 25 people of Ingush nationality were killed in the Prigorodny district and the city of Vladikavkaz, and not a single one has been prosecuted for these crimes. (the absolute majority of these crimes were committed by persons of Ossetian nationality).
On the night of June 3-4, 1991, an explosive device destroyed the house of a veteran of the Great Patriotic War M.S. Oskanov, who lived in the city of Vladikavkaz. In the same month, the house of a veteran of the Great Patriotic War and also living in Vladikavkaz A.Kh. was blown up twice. Dobriev.
In the village of Oktyabrskoye, the houses of the Ingush D. Buzurtanov, Yu. Daskiev, A. Daskiev and others were blown up at different times.
On November 18, 1991, a group of people of Ossetian nationality took the Ingush Musa Albakov to the village of Gizel, where they killed him with particular cruelty and buried the corpse.
On December 4, 1991, Ossetian militants shot from an armored personnel carrier, which belonged to the Ossetian militia, shot at close range Ingush M. Akhilgov and Russian soldier Igor Zubov.
On November 9, 1991, in the city of Vladikavkaz, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Oktyabr cinema, 2 Buzurtanov brothers, Akhmed and Musa, were killed by machine gun shots.
On February 22, 1992, in the city of Vladikavkaz, in the area of the central market, an Ingush Kaloev Khasan was killed with a knife in the back.
In March 1992, the Ingush Kodzoev and Dzaurov were brutally murdered in the village of Koban. Aushev, who was with them, miraculously managed to avoid this fate. The crime was committed by a group of people from the Ossetian riot police headed by police major Chertkoev.
In April 1992, a resident of the village of Chermen, Ingush Gantemirov, was killed, dismembered and burned in the furnace of a boiler.
On the night of August 5-6, 1992, in the village of Tarskoye, Prigorodny District, a group of OMON of North Ossetia made an attempt to take hostage a group of Ingush youths in the village club. The villagers prevented this provocation. The next night, at 2 o'clock, the same group of North Ossetian riot police fired automatic weapons at a whole residential block of Ingush houses. Luckily, no one was hurt.
On October 20, 1992, an Ingush 12-year-old schoolgirl Gadaborsheva Madina was crushed by an armored personnel carrier that belonged to the Ossetian militia in the village of Oktyabrskoye.
On October 22, 1992, at dawn in the village of Yuzhny, Ossetian OMON killed Khautiev Ibragim, a resident of the village of Tarskoye, and Pugiev Umar, a resident of the village of Kambileevskoye. On October 22, 1992, at 9:00 pm, in the same village of Yuzhny, Akhilgov Magomet, a resident of the village of Chernorechenskoye, was shot point-blank from a machine gun from an armored personnel carrier of the OMON of North Ossetia. October 22, 1992, at 22.30 in the same village of Yuzhny, when the Ingush gathered at the site of the previous murders civilians village, arrived Ossetian riot police shot Akhilgov Shamil, the brother of the recently killed Akhilgov Magomet, and Kotiev Lom-Ali. Again, on October 22, 1992, in the same village of Yuzhny, under cover of night, a detachment on four armored personnel carriers, led by three deputies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of North Ossetia, headed by People's Deputy of the Russian Federation T. Batagov, raided the site of the previous tragedy and fired at it from all types of available weapons.
On October 22, 1992, a combat detachment of North Ossetian militia on four armored personnel carriers carried out a raid on the villages of Dachnoye and Kurtat of the Prigorodny district and, under cover of night, fired at Ingush houses.
On October 30, 1992, Yandiev Murat was killed during the so-called military exercises in the village of Dachnoe.
Reports of these actions stirred up all the Ingush: rallies began to take place, at which demands were put forward to put an end to the lawlessness perpetrated in relation to the Ingush population. The entrances and entrances from the Ingush villages were guarded by the Ingush.
By the end of October 1992, the situation escalated to the limit and reached its critical point. The "conflict" broke out on the night of October 30-31, 1992. That night, Ossetian illegal formations began a massive shelling of the Ingush quarters of the villages of the Prigorodny district from heavy machine guns and grenade launchers. The first dead and wounded Ingush appeared, Ingush houses began to burn. At about 9 am on October 31, 1992, after a night shelling, Deputy Commander of the Internal Troops V.N. Savvina, General I.I.Kapliev, Deputy Minister of the Interior of North Ossetia S.I. People's Council Ingushetia Yakub Kushtov. They inspected the destroyed and shelled Ingush houses. General Kapliyev and Sikoev began to make excuses and apologize, Sikoev promised the Ingush who had gathered near the destroyed house of Tsurov that the shelling would stop and those responsible would be punished. And at that very moment another shelling began. Sikoev got nervous, ran around, started calling and they left. On the morning of October 31, 1992, the Ingush had already come to their senses after a night attack by Ossetians and shelling. The Ingush had to withdraw their women, children and old people from the shelling, although many old people refused to leave the Prigorodny district and were subsequently killed and brutally tortured by Ossetian formations called "people's militia" and "Republican guard of North Ossetia". The shelling continued for a long time. The Ingush youth and the population from Ingushetia, having learned on the morning of October 31 that a war had begun in the Prigorodny district and that the Ossetians had attacked and fired at night, rushed to the Prigorodny district, to the first border village of Chermen, disarmed Ossetian policemen at the Chermen post and Russian soldiers, took away several armored personnel carriers and, together with the Ingush from the Prigorodny district, drove out the Ossetian armed bandits from some positions, from which they fired at the Ingush villages of the Prigorodny district from machine guns and grenade launchers. And in one day, from the morning of October 31 to November 1, 1992, almost the entire Prigorodny district was cleared of Ossetian illegal formations and the Ingush reached Vladikavkaz itself.
In connection with the outbreak of an armed conflict in the second half of October 31, Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Khizha G.S., Chairman of the State Committee for Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation Shoigu S.K., his deputy Colonel-General G.V. Colonel Savvin V.N., who was informed that the Ingush side allegedly committed a pre-planned aggression against North Ossetia in order to reject the Prigorodny district. Russian army, the building of the Supreme Council of the Republic, demanding the issuance of weapons and ammunition to the population. The same opinion was shared by the leadership of North Ossetia represented by Galazov A.Kh. and Khetagurova S.V. The latter demanded from the arriving representatives of the Russian government the issuance of at least 15,000 machine guns and the corresponding amount of ammunition. Otherwise, he did not guarantee against the capture of all the weapons of the Russian army units stationed in Vladikavkaz. In order to influence the army in this matter, the Ossetians took hostage the wife and daughter of the chief of staff of the army corps, Major General Skobelev. Having agreed this issue with First Deputy Prime Minister Gaidar E.T. and Minister of Defense of Russia Grachev P.S., Deputy Prime Minister Khizha G.S. on the same day issued a written order for the issuance of 642 small arms (AK-74 assault rifles, RPK-2, PKI-PG-74 machine guns, 20 RGD grenades), 2 ammunition and ammunition for it, as well as BMP-2 armored vehicles - 18 pieces. By order of November 1, 1992 Shoigu S.K. to ensure the tasks of restoring public order, stabilizing the political situation and protecting important objects, he allowed the allocation of 57 units of heavy T-72 tanks. Subsequently, Hizhoy and Shoigu were given written instructions to issue a significant amount of ammunition to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of North Ossetia and the Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. However, it was not possible to avoid attacks by the Ossetian population on military units in order to seize weapons and ammunition.
At the same time, Khizha G.S. and Filatov G.V. spoke on television in North Ossetia in a rather harsh tone, calling the Ingush aggressors. This circumstance gave grounds to the Ingush side to accuse them of pro-Ossetian orientation. The Ingush side achieved a meeting and negotiations and, on the whole, reacted positively to the conditions for the surrender of weapons and armored vehicles seized from Ossetians and Russian soldiers. On November 1, the Ingush side unconditionally accepted all the points of the agreement reached during the negotiations at the headquarters of the 19th motorized rifle division in Vladikavkaz. However, for unclear reasons, Khizha demanded new negotiations, which never took place. On November 2, the President of Russia declared a state of emergency in North Ossetia and Ingushetia.
At 15.30, on November 2, 1992, units of the Russian army, together with Ossetian illegal armed formations, began a military operation to destroy the Ingush villages of the Prigorodny district and oust the inhabitants of the Ingush nationality from the area (ethnic cleansing). On the Ossetian side, a strike force of Russian troops, provided with air support, acted. Large-scale military operation against the Ingush population of the Prigorodny district using artillery, armored vehicles, Grad and Alazan rocket launchers. The tactics of destroying the peaceful Ingush population was as follows: first, after rocket and artillery fire, army units and tanks go, destroying everything in their path. The tanks are followed by the Ossetian riot police, the republican guard and the people's militia of North Ossetia. These finish off the wounded Ingush, especially brutally cracking down on male children. Volunteers who arrived from South Ossetia show special zeal. Ossetian marauders complete the bloody actions.
As stated in the materials of an independent military expertise, “...the nature and course of the operation of the grouping of Russian troops were determined by the coincidence of the goals of the North Ossetian leadership and the leadership of the Russian Federation. The Ossetian leadership needed to establish full and undisputed control over the Prigorodny District and the city of Vladikavkaz, clear these territories of the Ingush population and prevent the implementation of the Law "On the Rehabilitation of the Repressed Peoples", which required the leadership of North Ossetia to return the Prigorodny District to Ingushetia. And the Russian leadership sought, under the pretext of resolving an interethnic conflict, to transfer an army shock group to this region and by military means to resolve the sore point with Chechnya, which by that time had declared independence from Russia. Hence the ultimate goal of this ethnic cleansing of the Prigorodny District and the city of Vladikavkaz from the Ingush - to provoke Chechnya to help the fraternal Ingush people and, under the plausible pretext of "appease the Chechen aggressors", send troops into Chechnya. Destroying the Ingush population of the Prigorodny district and the city of Vladikavkaz and widely advertising through the media the intervention of South Ossetians (Kudars) in the “conflict”, the Russian leadership provoked the arrival of Chechen troops to help the Ingush.” But the leadership of North Ossetia, secretly from the leadership of Russia, on the eve of the outbreak of the armed conflict, sent a delegation to the President of Chechnya Dudayev, agreed with him on his non-interference in the future conflict between the Ingush and Ossetians. As you know, Chechen President Dudayev declared neutrality. Thus, the Russian leadership miscalculated. Only the Ossetian leadership did not miscalculate, which completely ousted the Ingush population outside the Prigorodny district, and destroyed part of it. And as a result, she retained the Prigorodny District for herself and freed herself from the obligation to comply with the Law "On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples", which demanded that the Prigorodny District be returned to Ingushetia.
Poorly armed residents of the Ingush villages could not offer proper resistance to the Russian army and to the heavily armed Ossetian militia, guards, which were illegally created on the territory of North Ossetia. The Ingush population was destroyed, and the villages were destroyed. Particular activity and cruelty manifested itself in the conduct of hostilities for the village of Kartsa, which was destroyed. Residents of the village of Tarskoye, Prigorodny District, despite the assurances that the village would not be affected by hostilities, were fired from military equipment, and the village was completely destroyed, their houses were burned. And the village of Kurtat in the Prigorodny district, where the Ingush population lived compactly, was surrounded by tanks and shot from tanks for three days, literally leveling it with the ground. Such cruelty was manifested in the conduct of hostilities in all the villages of the Prigorodny district. Active hostilities continued until November 5, 1992.
Numerous testimonies, video and photo materials confirm that persons of Ingush nationality, regardless of gender and age, were killed with particular cruelty, tortured and abused in specially prepared basements, vegetable stores and concentration camps. The largest and most terrible in terms of the torture used in them were the concentration camps in the village of Sunzha, the village of Mayramadag, in the city of Vladikavkaz on Gadiev Street, in the building of the North Ossetian DOSAAF, on Transportnaya Street 10, in the basement of the North Ossetian Medical Institute (now the Medical Academy) , and at school number 1 in the city of Beslan. According to the documents of the commission for the investigation of crimes against women and children, according to numerous appeals ("The Committee of Deported Students", "The Committee of Women of Ingushetia", "The Union of the Deported"), we can draw the following conclusion regarding the killing and torture of the Ingush: the hostages were kept without water and food, were beaten several times a day. There are cases of forcible killing of infants and feeding them to hungry pigs in front of their mothers (there are testimonies). According to the documents of the “Commission to Investigate Crimes against Women and Children”, it is clear that the killing was carried out in three ways: the throat was cut, the heart was torn out, the stomachs were ripped open. Most of the bodies subsequently handed over to the Ingush side had just such injuries. Tendons and ligaments on the shoulder joint, forearm and under the left armpit were cut in many Ingush corpses, genitals were burned, tongues were cut off or torn out. According to the available photographs of the corpses of men and women, traces of torture are visible blowtorches and cigarette butts. The nature of the remains found by relatives indicates that they were burned alive - people were doused with gasoline and set on fire (often in front of relatives and neighbors, there are testimonies). Many corpses are dismembered.
Of particular note is the torture in the basement of the Medical Institute in Vladikavkaz. 240 students - Ingush and Chechens, deported from North Ossetia, in a letter to the then Minister of Health of Russia E.A. Nechaev describes the crimes in the torture chambers of the North Ossetian Medical Institute. The Ingush were tortured and killed on the orders of the “doctor”, the rector of the North Ossetian Medical Institute, K. D. Salbiev. Under his personal leadership, Ingush students were forcibly detained, captured and put in the basement of the institute. Many of them were robbed, beaten, some were killed right in this basement.
There are numerous facts of participation of Ossetian doctors in murders and violence against citizens of Ingush nationality. Thus, Kh. Avsanov, the head doctor of the first city hospital in Vladikavkaz, gave the lists of Ingush patients of the hospital to Ossetian militants who were seriously ill people (aged 50 to 70 years) who did not have the strength to leave the hospital, were killed on the spot in the wards or taken to concentration camps. The doctor of the 2nd therapeutic department of this hospital, Tsakoeva, especially cruelly humiliated the dignity of the sick Ingush. In the oncological dispensary in Vladikavkaz, cancer patients of Ingush nationality were denied injections, because of which seriously ill people died in front of the medical staff. In the district hospital of the village of Oktyabrskoye, sick Ingush (children, men, women) were taken hostage directly from hospital beds. The documents contain facts about crimes against the Ingush by medical workers in North Ossetia, who directly and indirectly participated in the killings and torture of the civilian population. The witness materials mention the names of the Ossetian doctors-criminals: V. Kachmazov, V. Bagaev, K. Bitiev, Khugaev, L. Dzhagaeva and the rector of the North Ossetian Medical Institute K. D. Salbiev and others.
In the autumn of 1992, 190 people of Ingush nationality were forcibly taken hostage and, according to available information, sent to South Ossetia. Until now, their fate is unknown. From October 31 to November 4, 1992, about 600 Ingush were illegally forcibly held hostage in the gymnasium of the House of Culture in the village of Sunzha, many of them were beaten and later shot. The fate of many is still unknown. A witness of the illegal detention of the Ingush hostages was a deputy of the then Supreme Soviet of Russia, S.N. Baburin, who also did not take any measures to free innocent victims from the clutches of Ossetian bandits. The main culprits who committed crimes in the village of Sunzha have been identified. These are V. G. Kachmazov, V. S. Bagaev, S. Apaev, R. Dryaev, however, the investigation has been suspended. The search actions of the employees of the investigation groups were resisted by the forces of the Ossetian militia and other illegal armed groups, which prevented their work when they went to inspect the scenes of incidents, threatening physical harm to investigators, witnesses and victims, indicating the places of mass graves. It is also still impossible for investigators to work at the landfill in the village of Sunzha, where one of the largest burial places of the murdered Ingush victims of 1992 is located.
Unarmed Ingush residents of the city of Vladikavkaz were taken hostage by Ossetian militants on the same day and at the same hour. Most of the Ingush police officers who worked in North Ossetia were seized and killed by their own “colleagues” at work, Ossetian policemen. Not a single Ossetian child came to school that day the conflict began. Ossetian students did not come to the lecture. Ingush hostages were taken as hostages in institutes, organizations and enterprises of the Ingush as hostages. The lists of the Ingush hostages were compiled with the exact address of residence. This is confirmed by the materials of the General Prosecutor's Office of Russia and numerous testimonies of witnesses, citizens of different nationalities. One can imagine what kind of hidden preparatory work was carried out by the Ossetian side and what secret it was kept in.
The investigation has materials of the interrogation of the captain of the Ossetian militia Vladimir Valiev, before the events of 1992, he was on duty at the Chermen settlement police department.
Here are his testimonies:
READ THE FULL ARTICLE AT THIS LINK.
The Ingush are a people with an ancient and rich history. Anthropologists attribute the Ingush to the Caucasian anthropological type of the large Caucasian or Caucasoid race. In Russia, the Caucasoid race is called Caucasoid. For the first time, the name "Caucasian race" was given to the white race at the beginning of the 19th century. German scientist I.F. Blumenbach. He owned the largest collection of skulls in the world, and, while studying them, he came to the conclusion that the most ancient representatives of the white race are Caucasians.
Representatives of the Caucasoid race settled Europe from the Caucasus in very distant times. In 1956, when, thanks to Tbilisi anthropologists, the name “Caucasian type” was already introduced into scientific circulation, the Moscow anthropologist G.F. Debets noted that this type retained the features of the old Caucasoid, Cro-Magnon population, which had the same high skeletons and massive skulls. V.P. Alekseev, based on the results of his own research, confirmed this opinion, adding only that the Caucasian type has not only all Cro-Magnon features, but also a southern genesis.
Several anthropological types are known in the Caucasus: Caucasian - in the center of the Caucasus, Caspian - in the North-Eastern Caucasus, Pontic - in the North-Western Caucasus and Iberian - in Transcaucasia.
The Caucasian type are peoples living in the Central Caucasus on the territory of the existence of the Koban archaeological culture (ser.II - the end of the 1st millennium BC) and the settlement of the Alans (I-XV centuries) - Ingush, Chechens, Ossetians, Balkars, Karachays , Kabardians, Circassians, Tushins, Khevsurs, Svans and other mountain Georgian ethnographic groups. In addition to the Ingush, all peoples have a strong admixture of other anthropological types. Anthropologist V.V. Bunak wrote that "among the Ingush, this own Caucasian type has been preserved more than among any of the other North Caucasian peoples."
In the areas surrounding the Black Sea - the Caucasus, Anatolia, the Balkans, the Carpathians, in the Northern Black Sea region - in the 4th-3rd millennium BC. a circumpontian metallurgical province was formed, the creators of which were the North Caucasians. Here the most important discoveries were made and industries developed that determined the nature and ways of development of many cultures of Eurasia; it implies, in particular, the mining and metallurgical industry and the formation of the Circumpontic province here - the main and central system of producing centers for the entire Old World for almost two thousand years: from the second half of the 4th millennium to the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC.
At the end of IV - beginning of III millennium BC. Europe is invaded by hordes of nomads who emerged several millennia ago from the depths of Asia, speaking Proto-Indo-European languages. During this period, in the areas adjacent to the Black Sea (circumpontian province), the construction of stone fortresses began, which were supposed to protect the local population from the conquerors.
At the end of the IV millennium BC. there is a disintegration of the East Caucasian family into the Nakh and Dagestan branches. In material culture, this manifested itself in the formation of the Maikop and Kuro-Arak cultures.
From the end of the 4th millennium BC. distant ancestors of the Ingush begin to move in several waves to Transcaucasia and Western Asia. This led to the formation of the Hurrian civilization in Western Asia. (In the II-I millennium BC, more than a dozen states were created by the Hurrians, the largest of which were in Asia Minor - Mittania (Khanigalbat, Naharina), Biaynili (Urartu), Arrapkhe, Mana (Matiena), Alzi, Azzi -Hayasa (Country of the Diauhs), Kulha (Colchis), etc., in Asia Minor - Kizzuvatna, etc. Also in the Hittite kingdom, the Hurrians made up a significant part of the population.)
In the II millennium BC. in the North Caucasus, the Maikop culture was replaced by its genetic successor, the North Caucasian culture. From the end of the II millennium BC. on the basis of the North Caucasian culture, the Koban culture is formed, which was distributed in the territory from the river. Argun in the east, to the interfluve of the Malka and Kuban in the west. On the southeastern coast of the Black Sea, the Colchis culture is taking shape, which many researchers combine with the Koban culture into the Colchis-Koban culture. In addition to the unity of material culture, the same ethnonyms are also observed here. At the end of the 1st millennium BC. Colchian tribes move to the Central Caucasus. In the second half of the 1st millennium BC. The pre-state association of tribes "Malkh" was created by the Koban tribes, which was defeated in the II century. BC. as a result of the campaign of the Seleucid king Antiochus III.
According to ancient, Georgian, Armenian written sources in the 1st millennium BC. - I millennium AD the ethnonyms Malkhi, Makhalon, Caucasians, Hamekites, Durdzuks, Gligvs, Dvals, Digors, Kolkhs, Khalibs, Sanars, Mahals, Ganaks, Khalis, Sierbs, Troglodytes, Kists, etc. are known, under which tribes of distant ancestors of the Ingush. Often, ancient authors called the North Caucasian tribes (including the Pro-Ingush ones) Scythians and Sarmatians.
From the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. the ethnonym Alans extends to all the pra-Ingush tribes of the North Caucasus. In the 4th-5th centuries, during the period of the great migration of peoples, the Alans took part in campaigns against Western Europe. In 411-429 years. in Spain there is an Alano-Vandal kingdom. In 435-533 years. there is an Alano-Vandal kingdom in North Africa. In the VI-VII centuries. Alans participate in the Iranian-Byzantine wars. In the 7th-10th centuries Alans are politically dependent on the Khazar Khaganate. In the VII-IX centuries. Alans participate in the Arab-Khazar wars on the side of the Khazars.
In the tenth century the state of the Alans is formed with the capital city of Magas (“City of the Sun”). In the first half of the XIII century. The Alanian state was defeated as a result of the Mongol conquests. The territory of Alania was included in the Golden Horde. Sources report the courageous struggle of the Alans against the conquerors. They were never able to conquer the mountainous part of modern Ingushetia. The Alans have preserved their language and culture in the mountains of Ingushetia and in the adjacent mountainous regions of Chechnya.
At the end of the XIV century. The Alans were invaded by the troops of the Central Asian conqueror Tamerlane. Tamerlane penetrated the foothills of Ingushetia in the area of modern villages Galashki-Muzhichi-Dattykh-Angusht.
At the beginning of the XV century. Ingush return to the plane, settle in the valleys of the river. Sunzha, Nazranka, Kambileevka, Achaluki. But in the second half of the 16th century, as a result of the campaign of the Kabardian prince Temryuk (December 1562), supported by the Nogai Murzas and the Russian Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible, the Ingush were again forced to leave the plane and go to the mountains.
In the mountains, societies are formed based on the territorial principle - shahars. There is a pre-state structure of public life based on democratic principles.
A new return of the Ingush to the plane begins from the beginning of the 17th century. Migration went along the gorges of the rivers Fortanga, Assa, Terek Sunzha, Kambileevka.
According to the Georgian geographer Vakhushti Bagrationi, already in the 17th century. in the Tara Valley, a large Ingush village of Angusht is known, from the name of which the Russian ethnonym “Ingush” originated. Migration to the plane continued until the first half of the 19th century. In the 19th century the territory of the modern settlement of the Ingush was determined.
In March 1770 in the village. Angusht Ingush signed an agreement with Russia on the entry of the Ingush into citizenship of the Russian Empire. In 1784, the fortress of Vladikavkaz was founded near the Ingush village of Zaur-Kov. In 1810, the Nazran fortress was founded on the territory of Nazran. P.G. Butkov wrote: “First of all, to connect the Caucasian line with Georgia, in 1784 a detachment of troops built a fortress near the Terek, at the entrance to the gorge of the Caucasus Mountains, near the Ingush village of Zaur, and was named Vladikavkaz.”
In 40-60 years. 19th century the Russian administration in the Caucasus is carrying out the eviction of the Ingush from the villages located along the rivers Fortanga, Assa, Sunzha, Kambileevka, renaming the villages liberated in this way into villages and populating them with Cossacks. The Ingush from these villages were partly deported to Turkey, partly died from cold, hunger and disease, the rest settled in other Ingush villages.
In 1860, the military administration of the Caucasus was abolished, and the Kuban and Terek regions were created in the North Caucasus. The Ingush were part of the Ingush district of the Terek region. In 1871 the Ingush okrug was merged with the Ossetian okrug to form the Vladikavkaz okrug. In 1888, Ingushetia was subordinated to the Sunzha (Cossack) department of the Terek region. As a result of a stubborn struggle in 1905, the Ingush achieved the temporary separation of Ingushetia into an independent Nazran district of the Terek region. In 1909, the Nazran district was legalized.
In November 1917, the Mountain Republic was proclaimed. On December 1, 1917, a provisional Terek government was created. On March 3, 1918, the Terek People's Soviet Republic was proclaimed. From February 1919 to March 1920, flat Ingushetia was occupied by the army of General A.I. Denikin.
During the revolutions of 1917 and the civil war, the Ingush actively supported the Bolsheviks, believing in their promises of a fair solution to the national question. Thousands of Ingush died in the struggle for Soviet power during the civil war. General of the White Army A.I. Denikin wrote in his memoirs that it was in Ingushetia that his victorious march across Russia bogged down.
In March 1920, the Terek People's Soviet Republic was restored. On November 17, 1920, the Mountain SSR was proclaimed. By the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of January 20, 1921, the Gorskaya ASSR was created.
In 1921-1924. Ingushetia was part of the Mountain ASSR. In 1924, in connection with the collapse of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Ingush Autonomous Region was formed with the administrative center in the city of Vladikavkaz.
In 1929, the Sunzha Cossack district, consisting of villages based on the site of Ingush villages, was included in Chechnya. In July 1933, the city of Ordzhonikidze (renamed on the initiative of the Ingush leadership in 1931) was transferred to Ossetia, and in early 1934, without taking into account the opinion of the people, Ingushetia was annexed to Chechnya and the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region was formed (since 1936 city - Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic).
With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the Ingush, along with other peoples of the Soviet Union, defended their homeland from the Nazi invaders. From the very first day of the war, several dozen Ingush participated in the defense of the Brest Fortress. The Ingush took part in the defense of Odessa, the Caucasus, Leningrad, Moscow, in the Battle of Stalingrad, in the Battle of Kursk, in the battles for the liberation of Europe. More than 50 Ingush were presented to the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Near the Ingush city of Malgobek in 1942, the victorious march of the German army across the North Caucasus was stopped. In 2007, on the initiative of the President of the Republic of Ingushetia M. Zyazikov, Malgobek was awarded the honorary title "City of Military Glory".
In 1944, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was liquidated, and the Ingush, together with the Chechens, were deported to Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Up to a third of the Ingush died in exile. The territory of Ingushetia was divided between Ossetia, the newly created Grozny Oblast and Georgia.
In 1957, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was partially restored. The Ingush Prigorodny District, a significant part of which was later included in the city of Ordzhonikidze (Vladikavkaz), was left as part of North Ossetia.
In May 1991, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was renamed the Chechen-Ingush Republic. In the autumn of 1991, Chechnya separated from Ingushetia, the creation of the Chechen Republic was proclaimed, and its own president was elected. In December 1991, at a national referendum, the Ingush confirmed that Ingushetia is part of Russian Federation. On April 26, 1991, the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation adopted the Law “On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples”, and on June 4, 1992, the Law “On the Formation of the Ingush Republic as part of the Russian Federation” was adopted.
Murad Bazorkin was born on September 6, 1902 in the village of Bazorkino, Prigorodny District, in the family of a hereditary military man, Murtuz Bunukhoevich. He was the grandson of a general of the Russian Imperial Army, the son of Lieutenant Colonel Murtuz Bazorkin. The historian's mother, Greta, was of French origin, was the daughter of Louis de Ratze, a famous mining engineer who conducted research in the mountains of the North Caucasus at the invitation of the royal court. His grandmother was a cousin of the last emperor of Germany, Wilhelm II.
The family of Murtuz and Greta gave the people two brilliant people: Murad - the founder of historical science, and Idris - everyone's favorite writer.
In 1917, Murad graduated from the city gymnasium in Vladikavkaz. At the age of 16, he joined the self-defense ranks of Vladikavkaz, then the Ingush People's Army, and participated in battles against Denikin's army. Early Murad and Idris were left without parents: Murtuz emigrated to Turkey, his mother died in 1923.
Since 1925, Murad Bazorkin studied at the workers' faculty, at the Gorsky Pedagogical Institute, in graduate school, which he graduated in 1936, and began working as a researcher at the Ingush Research Institute, holding positions from a researcher to a scientific secretary. Murad Bazorkin took part in archaeological expeditions in the mountains of Ingushetia together with L. Semyonov, E. Krupnov, N. Yakovlev, O. Malsagov, artists H. Akhriev, G. Daurbekov, I. Shcheblykin. The results of the expeditions were reflected in the works of M. Bazorkin "Monuments of the Middle Ages in mountainous Ingushetia", L. Semyonov "Archaeological and ethnographic research in Ingushetia ...", E. Krupnov "Medieval Ingushetia", I. Shcheblykin "Guide to mountainous Ingushetia", in paintings by artists H. Akhriev and G. Daurbekov.
During these years, the first works of the historian appeared: “Borgans in the Prisunzhenskaya Valley”, “Who are the Sunzha Cossacks”, “The Appearance of the Grebensky Cossacks in the Lower Terek”, etc. Murad is devoted to historical science. He spoke several languages. He had a great talent as a scientific researcher. And already in the 30s. In the 20th century, he created his research work “The Hetto-Veinakh problem, or the Origin of the Ingush”, which was not soon given to see the light. In this study, for the first time in Ingush historical science, a scientific attempt was made to penetrate the secrets of ancient history and the origin of the Ingush people. M. M. Bazorkin carried on an extensive correspondence with prominent historians of that time, clarifying the facts relating to the ancient civilizations of Asia Minor. Corresponded with the researcher of the Hittite civilization B. Grozny, arranged meetings.
A high assessment of the work "The Hetto-Veinakh problem, or the Origin of the Ingush" was given by many scientists. Following this work, Murad writes a series of works: “The Origin of the Ingush According to the Vakhushti News about the Dzurdzuks”, “The Road of Conspiracy and Blood”, “Sergo Ordzhonikidze in the Struggle for the Establishment Soviet power in the North Caucasus in 1918-1920”, “Go! Victory! Glory! Glory!"...
The work “The Origin of the Ingush in the Geography of Vakhushti on the Dzurdzuks” opens up a huge period in the history of the civilization of the Ingush people of the 3rd century BC. BC e. - 18th century n. e. “The materials of Vakhushti, collected from the previous data of the entire Georgian history, which is the most accurate in the Caucasus, as having the oldest national script, creating an abundance of chronicles, annals, etc., provide valuable funds for the Ingush history,” wrote the historian M. Bazorkin.
The work of M. Bazorkin “The Road of Conspiracy and Blood” (about eviction to Turkey) shows the tragedy of the eviction of peoples, including the Ingush, the truth about which the historian told us. He showed the experience and pain of the people who left their homeland, his songs in a foreign land.
The work "Go! Victory! Glory! Glory!" M. Bazorkin wrote about the military events that took place during the Great Patriotic War near Moscow in order to maintain the spirit of Soviet soldiers.
The works of the historian Murad Bazorkina remained unpublished for a long time. Murad collected the archive and knew that his time would come. It was still far away. Since 1943, he worked at the Chechen-Ingush Museum of Local Lore as a senior researcher. On February 22, 1944, he was appointed director, and on February 23, he was deported along with the people to Kazakhstan.
Murad had five children. In 1943, the children were left without a mother, the father had a doubly difficult time. On the day of the deportation, instead of food and clothes, each of the children picked up a pile of papers and folders and left the house. These were documents, maps, manuscripts. Folders, folders, folders. “History must be preserved for the people,” the father said to the children. They froze in Kazakhstan, starved, instead of pillows they put precious folders with papers under children's heads, lived in the most difficult conditions, but kept the archive as an expensive relic. In exile, they were not allowed to work in their scientific profession. I had to work as a stonemason.
The historian and patriot has always lived in Murad. Together with Doshluko and Ortskho Malsagovs, B. Zyazikov, Kh. Mutaliev, Murad and Idris spent long evenings discussing the fate of the people. They wrote letters, waiting for their return home.
After returning to his homeland, Murad Murtuzovich worked as a senior researcher at the Chechen-Ingush Republican Historical Museum. Murad Bazorkin brought a huge archive home with him. He did a lot of work to create a department of the civil war in the museum with. Guys. He helped novice historians, but he could not publish his works.
Murad and Idris Bazorkins supported and appreciated each other. They could tell each other everything. What could not be written in scientific literature, Idris told the world through artistic creativity.
The historian passed away early. He bequeathed to his children, no matter how difficult it was for them, to preserve the archive. And they remembered the father's covenant: to publish books and bring the archive to the people. Murad Bazorkin's archive moved 34 times. The last time he was taken out from under the bombing of Grozny in 1995. The list is huge: 78 folders with manuscripts, about three old books, maps, correspondence with prominent historians and Caucasian scholars. In October 1988, Alaudin Bazorkin handed over sketches of wall decorations, felt carpets - istings and many others from the archive to the Grozny Museum. etc. How many roads and offices the son Alaudin went in the hope of publishing his father's works! There were only standby promises.
By the 100th anniversary of the scientist, in 2002, the works of M. Bazorkina were published by the Research Institute for the Humanities with the support of the leadership of the republic. The book "The History of the Origin of the Ingush" includes three works by the historian: "The Hetto-Veinakh problem, or the Origin of the Ingush", "The history of the Ingush according to Vakhushti's news about the dzurdzuks", "The road of conspiracy and lies". Other works of the historian are also waiting for their publisher.
After the publication of the main works of M. Bazorkin, his son, Alaudin Bazorkin, handed over his father's archive to the National Library. D. Yandiev.
M. M. Bazorkin seriously dealt with the history of Ingushetia. Special attention he devoted to the most ancient period of the history of the Ingush, the Dzurdzuks, Dzurdzuketia.
Murad Bazorkin was an extremely gentle person, an intellectual in the highest sense of the word. He knew how to appreciate the personality in the smallest and most adult person. But this kindest person became decisive when it came to defending historical facts and questions concerning the history of his people, and that is why he is dear to us.
